Sedimentary Structures - MSU Billings 2008/Suits/Easc... · Sedimentary Structures “Strata” on...
Transcript of Sedimentary Structures - MSU Billings 2008/Suits/Easc... · Sedimentary Structures “Strata” on...
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Sedimentary Structures
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Stratification
Bedding (1-300 cm)
Laminations (<1 cm)Massive Strata (>300 cm)
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Inter‐Bed Structures
(within strata)
•Graded Beds•Cross Beds•Soft Sediment Deformation•Dropstones
Outcrop of turbidites, Carboniferous, northwestern China.
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Graded BedsDeath Valley, CA
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Turbidites
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Graded bedding in a Turbidite
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Turbidites
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Turbidites
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Cross BedsZion National Park, UT
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Crossbedding in rivers and deserts (aeolian)
Aeolian
River
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Soft Sediment Deformation; wet
image credit: Roger Suthren. Bude Formation, Upper Carboniferous, N Cornwall
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Soft Sediment Deformation; dry?
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Dropstones
Norway
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Glaciers are dirty
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Sidetrip:
Paleoclimate: Heinrich Events
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Normal marine sediment: calcareous (CaCO3 i.e. Calcite) microfossils
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Marine sediments during Heinrich events: only lithic fragments, i.e. gravel
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Paleoclimate: Heinrich Events
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Paleoclimate: Heinrich Events
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Paleoclimate: Heinrich Events
Last glacialmaximum, i.e. cold
The present, i.e. warm
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Intra‐Bed Structures
(on the surface of strata)
•Ripple Marks•Mudcracks•Raindrop Impressions•Flute Marks
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Ripple Marks
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Turbidites with climbing ripples
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Deltaic sediments with wave and current ripples
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MudcracksGlacier National
Park, MT
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Raindrop Impressions
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Flute Marks
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River channels
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River channels
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Channel cut into deltaic sediments
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Lacustrine (lake) deposits; Eocene Green River Formation, Utah
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Sedimentary Structures
“Strata” on Mars (2004)
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Mars ‐ Crossbeds
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Fossils
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Unaltered Remains(Usually “younger” fossils)
AmberMammoth Hair
2,400yr old Bog Man, Denmark
Subfossil Wood
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“Fossilized” Remains
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
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Molds and Casts
Cast -Paleozoic Crinoid
Mold - Pennsylvanian Shark’s Jaw
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“Trace Fossils”ichnofossils
Track: an impression made by a single foot.
Trackway: a number of tracks made during a single trip.
Trail: an impression made by a tail or other “non-foot”.
Feeding tracks: evidence of food gathering
Burrows: a hole or holes an animal dug into loose sediment (like mud).
Eggs and Nests: shells and/or the nests that the babies would have been kept in.
Coprolites: poop that has become fossilized.
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Trackways and TrailsFish Fin Marks (Nova Scotia)
Trilobite Trails, New York505 million years old (Cambrian)
Dino Tracks (Connecticut)
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Climactichnites
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Climactichnites
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Climactichnites; a large slug?
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A resting trace fossil
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A medusa: a jellyfish
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Grazing trace fossil
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Tracks and trails
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Tracks and trails
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Tracks and trails6000 year old human footprints preserved in volcanic mud near the lake in Managua, Nicaragua
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Tracks and trails20,000 years ago when humans trekked along
the margins of a shallow lake in Australia
The oldest human footprints (350,000 years ago) have been found in
volcanic ash in Italy
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Human footprints crossing
dinosaur tracks in Cretaceous (>65 million
years BP) rocks
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Tracks and trails300 million year old human footprints in rocks from the Carboniferous
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Roots in a paleosol (ancient soil)
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Rodent Burrows
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Worm Burrows
Middle Silurian, Grimsby Formation, Hamilton, Ontario
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Dino Nests
Upper Cretaceous close to KT boundary,Henan province, China
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Coprolites
Miocene Mammal (WA)
Cretaceous Hadrosaur (MT)
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Sedimentary Environments
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Continental ‐ Fluvial
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Continental ‐ Glacial
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Continental ‐Desert/Arid
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ContinentalLacustrine
Swamp/Bog
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Transitional (Coastlines):Beach & Tidal Zone
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Transitional: Deltas & Estuaries
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Transitional: Tidal Glaciers
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Transitional: Barrier Islands
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Transitional: Reef & Lagoon
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Marine
Shallow Marine
Deep Marine