Sediment qualiSediment qualiRevie

1 Ecotox Centre Eaw2 IMG-CAM, Faculty of Geosciences a

ity assessmentity assessmentew and discussion of the

current methods

R. Flück1, N. Chèvre2 and S. Campiche1, p

wag-EPFL, EPFL-ENAC-IIE-GE, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerlandand Environment, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

I t d tiIntroduction - Aims

Topic: Contaminated (freshwater) sediments characteriz

Ob tiObservations:

Lack in harmonization of the methods to charac

Lack in methods for Switzerland

Problematic: Swiss sediments qualification, with regard

Aim of the study: Present sediment quality criteria and dstandards for Switzerland

Introduce a (non exhaustive) list of sediment quIntroduce a (non-exhaustive) list of sediment qu

Discuss their applicability

Proposal to the Swiss authorities

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zation and management

cterize/assess sediment’s quality

to aquatic life protection

derivation methods in order to use existing values or derive

uality criteriauality criteria

I t d tiIntroduction - Swiss Sedi

Ordinance of waters protection Oeaux, 1998:

« La qualité de l’eau doit être telle que l’eau les matières en sus« La qualité de l eau doit être telle que … l eau, les matières en suspersistantes…d’autres substances pouvant polluer les eaux et y aboutles animaux, les micro-organismes, les matières en suspension ou lessédiments qui sont nécessaires au maintien de la qualité des eaux requaltérées par les modifications de terrain »altérées par les modifications de terrain »

Federal decisions on dredging: Ordinance on soil protectDirective on excavations materials (1999) - Dredging of lake sedDirective on excavations materials (1999) Dredging of lake sed

Tools:

Rhine Watershed: Quality criteria from the Internation– Rhine Watershed: Quality criteria from the Internation

– Median background concentrations

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iments characterization

pension et les sédiments ne contiennent pas de substances de synthèsepension et les sédiments ne contiennent pas de substances de synthèsetir par suite de l’activité humaine...ne s’accumulent pas dans les végétaux,sédiments… La morphologie et les fonctions des couches supérieures desuise pour la conservation des biocénoses, ne doivent pas être durablement

tion (OSol, 1998) - Ordinance on waste treatment (OTD, 1990) -iments in harbors and waterways (1995)iments in harbors and waterways (1995)

nal Commission of the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR)nal Commission of the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR)

I t d tiIntroduction - Sediment c

Habitat and shelter for a diverse wildlife

(epi-)benthic organisms, basis of the food chain

Long-term source of contaminants (mostly in mixtures)

Exposure routes

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification

Dynamic compartment:

– Variability in time and space

– Grain-size/organic carbon content

– Deposition/resuspension suspended matter (SM)

Position within the Water Framework Directive:

“Good ecological status” of watersheds in 2015

C t i t d di t ld t b t l fContaminated sediments could represent an obstacle fo

“Sediment as part of the water continuum” (SedNet)

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characteristics

hi i it’ lwww.sccwrp.org

or achieving it’s goal.

M th dMethods - OverviewEvaluation Examples

Tiered assessment includingtriad + consideration of foodchain accumulation- Trigger values

The Netherlands*gg

Simultaneous triad- Chemical analysis andcomparison to quality criteria

Belgium (Flanders

- mean values of reference sites- R. subcapitata (growth), T. platyurcomparison to quality criteria

- Bioassays- Biological tools

p (g ), p y(mortality)- Biotic Sediment Index (De Pawand C. riparius mouth deformities (D2000)

Chemical analysis andcomparison to own qualitycriteria(I E b d th W t

• France (SEQ-eau)

• Germany (ARGE-Elbe, LAWA-w

(In Europe, based on the WaterFramework Directive) • USA sediment screening bench

Chemical approach• Italy (Ecotoxicology if needed…

S it l d• Switzerland

(*Modifications are currently being implemented; ARGE-Elbe: Arbeitsgemeinschaft

den Besten et al. (2003). "Biological effects-based sediment quality in ecological risk assessand other relatad references.Page 5 Centre Ecotox | Eawag

Purpose

* Decision on remediation needs in monitoringprograms: Ecological Risk Assessment

s)

rus and H. aztecaEvaluation of “abnormalities” compared to areference condition (characterization and

& Heylen, 2001)De Deckere et al.,

reference condition (characterization andtreatment)

• Overall evaluation of the quality of rivers

working group) • First tier in the assessment of in situ quality ofsediments for remediation

hmarks • Screening-level risk assessment: first tier inecological risk assessment

…) • In complement to water quality assessment

di t ti t i l• sediment as excavation material

für die Reinhaltung der Elbe; LAWA: Joint Water Commission of the Federal States)

sment for European waters." Journal of Soils and Sediments 3(3): 144-162

M th dMethods - Sediment qual

Background concentrations/reference sitesBackground concentrations/reference sites

Theoretically based approach: equilibrium partitioning Eis used to predict the partitioning of a contaminant between sedim

Effect-based values (laboratory and/or field assays) Erelationship between sediment contamination (spikedpossibility of applying an assessment factor (AF)

Consensus-based (e.g. McDonald et al., 2000): mean va

T hi t f b d b d lTrophic transfer: body burdens values

Interstitial water quality

Di Toro et al., 1991. Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemMacDonald, D., C. Ingersoll and T. Berger (2000). "Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Basedand Toxicology 39(1): 20-31.

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lity criteria

EqP which accounts for differences in bioavailability (a model

ment and interstitial water) (e.g. Di Toro et al., 1991)

Empirical/statistical/frequency-based methods: establishd-sediment or field samples) and toxic responses and

alues derived from other similar criteria

micals using equilibrium partitioning." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10(12): 1541-1583d Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems." Archives of Environmental Contamination

Q litQuality cAuthors / Document Quality criteria

Belgium Flemish EnvironmentalProtection Agency

RVReference value

Technical GuidanceD t i k

PNECsed

Europe

Document on riskassessment (TGD)

sed

Predicted No Effect Conc

QSsedWater Framework Directive

Q sed

Quality standard for seRequired if Kwater-SM>1

France SEQ – eau Quality criter2 values

CanadaCanadian Council ofMinisters of theEnvironment – CCDM

ISQGInterim Sediment Qu

Guidelines ≈ TEL Threeffect level

PEL–Probable Effect(SSD: Species-sensitivity distribution methods: assembles single-species toxicity data to pcommunity.)

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it i (1)riteria (1)Method of derivation

esReference sites (12)

5 quality classes

E ilib i ti i t f tcentration

Equilibrium partioning or assessment factors

Organic chemicals andplant protectionproducts

Metals:

TGD: EqP or AF

ediment1000.

products

-TGD: EqP or AF- SSD(data-rich substances)

-TGD: EqP or AF- SSD (data rich substances)- Added Risk approach (ARA):consideration of backgroundconcentration

ia- If enough data: statistical approach effects-based

First threshold: TEL Second threshold: PEL- If not enough data: EqP

First level: EqP/10 Second level: EqPExtrapolation to derive criteria for SM: *1.5 for metals, *2 for organics.

uality eshold

Statistical approach, derived from the National Status TrendProgram, using data from the Biological Effects Databasefor Sediments BEDS

t Levelpredict hazardous concentrations (HCp) affecting a certain percentage (p) of species in a

Q litAuthors / Document Quality criteria

Quality cAuthors / Document Quality criteria

The D t h di t lit

TV Target valu

MPC dNether-lands

Dutch sediment qualitystandards

MPCsedMaximum Permiss

Concentration

IT Intervention va

Multi-nations

International Commissionfor the Protection of theRhine ICPR

Reference objectivProtection of fauna and flordrinking water, suspendesediments and marine enviro

USAEnvironmental ProtectionAgency(Region III)

SSBSediment Screen

Benchmarks

Worldwide used MacDonald, 2000

TECThreshold effec

concentrationPEC

Probable effect conceProbable effect conce(ERL: effects range low; LEL: lowest effect level; MET: minimal effect threshold; SEL: severe

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it i (2)a Method of derivation

riteria (2)a Method of derivation

ueTV = MPCsed/100

sible n

alue

MPCsed determined using the TGD-approach applying anorganic content normalization factor.

IT = trigger value for sediment remediation

ves ROra, fishing,ed matter,onment.

QSsed for 14 significative substances of the Rhine (CIPR,2009). Resuspension considered in risk assessment.

ing

55 % based on EqP20 % consensus-based TEC (McDonald et al., 2000)25 % others (11 references)

ct n

entration

Geometric means of values, such as- EqP-based sediment quality levels,- ERLs, LELs, TELs, METs for TEC- SELs, ERMs and PELs for PEC.

entratione effect level; ERM: effects range median )

EExammg/kg dw Cu Hg Ni Zmg/kg dw Cu Hg Ni Z

Flanders RV 20 35 28 1

0 80 0 47 2.94 (EqP,TGD) 3PNECsed0.80

(AF50,TGD)0.47

(EqP,TGD) 3.20 (NOECTubifex /AF10)

3(AF2

QSsed(priority substances)

- 0.67 (EqP,ARA, Rhine)

9 3 (NOEC C i i /AF100)-

(priority substances) 9.3 (NOEC-C.riparius/AF100)

SEQ – eau 31 0.2 22 1

Canadian 35 7 0 17 I d 1Canadian ISQGs–TEL 35.7 0.17 In dev. 1

Dutch MPCsed 73 10 44 6

D t h d TV 36 0 3 35 1Dutch sed TV 36 0.3 35 1

CIPRRO 50 0.5 50 2(A

TEC 31.6 0.18 22.7 1

SETAC: Richard J. Wenning, Graeme E. Batley, Christopher G. Ingersoll, and David W. MContaminated Sediments (SQG).

(RIMV: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)

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lmplesZn Anthracene Dieldrin ∑PBCs CommentsZn (HAP) Dieldrin

(7) Comments

68 - - - De Cooman et al., 1999; Trigger value(« x ») for class 1 (less polluted).

37 0 03 Technical Guidance Document EC372,TGD)

0.03 w.w(EqP,TGD)

- - Technical Guidance Document, EC,2003.

- 0.31(EqP TGD)

In dev.Common Implementation Strategy forthe Water Framework DirectiveEnvironmental Quality Standards(EqP,TGD) Environmental Quality Standards(EQS) - Substance Data Sheet.

20 0.05 0.002 0.06 MEDD & Agences de l’eau, 2003.Grilles d’évaluation version 2 (TEL).

23 0 05 0 003 0 03 Anthracene value is provisional (from23 0.05 0.003 0.03 Anthracene value is provisional (frommarine ISQG) CCME, 2002.

620 - - - RIVM, 2004.

40 0 001 0 02Circular on target values andi t ti l f il di ti40 - 0.001 0.02 intervention values for soil remediation(IPC 625), 2000.

200ARA)

- - 0.03 Trigger value for resuspension riskassesment = 4*CIPRRO

21 0.06 0.002 0.06 Consensus (McDonald et al., 2000)

Minimal value Maximal value

Moore, 2005. Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines & Related Tools for the Assessment of

Di iDiscussion

Each derivation method has its advantages and limitatio– Background concentrations: effects on organisms?

– Empirical method: relationship between concentrations ap pbioavailibity as they rely on measured total sediment con

– Theoretically EqP based approach: account for differenbetween sediment, pore water and biota

“Ideal” Sediment quality criteria are good predictor and

Limitations of sediment quality criteria– false positive and false negative (mostly EqP-derived– Chemical-specificity: contaminants mixtures are not consChemical specificity: contaminants mixtures are not cons

– Site specificity development of criteria for watershed (e

– Temporal variability

– Measured concentration may not reflect in situ conditionsMeasured concentration may not reflect in situ conditionschemistry and therefore bioavailibility,

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ons

and effects good predictive ability but do not take into accountg p ycentrations.

ces in bioavailability; assumes the existence of an equilibrium

easy to use (e.g. for regulators in decision making).

d)sideredsidered

e.g. Rhine, Elbe…)

s Sampling and manipulation processes could alter sediments Sampling and manipulation processes could alter sediment

C l i dConclusions and perspDevelop/enhance (ecological and) ecotoxicologiDevelop/enhance (ecological and) ecotoxicologibenthic organisms.Continue efforts concerning prediction of bioacl llevels.Use methods to assess bioavailability: biomimmetals)Keeping in mind harmonization

Sediment quality criteria should be used in a “scinvestigations, like:

– Bioassays (laboratory or in situ)Bioassays (laboratory or in situ)

– Community structures surveys

– Bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning

– …

to tend to holistic studies and assure “weight-o

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tiectivescal techniques to increase database for effects oncal techniques to increase database for effects on

ccumulative effects that may affect higher trophic

metism (e.g. Diffuse Gradients on Thin films, for

creening” manner and completed with other lines of

of-evidence” when evaluating sediment toxicity.

Thank yThank yyour atyour at

you foryou for tentiontention