Security Council Elections 201265BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8… · 2 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report...

Security Council Report Special Research Report September 2012 securitycouncilreport.org 1

Special Research Report

1 Introduction

2 The Contested Seats

4 The Uncontested Seats

5 Potential Dynamics Involving Council Membership in 2013

6 Modern Regional Groups and Established Practices

8 Established Practices in Becoming a Candidate

8 UN Documents

9 Useful Additional Resources

9 Annex 1: Rules and Process for Election to the Council: Relevant Charter Provisions and Rules of Procedure

10 Annex 2: Historical Background

11 Annex 3: Elections for Non-Permanent Members of the Security Council: A Comprehensive Review 1946-2011

2012, No. 125 September 2012

This report is available online at securitycouncilreport.org.

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Security Council Elections 2012

The UN General Assembly is scheduled to hold elections for the Security Council on 18 October. Five of the ten non-permanent Coun-cil seats will be filled for the 2013-2014 term according to the following regional distribution:• one seat for the African Group, currently

held by South Africa;• one seat for the Group of Asia and the

Pacific Small Island Developing States (the Asia-Pacific Group), currently held by India;

• one seat for the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC), cur-rently held by Colombia; and

• two seats for the Western European and

Others Group (WEOG), currently held by Germany and Portugal. The five newly elected members will take

up their seats on 1 January 2013 and will serve until 31 December 2014. The proce-dures governing elections to the Security Council are described in detail in Annex 1.

At press time, two of the candidates—Argentina and Rwanda—seemed to be headed for a “clean slate” election as no other candidates from their respective regional groups were running.• Argentina is the only candidate for the

GRULAC seat. A UN member since 1945, Argentina has served on the Council

Introduction

2 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report Special Research Report September 2012

Introduction (con’t)

eight times (1948-1949, 1959-1960, 1966-1967, 1971-1972, 1987-1988, 1994-1995, 1999-2000 and 2005-2006).

• Rwanda is the only candidate for the Afri-can seat. Admitted to the UN on 18 Sep-tember 1962, Rwanda has served on the Council once (1994-1995).In contrast, the races within the Asia-

Pacific Group and WEOG will likely be contested. Three Asia-Pacific candidates—Bhutan, Cambodia and the Republic of Korea—are competing for one seat.• Bhutan, admitted to the UN on 21 Septem-

ber 1971, has never served on the Council.• Cambodia, which became a UN mem-

ber on 14 December 1955, has also never served on the Council.

• Republic of Korea, which became a UN member on 17 September 1991, has served on the Council once (1996-1997).Three WEOG candidates—Australia, Fin-

land and Luxembourg—are competing for two seats.• Australia, a member of the UN since

1945, has been on the Council four times (1946-1947, 1956-1957, 1973-1974 and 1985-1986).

• Finland, a member of the UN since 14 December 1955, has served on the Coun-cil twice (1969-1970 and 1989-1990).

• Luxembourg, a member of the UN since 1945, has never served on the Council.A country must secure votes from two-

thirds of the member states present and vot-ing at the General Assembly session in order to secure a seat on the Council, regardless of whether the election is contested. (This means that a minimum of 129 votes are required to win a seat if all 193 UN mem-ber states participate. A member state can be prohibited from voting as a result of arrears in payment of financial contributions, in accor-dance with article 19 of the UN Charter.)

Elections to the Council, as with other

principal organs of the UN, require for-mal balloting, even if candidates have been endorsed by their regional group and are run-ning on a “clean slate”. If no candidate obtains the required number of votes in the first round, voting in the next round is restricted to the candidates that received the most votes. In this restricted ballot, the number of countries included is limited to twice the number of vacant seats; for example, if one seat is avail-able only the two countries that received the most votes in the first round would contest the next round. (Any votes for other candidates during this restricted voting round are con-sidered void.) This restricted voting process can continue for up to three rounds of voting. If, at this point, a candidate still fails to garner the minimum number of votes, unrestricted voting is reopened for up to three rounds. This pattern of restricted and unrestricted voting continues until a candidate is successful in securing the required two-thirds of the votes.

Theoretically it is possible that a country running on a “clean slate” may not garner the requisite votes of those present in the General-Assembly in the first round of voting. Such a country may then be challenged in subsequent rounds and ultimately not obtain a seat.

Historically there have been a number of instances in which extended rounds of

voting were required to fill a contested seat. Two notable ones were in 2006 and in 1979. In 2006, Guatemala and Venezuela went through 47 voting rounds before both with-drew and Panama was elected as a compro-mise candidate in the 48th round. In the 1979 election, Colombia and Cuba contested a seat for 154 rounds, a record for Security Coun-cil elections, before Mexico was elected as a compromise candidate in the 155th round. (See Annex 3 for a summary of the voting in the General Assembly for all elections to the Security Council. See also our annual reports on Security Council elections published since 2006 for more details on recent elections, available at www.securitycouncilreport.org.)

The table below shows the number of seats available per region in the 2012 elec-tion, the declared candidates and their prior terms on the Council.

Among the candidates, Argentina has the most prior Security Council experience. Its total of 16 years on the Council is more than any other elected member except Brazil and Japan, which have each served on the Coun-cil for 20 years. Current candidates Bhutan, Cambodia and Luxembourg are among the 72 UN member states—representing 37 per-cent of the UN’s membership—that have never served on the Security Council. •

The Contested Seats

WEOG CandidatesThe two elected WEOG seats are contested every even year. In 2012 Australia, Finland and Luxembourg are contesting the two seats.

AustraliaAustralia became a UN member in 1945 and has served on the Council four times, last in 1985-1986. In 2008, it announced its candi-dacy for a term on the Council in 2013-2014.

On 30 August, the sixteen members of the Pacific Island Forum reaffirmed their support for Australia’s candidacy.

Australia underscores its commitment to preventive diplomacy, peacekeeping,

REGION SEATS AVAILABLE IN 2012

STATES RUNNING AND PREVIOUS TERMS ON THE COUNCIL

Africa 1 Rwanda (1994-1995)

Asia-Pacific 1 Bhutan (never served)

Cambodia (never served)

Republic of Korea (1996-1997)

Western Europe and Other

2 Australia (1946-1947, 1956-1957, 1973-1974, 1985-1986)

Finland (1969-1970, 1989-1990)

Luxembourg (never served)

Latin America and Caribbean

1 Argentina (1948-1949, 1959-1960, 1966-1967, 1971-1972, 1987-1988, 1994-1995, 1999-2000, 2005-2006)


The Contested Seats (con’t)

peacebuilding, disarmament and non-pro-liferation as key factors supporting its can-didacy. It notes that it has contributed over 65,000 personnel to more than 50 UN and other peace operations across the globe dur-ing the past 65 years. Australia has played a leadership role in various operations in recent years in its own Asia-Pacific region, includ-ing in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste. It also emphasises its diplomatic efforts during the peace process in Cambodia, followed by its significant participation in UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992-1993), with the military component led by an Austra-lian, as further evidence of its commitment to international peace and security. Australia underscores effective civil-military coopera-tion as an element of successful peacekeeping. Currently it is the twelfth highest contributor to the UN peacekeeping and regular budgets.

Australia also emphasises its long-standing support for disarmament issues as a party to major disarmament treaties. It underscores as achievements its part in negotiating the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, as well as its efforts in initiating in collaboration with Japan the International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament.

Australia has an interest in other the-matic issues on the Council’s agenda as well, including children and armed conflict, protection of civilians and climate change. Australia has also consistently advocated improvements to Council working methods, including through improving consultations with troop-contributing countries as well as strengthening the relationship between the Council and the Peacebuilding Commission.

Finland Finland became a UN member in 1955 and has twice served on the Council, last in 1989-1990. In 2002, it announced its candidacy for a term on the Council in 2013-2014.

Finland emphasises its vital interest in an effective collective security system as a smaller country that would be able to exer-cise independent judgement on a number of policy issues if elected to the Council. It notes that it has fielded more than 50,000 peace-keepers since 1956 as evidence of its long-standing commitment to international peace and security, and emphasises the importance

of civil-military cooperation in peacekeep-ing. Finland also promotes the view that a range of instruments including preventive diplomacy, mediation, conflict management, peacebuilding and sustainable development are among the tools needed to secure a more peaceful world.

Conflict mediation and women, peace, and security are areas of particular interest to Fin-land. It co-chairs (with Turkey) the Group of Friends of Mediation, which was launched in September 2010 to promote a culture of mediation in response to crises, and was one of the sponsors of the first-ever General Assem-bly resolution on mediation (A/RES/65/283). Finland believes that its lack of a colonial past lends it credibility in addressing many of the challenges facing developing countries.

If elected, Finland has indicated that it will strive to promote transparency and inclusive-ness in Council deliberations. Finland has emphasised the importance of continuing to improve the Council’s working methods to enhance information-sharing and openness with the membership at large. It has stressed the need for the Council to strengthen coop-eration with the Peacebuilding Commission and regional organisations in order to improve the Council’s ability to prevent conflict.

Since 2003, Finland has organised an annual workshop for incoming Council members enabling them to be better pre-pared once their terms begin on the Council.

LuxembourgLuxembourg became a UN member in 1945 and has never served on the Security Council. In 2001, it announced its candidacy for a term on the Council in 2013-2014. This marks the first time it has sought a seat on the Council.

In support of its candidacy, Luxembourg has highlighted its commitment to the vari-ous pillars of the UN’s work—security, devel-opment and human rights—while emphasis-ing the linkages between them. If elected to the Council, it notes that it would support a comprehensive approach to peace and secu-rity that is sensitive to these linkages.

Luxembourg points to several examples that manifest its commitment to peace and security. In recent years, it has deployed peacekeepers to UN (and UN endorsed) peace operations in the former Yugoslavia, in Lebanon and in Afghanistan. It has also participated in EU missions in the former

Yugoslavia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, the Gaza Strip and off the coast of Somalia as a part of Operation Atalanta, the EU naval operation combating piracy in the area. Since February 2011, Luxembourg has also served as the chair of the Peacebuild-ing Commission’s country-specific configu-ration for Guinea. Given its perspective that development and security are closely linked, Luxembourg underscores the fact that it pro-vides 1.05 percent of its gross national income to official development assistance.

Among other areas of special interest to Luxembourg are women, peace and security; emerging threats to peace and security (e.g. transnational organised crime, drug trafficking and climate change); the rule of law; and non-proliferation and disarmament. Luxembourg has also expressed an interest in making the work of the Council more transparent. It has expressed encouragement for initiatives aimed at better preparing the Council to react to new threats to international peace and security, such as the DPA “horizon-scanning” briefings.

The Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States (Asia-Pacific Group)One of the two Council seats allocated to the Asia-Pacific Group is contested for election every year. Bhutan, Cambodia and the Repub-lic of Korea are vying for the single seat this year.

BhutanBhutan has been a member of the UN since 1971. It has never served on the Council, but announced its candidacy for the 2013-2014 seat in 1999. This represents the first time it has campaigned for a seat on the Coun-cil. In support of its candidacy, it argues that the rotation system for UN bodies should be equitable and fair, and that states that have not previously been on the Council, regardless of their power and population size, should have the opportunity to serve as elected members.

Bhutan believes that its experiences as a developing country provide it with an under-standing of the challenges facing countries on the Council’s agenda. It also believes that its peaceful transition from monarchical to dem-ocratic rule in recent years has provided it with useful lessons that, if it were elected, could help to inform its efforts on the Council. Bhu-tan has highlighted that promoting sovereign


The Contested Seats (con’t)

equality of states, peace and stability, and sustainable development (including through mitigating the impact of climate change) con-stitute key elements of its foreign policy.

Bhutan also touts as a key success its stew-ardship of General Assembly resolution 65/309 of July 2011, which seeks to integrate measures of happiness and spiritual wellbeing into the development agenda. Prime Minister Jigmi Y. Thinley of Bhutan has also linked happiness to security, saying “human life…is threatened because of the mistaken way in which we are pursuing development, thinking that it will lead to our well-being and happiness, while in fact, development as we pursue it is unsustainable”.

Bhutan also espouses inclusivity and transparency in the Council’s work, including through enhanced interactions with countries on the Council’s agenda.

CambodiaA member of the UN since 1955, Cambo-dia has never served on the Council. It is the endorsed Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) candidate for a seat in 2013-2014.

Cambodia began contributing person-nel to UN peacekeeping operations in April 2006, when it provided troops to help clear landmines in southern Sudan. Since then it has also contributed personnel to peace-keeping operations in the Central African

Republic, Chad and Lebanon. As a country that has experienced war and

genocide and benefitted from the UN’s sup-port to recover from these events, Cambodia notes that it places great value in the impor-tance of conflict prevention and resolution. It also has a keen interest in helping to tackle transborder threats to peace and security, such as transnational crime, climate change and terrorism. It is particularly concerned about the impact of climate change, seeing itself and other low-income countries as potential vic-tims of a problem they did not cause. Cam-bodia has noted that it would like to play a pivotal part in deliberations on climate change.

Cambodia has stated that its foreign policy is based on neutrality, cooperation, friendship and peaceful coexistence with other countries. It notes that, if elected to the Council, it would strive to undertake its responsibilities in a way that promotes trans-parency, partnership and universality.

Republic of KoreaThe Republic of Korea (ROK) became a UN member in 1991. It served on the Council in 1996-1997. The ROK emphasises its commit-ment to UN peacekeeping as a strong point of its current candidacy. In this context, it notes that it is the tenth largest financial contributor to UN peacekeeping, has personnel serving in nine UN peacekeeping missions, and has

participated in 19 UN peacekeeping missions since it became a member of the UN.

The ROK sees itself as a bridge between the developing and developed world, a past recipient country that has become a donor country and is now increasing its official development assistance. The ROK is also currently the eleventh highest contributor to the UN regular budget. It believes that its past experience as a recipient country makes it sensitive to the needs of the developing world. As further evidence of its constructive engagement in global affairs, it notes its host-ing of numerous international conferences, such as the G20 Summit in Seoul (Novem-ber 2010), the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan (November 2011) and the Nuclear Security Summit in Seoul (March 2012).

The ROK espouses the perspective that security, development and human rights are interconnected and reinforce one another. Its interest in several key issues relevant to the Council’s work could provide a sense of what the ROK’s presence on the Council might look like. It is a strong advocate of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, espouses clearer and more realistic mandates for peacekeeping missions and enhanced consultations with troop-contributing coun-tries, and supports greater transparency and accountability in the Council’s work. •

The Uncontested Seats

There are two uncontested seats this year. Rwanda is running for the uncontested Afri-can seat, while Argentina is unopposed as a candidate for the GRULAC seat.

African Seat Three seats on the Council are allocated to Africa. One seat comes up for election every even year (with two seats contested during the odd years). Elections for seats allocated to Africa tend to be uncontested as the Africa Group maintains an established pattern of rota-tion between its five sub-regions (North Africa, Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, Western Africa and Central Africa). This year is Eastern Afri-ca’s turn in the rotational cycle, with Rwanda unopposed for the one available seat.

RwandaA member of the UN since 1962, Rwanda served on the Council in 1994-1995, and in the first months of its Council membership was represented by the government responsi-ble for the April-July 1994 genocide. Rwanda hopes to lend its experience to the Council as a country that has recovered from these tragic events and successfully rebuilt itself over the past two decades.

Pointing to the importance of good gov-ernance and socioeconomic development in post-conflict countries, Rwanda sees a strong connection between security and develop-ment. It emphasises its interest in the spec-trum of activities that encompass conflict prevention, peacekeeping, peacebuilding and

longer-term development. It is currently the sixth largest troop and police contributing country to UN peacekeeping. Rwanda also expresses its commitment to working toward more effective transitions from peacekeeping to state-building, and it served as the chair of the UN Peacebuilding Commission from January 2011 to January 2012.

Rwanda’s commitment to other issues could also influence its work on the Security Council. It has a strong interest in the thematic issue of women, peace and security, including a focus on combating sexual violence against women and empowering women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding. It also believes that the Council’s working methods could be more transparent, inclusive and effective.


The Uncontested Seats (con’t)

Given its support of the concept of the respon-sibility to protect, Rwanda would like to help the Council develop strategies to react more effectively and swiftly in cases where atrocity crimes are anticipated or unfolding.

The GRULAC SeatIn 2006, elections for the GRULAC seat to the Security Council were inconclusive after 47 rounds of voting over many days. With the General Assembly unable to decide between the candidacies of Guatemala and Venezuela, Panama was elected on the 48th round as the compromise candidate (the process took from 16 October until 7 November). GRULAC seats for the Human Rights Council (HRC) and Economic and Social Council (ECO-SOC) were also highly contested in 2006.

As a result of this experience, an informal understanding has existed among GRULAC members to avoid contested seats to the Security Council, the HRC and ECOSOC. Since then, Mexico (2008), Brazil (2009), Colombia (2010), Guatemala (2011), and now Argentina (2012) have all been sole candidates for Security Council seats. (Elec-tions for the GRULAC seats in the Human Rights Council and ECOSOC have also not been contested in recent years, although this pattern may be changing, as three countries are currently planning to contest two seats in the HRC next year.)

It is not clear whether, or for how long, the informal GRULAC understanding about running on a “clean slate” for Security Coun-cil seats will last. It is possible that the fact that countries are planning to contest the GRULAC seats for the 2013 election to the HRC could erode the understanding with respect to elections to the Security Council. Or perhaps this example applies only to the HRC, and the pattern of not contesting seats to the Security Council established after the 2006 Security Council election will continue.

In the future, it is also possible that larger countries in the group may decide to nego-tiate trading places with, if not contesting, pre-existing candidacies by smaller countries, rather than wait until their rotational turn comes up again.

ArgentinaArgentina became a member of the UN in 1945 and was last a member of the Security Council in 2005-2006. In 2007, it announced its candidature for a seat on the Council in 2013-2014.

Argentina has asserted that it will pur-sue an independent-minded approach to the Council’s work. It has emphasised that it will strive to promote transparency and consult widely with the broader UN membership in order to receive its concerns and, where pos-sible, bring those concerns to the attention

of the Council. (Argentina has been actively involved over the years in the issue of improv-ing the Council working methods. In 1994, Argentina played a key role in promoting bet-ter interaction between the troop-contribut-ing countries and the Council. The initiative ultimately resulted in a number of improve-ments in the communication between mem-bers and non-members of the Council with regard to peacekeeping operations.)

Since 1958, when it first contributed to UN peacekeeping, approximately 50,000 Argentinian peacekeepers have served in UN peacekeeping operations. Argentina cur-rently has personnel serving in seven UN peacekeeping missions, and it notes that the highest number of UN police personnel from GRULAC countries is Argentinian.

In addition to its involvement in peacekeep-ing, Argentina has an interest in such thematic issues as the peaceful settlement of disputes and the responsibility to protect (including the notion of “responsibility while protect-ing”, promoted by Brazil since 2011). It is also interested in promoting issues such as human rights and the rule of law in fragile states, see-ing them as important factors in promoting peace and stability. In its own region, Argen-tina has a keen interest in Haiti, reflected by its role in the Group of Friends of Haiti and by the fact that over 70 percent (723) of its current UN peacekeepers are there. •

Potential Dynamics Involving Council Membership in 2013

While it is impossible to evaluate how Coun-cil dynamics in 2013 will evolve without knowing the exact composition of the new Council, the interests of the current candi-dates provide some perspective on general patterns that might emerge.

Several of the candidates appear to have a strong national interest in countries in their respective regions that are also on the Coun-cil’s agenda. Rwanda, which is running on a clean slate, sees its security closely con-nected to events in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and will likely play an active role. Argentina, also running unopposed, has several hundred peacekeepers in Haiti and is a member of Haiti’s Group of Friends. It should find a strong ally in its support of

Haiti’s reconstruction in fellow GRULAC Council member Guatemala. If elected to the Council, the Republic of Korea will likely take a keen interest in and play an active role in the Council’s approach to the Democratic Peoples’ Republic of Korea (North Korea).

There also appears to be a strong desire among all the candidates to enhance the transparency and inclusiveness of the Coun-cil’s work. While progress in the Council’s working methods has been modest in recent years, there have been some developments with innovations such as the informal inter-active dialogues, the DPA “horizon scanning” briefings, and more frequent briefings by the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The newly elected Council members may build on

the recent developments in working methods, while attempting to reach out in meaningful ways to the wider membership and civil society.

Another notable factor is that most of the candidates have a broad perspective on issues that constitute threats to peace and security and the range of tools at the Council’s dis-posal. Nearly all of them underscore the link-ages between security and development, and several of them emphasise the importance of the Council’s focus on emerging threats such as climate change, transnational organ-ised crime and drug trafficking. Several of the candidates, particularly Rwanda and the three WEOG candidates, have also under-scored the value of conflict prevention and peacebuilding, in keeping with a trend that


Potential Dynamics Involving Council Membership in 2013 (con’t)

has been developing in the Council’s work over the past several years.

Clean slate candidates Rwanda and Argentina—as well as the three WEOG candi-dates— share a particularly strong interest in the responsibility to protect concept. It is not clear how they might choose to promote this concept within the Council, as there seems to have been a lingering backlash among

some Council members toward the concept as a result of the controversies surrounding the implementation of resolution 1973 on Libya. EU representation on the Council will either remain at four countries or decrease to three. This depends on whether both Fin-land and Luxembourg are elected, to replace fellow EU members Germany and Portugal or if only one is elected, alongside Australia.

Permanent members France and the UK are also members of the EU.

With India and South Africa rotating off the Council at the end of the year, members of the India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) will no longer have a pres-ence on the Council after serving together in 2011 and at times coordinating on issues of common concern. •

Modern Regional Groups and Established Practices

The regional groups for the purposes of elections to the Security Council have been governed by a formula set out in General Assembly resolution 1991 A (XVIII), which was adopted in 1963 and took effect in 1965. Under that resolution the seats originally cor-responding to the African and Asia-Pacific states were combined. However, in reality the candidates for elections for the African and Asia-Pacific seats operate separately and this report follows that customary practice.

The UN Charter provides that non-per-manent members would be elected according to equitable, geographic distribution. It does not stipulate how that should be achieved nor does it suggest a possible composition of appropriate geographical groups. Never-theless, the principle of equitable geographic distribution gave rise to the establishment of electoral groups as a vehicle for achieving that goal. The regional groups, as they now oper-ate, are as follows:

(Kiribati is the only member state that currently does not participate in any regional group within the UN. The US is not a mem-ber of any group but attends meetings of the WEOG as an observer and is considered a member of this group for electoral purposes. Israel, which was without any group mem-bership for many years, was given temporary membership in WEOG in May 2000, which is subject to renewal every four years. Israel

has announced that it plans to run for a seat on the Council under WEOG in 2018.)

African Group Most of the groups have informal under-standings which are not codified into actual rules. The African Group is an exception to this in that it has adopted the Rules of Pro-cedure of the AU Ministerial Committee on Candidatures within the International Sys-tem for the selection of candidates to occupy the three African seats on the Council. Sub-regional groups within the African Group tend to follow a disciplined rotation system. Theoretically, under this system, every coun-try in Africa should eventually get a turn to be a candidate for a seat on the Council. (However, South Africa provides an excep-tion to this rule when it campaigned success-fully for a seat in 2011-2012, after serving on the Council in 2007-2008.)

In most years, this means that the UN membership at large has little choice on the African candidate. However, there have been exceptions. In 2000, when Sudan was the Organisation of African Unity-endorsed candidate, Mauritius decided to contest the seat and won election to the Council. The election in 2011 was unusual as well in that three candidates ran for two seats. This hap-pened because Mauritania decided to con-test the North Africa/Arab swing seat with Morocco, rather than wait its turn in the rota-tional cycle. (Morocco prevailed, as did Togo, which won the seat allocated by the African Group to the West Africa sub-region.)

The African rotation generally follows a sys-tematic cycle based on the following principle:• North Africa and Central Africa rotate

one seat every two years;

• Western Africa has one seat every two years; and

• Eastern Africa and Southern Africa rotate one seat every two years. Nonetheless, the picture becomes com-

plicated at times because countries within a subregional group can change their affilia-tion. Also, some countries that can claim to straddle more than one geographic region have at times indeed chosen to shift from one subgroup to another. Challengers can emerge within the same subregional grouping, upset-ting the rotation. Candidates can often be persuaded to drop out to avoid a competi-tive election. Moreover, there have been times when challengers have emerged and contin-ued all the way through the election. In addi-tion, within a subgroup some countries may choose to run more often, while others choose to run less frequently or not at all.

The process for selecting a candidate in the Africa Group usually has a defined path. First, the subregional groups select the poten-tial candidates and forward their names to the African Group of ambassadors for endorse-ment. The ambassadors submit the candi-dates to the Committee on Candidatures of the African Group in New York, which then transmits the candidates to the Ministe-rial Committee on Candidatures of the AU, which follows its written Rules of Procedure in selecting candidates. (The African Group and the AU are made up of the same mem-bers with the exception of Morocco which is not a part of the AU.) Regional organisations, such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), may add their endorsement before the list goes to the AU ministers. A final decision is then taken by the Executive Committee, made up of the AU

African Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 members

Asia-Pacific Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 members

Eastern European Group . . . . . . . . . 23 members

GRULAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 members

WEOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 members


Modern Regional Groups and Established Practices (con’t)

leaders, during AU summit meetings. How-ever, despite these written Rules of Procedure for candidate selection, some countries in the past have submitted their candidature directly to the AU Ministerial Committee on Candi-datures bypassing the process in New York.

Overall the system of rotation tends to favour “clean slate” elections. There have been times when this has resulted in can-didates being elected that might have strug-gled in a contested election and whose pres-ence on the Council added little to resolving problems or was counterproductive. A factor which seems to be coming more into play recently is the growing desire by the larger countries in the region to be elected more often than strict adherence to the rotation system would allow. It remains to be seen how this factor will play out in the future.

Asia-Pacific GroupIn 2011, the Asian Group officially changed its name to the Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States, also called the Asia-Pacific Group. The name change was made to account for the fact that Pacific island countries make up more than 20 per-cent of the Group’s members.

In the Asia-Pacific Group, with the excep-tion of the “Arab swing seat” described in the next section, there are no formally established practices for rotation of the two seats, one of which becomes available each year. While it has almost the same number of countries as the African Group, the Asia-Pacific Group’s wide geographic span—covering the Middle East, Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia—has led to a much looser regional grouping.

Still some patterns have emerged. Until the mid-1990s there was an almost continu-ous South Asian presence on the Council with Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan occu-pying seats on the Council. In practice, South Asian countries rarely run against one another. (One exception occurred in 1975, when India and Pakistan, contesting the same seat, went eight rounds before Pakistan finally prevailed.)

Since 1958, Japan also has been a regular presence accumulating 20 years on the Coun-cil by running almost every four years begin-ning in 1966. The lack of a formal rotation sys-tem has meant that there is often competition for the Asia-Pacific seat regardless of whether a candidate declares itself far in advance. Larger countries have tended to declare their

candidacy closer to the election year while smaller countries have tended to announce their decision to run many years ahead of time. (Bhutan, for example, first announced its intention to run in 1999.) The only subgroup within the Asia-Pacific Group which endorses its candidates is ASEAN made up of Bru-nei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singa-pore, Thailand and Viet Nam. There is no pol-icy of ASEAN regularly fielding candidates. This year ASEAN has endorsed Cambodia.

The Arab Swing SeatThere is an established practice that spans the Asia-Pacific and African Groups. As dis-cussed in Annex 2 below, General Assem-bly resolution 1991 A (XVIII) provided five seats for “Asia and Africa” and in practice the seats have been divided into three seats for Africa and two for Asia. In 1967, after Jordan ended its two-year term in what had been the Middle East seat, there was a year with no Arab state on the Council. It appears that at some point there was an informal agreement, although there are no known records, that one seat would be reserved for an Arab state and that Asia and Africa would take turns every two years to provide a suitable candidate. As a result, this seat is often called the “Arab swing seat”. Since 1968, the Arab candidate from the Afri-can Group has generally come from North Africa except for when Sudan occupied the seat in 1972-1973. Morocco currently holds this seat. The Asia-Pacific Group works on the informal understanding that it will field a suitable Arab candidate every four years. Although this is an informal agree-ment between the Asia-Pacific and African Groups, a seat has been continuously occu-pied by an Arab country since 1968. Eastern European GroupThe Eastern European Group is the smallest group, consisting of 23 states with one seat opening every odd election year. But it is the group that has increased the most in recent decades, with fifteen new members since 1991 due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the splitting of other states in the region. The Eastern European seat was included in the “gentlemen’s agreement” of 1946 concluded by the permanent members. But soon, the meaning of that agreement was contested

with the Soviet Union and the West vying to place their preferred candidates in this seat. It also became a hotly contested seat among new member states that did not have a clear regional grouping. (For example in 1955, when there was no Asian seat, the Philip-pines competed with members of the Eastern European Group for a seat. When the voting remained deadlocked after 36 rounds between the Philippines and Yugoslavia, the two coun-tries agreed to accept a split term: Yugoslavia served on the Council in 1955 and the Philip-pines in 1956.) Although Turkey runs now as a member of WEOG, in 1961 it occupied the Eastern European seat on the Council.

The Eastern European Group grew sig-nificantly in the aftermath of the Cold War, with the split of Yugoslavia into what are now six UN members (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the break-up of Czechoslovakia, and the admis-sion of several former republics of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijan, formerly part of the Soviet Union, is serving its first term on the Council in 2012-2013. Other members of this group have also served their first terms on the Coun-cil in the post-Cold War era, including Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010-2011), Croatia (2008-2009), the Czech Republic (1994-1995), Slo-vakia (2006-2007) and Slovenia (1998-1999).

Western European and Others GroupWith 28 members, WEOG is the second small-est regional grouping and two seats become available to it every even election year. Strictly speaking, it is not a geographical group as it comprises Western Europe plus the “others”. Its members, however, share broadly similar levels of economic development and political values. The “others” subgroup is made up of three members of what was previously called the British Commonwealth Group. The Brit-ish Commonwealth Group grew rapidly in the late 1950s as states from Africa and Asia became independent. Most of these newly independent states joined the Asian and Afri-can Groups and GRULAC. Australia, Can-ada and New Zealand became “the others” in WEOG. Israel is the other non-European state that participates in WEOG, having been a member since 2000. (With France and the UK as members, and the US attending meet-ings as an observer, WEOG also includes three of the five permanent members of the


Modern Regional Groups and Established Practices (con’t)

Council.) WEOG practices what might be called an open market approach to elections which produces a regular pattern of contested candidatures.

There are several subgroups within WEOG: the Nordics (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), the CANZ (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and the Benelux (Belgium, Luxembourg and The Netherlands). There are informal under-standings within the Nordic and CANZ sub-groups which have helped members to sup-port each other’s campaigns. In the Benelux subgroup, however, countries do not coor-dinate their campaigns, nor do they have a systematic understanding to support one another’s campaigns.

It is not uncommon for competition for the same seat to occur between countries in

these different subgroups. The contested elec-tions this year – as well as in 2008 (Austria, Iceland and Turkey vied for the two seats) and 2010 (Canada, Germany and Portugal vied for two seats)–suggest that WEOG is likely to remain highly competitive in the coming years.

Latin American and Caribbean GroupAfter the expansion of the Council and the reorganisation of the electoral groups that occurred as a result of General Assembly resolution 1991 A (XVIII), the Latin Ameri-can Group took in the Caribbean States, sev-eral of them members of the British Com-monwealth, and became the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC).

Like most of the other groups, GRULAC has no formal rules regarding rotation. For much of the last sixty years non-Caribbean

countries have tended to dominate regional representation. Historically, the group was often able to reach consensus on “clean slates”. However, the Group has also produced two of the most protracted and bitterly contested voting sessions in UN history. As mentioned above, in 1979, the contest between Cuba and Colombia went to 154 rounds before Mexico was elected as a compromise candi-date in the 155th round. In 2006, there were 47 rounds between Guatemala and Venezuela with Panama finally coming in as the compro-mise candidate in the 48th round.

Also as noted above, after the difficul-ties in 2006, the Latin American countries in GRULAC appear to have moved towards favouring a more coordinated system to avoid highly contentious competition in future Council elections. •

Established Practices in Becoming a Candidate

Most candidates follow a fairly standard path in announcing and pursuing their candidacy for the Council, with the exception of candidates from the African Group, which has a more codified process. If the country is a member of a subregional group like the Nordic Group within WEOG or ASEAN within the Asia-Pacific Group, it will often first inform mem-bers of its subregional group of its intention to run and seek their support. The endorse-ment of the subregional group then becomes an important factor in the second step.

The second step is to write formally to

inform the rotating monthly chair of the regional group of the country’s intention to stand for election. This is then incorporated by the chair in the group’s UN candidacy chart which is maintained by each regional group and reviewed at monthly group meet-ings. At this point, most candidates prepare a circular note to all missions in New York informing them of the candidacy.

As the year of the relevant election approaches, the regional group may decide to give its endorsement, and nearer to the date of the election the chair of the regional

group will inform the President of the Gen-eral Assembly of the “clean slate.” Although there is nothing in the General Assembly’s Rules of Procedure specifying that this should be done, most candidates also send a note to the Secretariat and/or the Presi-dent of the General Assembly announcing the country’s candidature for a particular year. If the country has been endorsed by the regional group, it is likely to provide that information. This becomes a guide to help the Secretariat prepare the relevant docu-mentation for the election process. •

UN Documents

UN DOCUMENTS

General Assembly Documents

A/66/PV.40 and A/66/PV.39 (24 October 2011) A/66/PV.38 and A/66/PV.37 (21 October 2011) were the plenary records of the 2011 elections of non-permanent members.

A/RES/65/283 (22 June 2011) was the General Assembly resolution on strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution.

A/65/150 (13 July 2010) was the provisional

programme of the plenary for the 65th General Assembly.

A/59/881 (20 July 2005) was a note verbale from Costa Rica containing information on elections from 1946 to 2004.

A/55/463 (9 October 2000) was the letter from Uganda on Sudan’s candidature.

A/RES/1991 (XVIII) (17 December 1963) was the resolution adopting amendments to the Charter on the composition of the Council and establishing the allocation of seats to various regions.

GAOR 1st Session, Part 1, 14th Plenary Session and Part II (12 January 1946) was the first election of non-permanent members.

Other

UN Charter

A/520/Rev.15 and amendment 1 and 2 are the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly including amendments and additions.

Repertoire of Practice of the United Nations Organs, Supplement 6, Volume III on Article 23

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_66_pv_40.pdf




http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_res_65_283.pdf

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SC Election A 65 150.pdf



http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/WMP A RES 1991A XVIII.pdf

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SC Election GAOR 1st Session Part 1 14th Plenary.pdf

http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Rulles of Procedure of GA.pdf

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SCElection A520Rev15Amend1.pdf

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SCElection A520Rev15Amend2.pdf

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SC Elections Decision 34 401 para 16.pdf


Useful Additional Resources

The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws, Oxford University Press, 2007

Reforming the United Nations: Lessons from a History in Progress, Edward Luck, International Relations Studies and the United Nations Occasional Papers, 2003, No.1

The Charter of the United Nations, A Commentary, Second Edition, Volume II, Edited by Bruno Simma, et al. Oxford University Press, 2002

Eyes on the Prize: The Quest for Non-permanent Seats on the UN Security Council, David Malone, Global Governance, vol. 6, no.1, January-March 2000

What is Equitable Geographic Representation in the Twenty-First Century edited by Ramesh Thakur, International Peace Academy, Seminar Report, 26 March 1999

The Procedure of the UN Security Council, Sydney Bailey and Sam Daws, Chapter 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1998

The Once and Future Security Council, edited by Bruce Russett, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997

A History of the United Nations Charter, Ruth Russell, Brookings Institute, 1958

Politics and Change in the Security Council, Norman J. Podelford, International Organisation, Vol. 14, No.3,

Summer 1960, pp.381-401

See http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/undpa/ for analysis of the question of equitable geographical distribution under article 23.

See http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Summits/summit.htm for a list of AU summit decisions

United Nations Handbook 2012-2013 published by the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Rules of Procedure of the AU Ministerial Committee on Candidatures within the International System, Doc.EX.CL/213 (VIII)

Annex 1: Rules and Process for Election to the Council: Relevant Charter Provisions and Rules of Procedure

Charter Provisions on Election to the CouncilThe UN Charter, in article 23, specifies the number of non-permanent members to be elected:

The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council…It also stipulates the length of their term: The non-permanent members…shall be elected for a term of two years. The practical impact of rotation occurring

every two years is mitigated by staggering the cycle, so that five members are elected each year by the General Assembly for the stipu-lated two-year period. This was determined by rule 142 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly.

Despite the specification of a two-year term there have been exceptions of mem-bers serving shorter terms. There have been one-year terms, either to break electoral deadlocks or to establish the required rota-tional cycle.

Article 23 also contains a provision that ensures that no member can become a de facto permanent member by being elected to continuously serve in the Council:

A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election.This is further reinforced by rule 144

of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly, which also states that a retiring

member of the Council will not be eligible for immediate re-election.

The Charter also specifies the criteria that the members of the General Assembly should apply when considering who should be elected to serve on the Council. It pro-vides in article 23 that due regard shall be:

…specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of interna-tional peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.Contribution to the maintenance of

international peace and security is often interpreted in this context as levels of con-tribution to peacekeeping or financial con-tributions for peacekeeping operations and peace processes. Contribution to the other purposes of the organisation, by contrast, is a very wide term.

A key procedural provision of the Charter, which is relevant to Security Council elec-tions, is article 18(2). This requires a two-thirds majority vote in the General Assembly on important questions. Under that article, election to the Council is defined as an important question.

In addition, article 18(3) defines the required majority by reference to members present and voting. This refers to members casting an affirmative or negative vote. Mem-bers who abstain from voting are considered not voting.

Relevant Rules of ProcedureClosely contested elections to the Security Council can sometimes produce tense and dramatic situations on the floor of the Gen-eral Assembly. In such circumstances under-standing the relevant Rules of Procedure can become very important.

The voting process is governed by rules 92, 93 and 94 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly.

Under rule 92, elections to the Council are held by secret ballot. Nominations are not required. Countries simply declare their intention to run, sometimes many years ahead, either by circular note to all members of the UN or to the chair of their regional grouping, or both.

Rule 93 sets out the procedure which applies when there is only one vacancy to be filled and no candidate obtains the required two-thirds majority in the first ballot. It provides:

…a second ballot shall be taken, which shall be restricted to the two candidates obtaining the largest number of votes…if a two-thirds majority is required the ballot-ing shall be continued until one candidate secures two-thirds of the votes cast...What this first part of rule 93 means is that

if there are more than two candidates and no clear winner in the first ballot, the lowest polling candidate drops out and the contest then continues to a second ballot between the top two candidates. The effect of rule 93 is

http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/undpa/

http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Summits/summit.htm

http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Summits/summit.htm


Annex 1: Rules and Process for Election to the Council: Relevant Charter Provisions and Rules of Procedure (con’t)

that voting simply continues until one candi-date prevails, either by securing the required majority or because the other withdraws.

If neither candidate receives the required majority in the second and third ballots, rule 93 says that after the third inconclusive ballot, votes may be cast for an eligible … Member. This allows new candidates to come into the process and the fourth ballot is therefore technically referred to as an unrestricted ballot. (Also it would allow any candidate excluded after the

first restricted ballot to come back again.)If a result is not achieved after three of

these unrestricted ballots, rule 93 requires that the pool again be reduced to the top two. This cycle then repeats until a result is achieved. The emergence of new candidates during the unrestricted stage is rare, but not unprecedented. It is not unusual after a suc-cession of inconclusive ballots, if a trend is starting to emerge in one direction, for the candidate with fewer votes to withdraw.

Rule 94 is similar to rule 93, but is applied when there are two or more seats to be filled.

When two or more elective places are to be filled at one time under the same condi-tions, those candidates obtaining in the first ballot the majority required shall be elected.Rule 94 also specifies that if additional

rounds of voting are required, the pool is reduced by a formula which says that remain-ing candidates should not be more than twice the number of places available. •

Annex 2: Historical Background

In 1946, at the outset of the UN, the Char-ter provided for 11 members of the Security Council: five permanent members and six elected members.

Article 23(2) included a provision that in the first election of Council members, three members would be chosen for a period of one year so that in the future three new members could be elected annually. This was decided by drawing lots for the one and two-year terms.

In the first election on 12 January 1946 the following countries were elected: Austra-lia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands and Poland. The pattern of geographical dis-tribution was: two seats for Latin America, one for the Middle East, one for Eastern Europe, one for Western Europe and one for the Commonwealth.

The interpretation of what equitable geo-graphic distribution should mean in terms of seats was based on an informal agreement among the permanent members sometimes known as the London Agreement. From the start there was a lack of agreement on what had been agreed to. The US saw the 1946 formula as only applying to the first elec-tion, but the Soviet Union maintained that there had been a gentlemen’s agreement of a more general nature on the future meaning

of geographic distribution.Although the Charter clearly specifies a

two-year term for elected members of the Council, in addition to the 1946-47 period, split terms started to occur in the late 1950s until the Council was enlarged in 1965. This was in part driven by fall-out from the dis-agreement over regional rotation and associ-ated Cold War politics. But the aspirations of the newly independent countries were also an important factor. The first example of this was seen in 1955 when the Philippines and Poland were in contest. After four inconclu-sive ballots Poland withdrew and Yugosla-via entered. However, the stalemate contin-ued and after two months and over thirty rounds of voting, it was informally agreed that the Philippines would withdraw but that Yugoslavia would resign after one year, at which point the Philippines would run as the only candidate for that seat. Over the next few years this became an increasingly common feature. For example, the 1960-61 seat was shared between Poland and Turkey, the 1962-63 term between Romania and the Philippines and 1964-65 between Czecho-slovakia and Malaysia.

By the early 1960s there was a growing acceptance that the original composition of the Council had become inequitable and

unbalanced. Between 1945 and 1965 UN membership rose from 51 to 117 member states, with the proportion of Asian, Afri-can and Caribbean states increasing from 25 percent to about 50 percent. On 17 Decem-ber 1963 the General Assembly adopted resolution 1991 A (XVIII) which contained amendments to the Charter addressing the issue by increasing the number of elected members to ten. The resolution also dealt with the issue of geographic distribution, which was resolved as follows:• five from the African and Asian states

(subsequently subdivided in practice into two seats for the Asian Group and three seats for the African Group);

• one from Eastern European states;• two from Latin American states (includ-

ing the Caribbean); and • two from Western European states and

Other states (including Australia, Canada and New Zealand).At the same time article 27 was altered

so that resolutions of the Council required the vote of nine instead of seven members. This also meant that for the first time the permanent members could be out-voted by non-permanent members, although only on procedural questions. •


GA SESSION1 ELECTION ROUNDS CANDIDATE COUNTRIES2 AND VOTES

1946 UNGA1 4 ROUNDS

4th 12-01-46 Round 1: 51 votes Brazil 47, Egypt 45, Mexico 45, Poland 39, Netherlands 37, Canada 33, Australia 28, Iran 6, Norway 5, Czechoslovakia 4, Denmark 2, Belgium 1, Ethiopia 1, Greece 1, Luxembourg 1, New Zealand 1, Turkey 1, Yugoslavia 1

Round 2: 51 votes, restricted Australia 27, Canada 23

5th 12-01-46 Round 3: 51 votes, restricted Australia 28, Canada 23 [withdrew]

Round 4: 51 votes, restricted Australia 46, Canada 3

1946 UNGA1 1 ROUND

48th 19-11-46 Round 1: 54 votes Colombia 51, Syria 45, Belgium 43, India 13, Norway 4, Canada 1, Cuba 1, Greece 1, Turkey 1

1947 UNGA2 12 ROUNDS

92nd 30-09-47 Round 1: 57 votes Argentina 41, Canada 41, Ukrainian SSR 33, India 29, Czechoslovakia 8, Uruguay 8, Chile 2, Ethiopia 1, Greece 1, Guatemala 1, Philippines 1

Round 2: 56 votes, restricted Ukrainian SSR 29, India 24

93rd 30-09-47 Round 3: 56 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Ukrainian SSR 29, India 25

Round 4: 57 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Ukrainian SSR 30, India 25

Round 5: 57 votes, restricted Ukrainian SSR 33, India 23

Round 6: 57 votes, unrestricted Ukrainian SSR 34, India 22

Round 7: 57 votes, unrestricted Ukrainian SSR 33, India 23

94th 01-10-47 Round 8: 56 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Ukrainian SSR 31, India 23

Round 9: 57 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Ukrainian SSR 32, India 24

96th 20-10-47 Round 10: 55 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Ukrainian SSR 29, India 24

Round 11: 57 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Ukrainian SSR 30, India 25 [withdrew]

109th 13-11-47 Round 12: 54 votes, 15 abstentions, unrestricted Ukrainian SSR 35, India 2

1948 UNGA3 4 ROUNDS

149th 08-10-48 Round 1: 53 votes Cuba 53, Norway 44, Egypt 30, Turkey 23, Denmark 3, Pakistan 2, New Zealand 1, Siam 1, Sweden 1

Round 2: 56 votes, restricted Egypt 34, Turkey 20



1949 UNGA4 2 ROUNDS

231st 20-10-49 Round 1: 58 votes Ecuador 57, India 56, Yugoslavia 37, Czechoslovakia 20, Afghanistan 1, Philippines 1

Round 2: 59 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Yugoslavia 39, Czechoslovakia 19

1 The left hand column lists the year and the UN General Assembly Session in which the voting was held, as well as the number of the plenary meetings (the ordinal numbers) and the date of the meetings. 2 Candidate countries that win the election are in bold.

Annex 3: Elections for Non-Permanent Members of the Security Council: A Comprehensive Review 1946-2011


Annex 3: Elections for Non-Permanent Members of the Security Council: A Comprehensive Review 1946-2011 (con’t)



290th 29-09-50 Round 1: 59 votes Brazil 57, Netherlands 47, Turkey 32, Lebanon 30, Sweden 2, Yemen 2, Bolivia 1, Burma 1

Round 2: 60 votes, restricted Turkey 34, Lebanon 26



Round 5: 60 votes, unrestricted Turkey 36, Lebanon 24



Round 8: 60 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Turkey 35, Lebanon 24

291st 29-09-50 Round 9: 58 votes, restricted Turkey 33, Lebanon 25




294th 07-10-50 Round 13: 60 votes, unrestricted Turkey 33, Lebanon 27 [withdrew]

Round 14: 60 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Turkey 53, Lebanon 4


349th 06-12-51 Round 1: 60 votes Chile 57, Pakistan 55, Greece 30, Argentina 1, Australia 1, Byelorussian SSR 26, Colombia 1, El Salvador 1, Philippines 3

Round 2: 60 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Greece 30, Byelorussian SSR 29

Round 3: 60 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Greece 29, Byelorussian SSR 30

Round 4: 60 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Byelorussian SSR 30, Greece 29

Round 5: 60 votes, unrestricted Byelorussian SSR 32, Greece 24, Philippines 3, El Salvador 1

Round 6: 60 votes, unrestricted Byelorussian SSR 31, Greece 25, Philippines 3, El Salvador 1

Round 7: 60 votes, unrestricted Byelorussian SSR 33, Greece 24, Philippines 3

Round 8: 60 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Byelorussian SSR 32, Greece 27

356th 20-12-51 Round 9: 58 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Greece 36, Byelorussian SSR 20

Round 10: 59 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Greece 35, Byelorussian SSR 20, Sweden 2, Burma 1

Round 11: 59 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Greece 38, Byelorussian SSR 17, Sweden 2, Burma 1

Round 12: 59 votes, 4 abstentions, restricted Greece 39, Byelorussian SSR 16

1952 UNGA7 1 ROUND

389th 25-10-52 Round 1: 60 votes Colombia 58, Lebanon 58, Denmark 56

1953 UNGA8 8 ROUNDS

450th 05-10-53 Round 1: 60 votes Brazil 56, New Zealand 48, Turkey 32, Poland 18, Philippines 17, Czechoslovakia 2, Ecuador 2, Mexico 1





Round 2: 60 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Turkey 38, Poland 20



Round 5: 60 votes, unrestricted Turkey 31, Poland 18, Philippines 11




1954 UNGA9 1 ROUND

492nd 06-10-54 Round 1: 58 votes Iran 56, Peru 56, Belgium 52, Burma 1, Haiti 1, India 1, Panama 1


534th 14-10-55 Round 1: 59 votes, 1 abstention Cuba 53, Australia 42, Poland 34, Philippines 33, Indonesia 2, Thailand 2, Union of South Africa 1, Yugoslavia 1

Round 2: 59 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Philippines 35, Poland 23



Round 5: 59 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 25, Poland 1, Yemen 1

Round 6: 59 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Philippines 29, Yugoslavia 28

535th 19-10-55 Round 7: 59 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Philippines 31, Yugoslavia 27

Round 8: 59 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 28


538th 27-10-55 Round 10: 57 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 24

Round 11: 58 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 25, India 1

Round 12: 59 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Philippines 32, Yugoslavia 24, India 2

540th 08-11-55 Round 13: 59 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 28


Round 15: 59 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Philippines 31, Yugoslavia 26


Round 17: 59 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Philippines 27, Yugoslavia 26, India 1, Uruguay 1, Yemen 1

Round 18: 59 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Philippines 29, Yugoslavia 26, Bolivia 1, Burma 1, Liberia 1

Round 19: 59 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Yugoslavia 26, Philippines 25, Burma 2, Bolivia 1, Liberia 1



551st 06-12-55 Round 22: 58 votes, restricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 28

Round 23: 59 votes, unrestricted Philippines 30, Yugoslavia 27, Greece 1, Czechoslovakia 1




Round 24: 59 votes, unrestricted Philippines 31, Yugoslavia 28

Round 25: 59 votes, unrestricted Philippines 32, Yugoslavia 25, Iceland 1, Sweden 1

Round 26: 59 votes, restricted Philippines 33, Yugoslavia 26


Round 28: 59 votes, restricted Philippines 32, Yugoslavia 27

Round 29: 59 votes, unrestricted Philippines 29, Yugoslavia 25, Greece 1, Iceland 1, Sweden 1, Syria 1

558th 16-12-55 Round 30: 68 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Philippines 35, Yugoslavia 28, Sweden 2, Uruguay 1

Round 31: 70 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Philippines 36, Yugoslavia 30, Sweden 2, Greece 1




559th 16-12-55 Round 35: 69 votes, 10 abstentions, unrestricted Yugoslavia 34, Philippines 19, Spain 2, Bulgaria 1, Italy 1, Sweden 1, Yemen 1

560th 20-12-55 Round 36: 70 votes, 13 abstentions, unrestricted Yugoslavia 43, Philippines 11, Finland 1, Sweden 1 [one-year agreement between Philippines and Yugoslavia]


612th 07-12-56 Round 13: 75 votes, 1 abstention Philippines 51, Czechoslovakia 20, Afghanistan 1, Spain 1, Yugoslavia 1 [end of one-year term Yugoslavia]

612th 07-12-56 Round 1: 77 votes Colombia 73, Iraq 69, Sweden 41, Spain 32, India 3, Italy 2, Brazil 1, Ireland 1, Liberia 1, Mexico 1, Norway 1, Yemen 1

Round 2: 79 votes, restricted Sweden 47, Spain 32

Round 3: 77 votes, restricted Sweden 49, Spain 28

627th 19-12-56 Round 4: 77 votes, unrestricted Sweden 71, Spain 5, Italy 1

1957 UNGA12 1 ROUND

695th 01-10-57 Round 1: 78 votes Panama 74, Canada 72, Japan 55, Czechoslovakia 25, Argentina 1, Brazil 1, Chile 1, Dominican Republic 1, India 1, Italy 1, Sudan 1

1958 UNGA13 1 ROUND

775th 08-10-58 Round 1: 79 votes Argentina 78, Italy 76, Tunisia 74, Iran 2, Finland 1, Greece 1


825th 12-10-59 Round 1: 80 votes Ecuador 77, Ceylon 72, Poland 46, Turkey 36, Burma 1, Canada 1

Round 2: 81 votes, restricted Poland 43, Turkey 38


Round 4: 81 votes, unrestricted Poland 46, Turkey 35


1 The left hand column lists the year and the UN General Assembly Session in which the voting was held, as well as the number of the plenary meetings (the ordinal numbers) and the date of the meetings. 2 Candidate countries that win the election are in bold. 3 A separate first round of voting was held to elect the Philippines to a one-year term on the Council, based on an agreement with Yugoslavia in 1955 to split the two-year term.





Round 6: 81 votes, unrestricted Poland 46, Turkey 34, Jordan 1







826th 12-10-59 Round 13: 81 votes, restricted Poland 46, Turkey 34

827th 13-10-59 Round 14: 81 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Poland 43, Turkey 36

Round 15: 80 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Poland 44, Turkey 34

Round 16: 82 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Poland 41, Turkey 35, Yugoslavia 2, Sudan 1

Round 17: 82 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 40, Turkey 36, Yugoslavia 3, Libya 1, Sudan 1

Round 18: 82 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Poland 38, Turkey 35, Yugoslavia 7




Round 22: 82 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 42, Turkey 35, Yugoslavia 4






Round 28: 82 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 41, Turkey 40

Round 29: 82 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Turkey 41, Poland 39




Round 33: 79 votes, restricted Turkey 41, Poland 38

Round 34: 80 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Turkey 43, Poland 36


Round 36: 81 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 40, Turkey 39, 1 Finland


839th 17-11-59 Round 38: 81 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Poland 42, Turkey 38

Round 39: 82 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Poland 42, Turkey 39





Round 40: 82 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 39, Turkey 39, Luxembourg 2, Ireland 1

Round 41: 82 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 40, Turkey 36, Ghana 1, Iceland 1, Ireland 1, Luxembourg 1, Ukrainian SSR 1

Round 42: 82 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Poland 40, Turkey 39, Greece 1

Round 43: 82 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Poland 42, Turkey 39



Round 46: 80 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Poland 40, Turkey 37, Austria 1, Union of South Africa 1




853rd 11-12-59 Round 50: 78 votes, restricted Poland 41, Turkey 37


857th 12-12-59 Round 52: 80 votes, 4 abstentions, unrestricted Poland 71, Turkey 3, Greece 1, Yemen 1 [one-year agreement between Poland and Turkey]


941st 09-12-60 Round 13: 85 votes, 3 abstentions Turkey 74, Liberia 4, Poland 2, United Arab Republic 1 [end of one-year term of Poland]

941st 09-12-60 Round 1: 94 votes, 1 abstention Chile 74, United Arab Republic 74, Portugal 50, Liberia 32, Ethiopia 6, Ghana 5, Jordan 3, Nigeria 3, Cuba 2, Ivory Coast 2, Panama 2, Cameroun 1, Canada 1, Dominican Republic 1, El Salvador 1, Guinea 1, Morocco 1, Norway 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Venezuela 1

Round 2: 98 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Portugal 49, Liberia 47

Round 3: 99 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Liberia 51, Portugal 46

Round 4: 99 votes, unrestricted Liberia 50, Portugal 42, Burma 1, Ghana 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, Spain 1, Sweden 1, Nigeria 1

Round 5: 99 votes, 0 abstention, unrestricted Liberia 53, Portugal 39, Austria 2, Netherlands 1, Nigeria 1, Norway 1, Sweden 1

Round 6: 98 votes, unrestricted Liberia 54, Portugal 39, Austria 4, Netherlands 1

Round 7: 98 votes, 5 abstentions, restricted Liberia 55, Portugal 38

959th 20-12-60 Round 8: 94 votes, 4 abstentions, restricted Liberia 45, Portugal 43

Round 9: 94 votes, restricted Liberia 48, Portugal 46 [Portugal withdraws in favor of Ireland]

Round 10: 94 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Liberia 45, Ireland 36, Portugal 7, Cyprus 3, Ghana 1, Nigeria 1

Round 11: 94 votes, unrestricted Liberia 48, Ireland 38, Portugal 4, Cyprus 2, Mali 1, Nigeria 1

Round 12: 94 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Liberia 44, Ireland 40, Portugal 3, Cyprus 2, Dahomey 1, Ghana 1, Nigeria 1

Round 13: 93 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Ireland 45, Liberia 45

1 The left hand column lists the year and the UN General Assembly Session in which the voting was held, as well as the number of the plenary meetings (the ordinal numbers) and the date of the meetings. 2 Candidate countries that win the election are in bold. 3 A separate first round of voting was held to elect Turkey to a one-year term on the Council, based on an agreement with Poland in 1959 to split the two-year term.




Round 14: 93 votes, 7 abstentions, unrestricted Liberia 76, Ireland 5, Portugal 2, Cyprus 1, Nigeria 1 [one-year agreement between Liberia and Ireland]


1044th 30-10-61 Round 13: 103 votes, 2 abstentions, Ireland 83, Romania 10, Dahomey 1, Ghana 3, Philippines 1 [end of one-year term of Liberia]

1044th 30-10-61 Round 1: 103 votes Venezuela 96, Ghana 88, Romania 58, Philippines 47, Nigeria 3, Australia 1, India 1, Guinea 1, New Zealand 1, Netherlands 1

Round 2: 102 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Philippines 52, Romania 49

Round 3: 102 votes, restricted Philippines 54, Romania 48

1053rd 14-11-61 Round 4: 98 votes, unrestricted Romania 49, Philippines 47, India 1, Japan 1

Round 5: 102 votes, unrestricted Romania 54, Philippines 47, India 1

Round 6: 102 votes, unrestricted Romania 53, Philippines 48, India 1

Round 7: 103 votes, restricted Romania 52, Philippines 49



1068th 01-12-61 Round 10: 97 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Romania 75, Philippines 16 [one-year agreement between Philippines and Romania]


1154th 17-10-62 Round 1: 105 votes, 2 abstentions, Philippines 95, Nigeria 2, Norway 2, Afghanistan 1, Romania 1 [end of one-year term of Romania]

1154th 17-10-62 Round 1: 109 votes Brazil 91, Norway 85, Morocco 57, Nigeria 30, Iran 28, Afghanistan 5, Ethiopia 2, Burma 1, Haiti 1, Israel 1, Mauritania 1

Round 2: 109 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Morocco 73, Nigeria 35


1246th 18-10-63 Round 1: 109 votes, 1 abstention Ivory Coast 92, Bolivia 86, Czechoslovakia 63, Malaysia 56, Indonesia 1,

Round 2: 109 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Czechoslovakia 55, Malaysia 52



Round 5: 110 votes, unrestricted Czechoslovakia 56, Malaysia 51, Cambodia 1, Lebanon 1

1252nd 25-10-63 Round 6: 111 votes, unrestricted Malaysia 56, Czechslovakia 55

Round 7: 110 votes, unrestricted Malaysia 58, Czechoslovakia 52

Round 8: 110 votes, restricted Czechoslovakia 56, Malaysia 54



Round 11: 110 votes, unrestricted Czechoslovakia 56, Malaysia 53, Honduras 1

1 The left hand column lists the year and the UN General Assembly Session in which the voting was held, as well as the number of the plenary meetings (the ordinal numbers) and the date of the meetings. 2 Candidate countries that win the election are in bold. 3 A separate first round of voting was held to elect Ireland to a one-year term on the Council, based on an agreement with Liberia in 1960 to split the two-year term.




1254th 01-11-63 Round 12: 102 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Czechoslovakia 89, Malaysia 10 [one-year agreement between Czechoslovakia and Malaysia]


1313rd 29-12-64 Round 1: Consultations by the President Malaysia [end of one-year term of Czechoslovakia]

1313rd 29-12-64 Round 1: Consultations by the President Netherlands, Uruguay, Jordan, Mali

1314th 30-12-64 Round 2: Consultations by the President Jordan, Mali [one-year agreement between Jordan and Mali]

1965 UNGA20 1 ROUND

1392nd 10-12-653 Round 1: 115 votes Argentina 113, Bulgaria 108, Nigeria 107, Mali 105, Uganda 102, New Zealand 101, Japan 98, Mauritania 4, Somalia 3, Ceylon 1, Ethiopia 1, Guinea 1, Liberia 1, Madagascar 1, Pakistan 1, Spain 1, Syria 1, Thailand 1, United Republic of Tanzania 1

1966 UNGA21 1 ROUND

1462nd 11-11-66 Round 1: 119 votes Brazil 114, Canada 114, Ethiopia 109, Denmark 108, India 82, Syria 42, Sweden 3, Italy 1, Kenya 1, Pakistan 1, Senegal 1, Somalia 1, Mexico 1

1967 UNGA22 1 ROUND

1595th 06-11-67 Round 1: 118 votes Pakistan 118, Senegal 110, Algeria 108, Hungary 105, Paraguay 101, Romania 3, Albania 2, Tunisia 2, Uruguay 2, Chile 1, Cyprus 1, Congo (Brazzaville) 1, Congo (Democratic Republic of) 1, Cuba 1, Dahomey 1, Ecuador 1, Madagascar 1, Malawi 1, Morocco 1, Peru 1, Yugoslavia 1

1968 UNGA23 1 ROUND

1709th 01-11-68 Round 1: 123 votes Nepal 120, Finland 119, Colombia 118, Zambia 115, Spain 110, Italy 5, Cuba 1, Guinea 1, Haiti 1, Ireland 1

1969 UNGA24 1 ROUND

1787th 20-10-69 Round 1: 126 votes Poland 121, Burundi 118, Sierra Leone 117, Nicaragua 103, Syria 101, Cuba 6, Peru 3, Togo 3, Lebanon 2, Tunisia 2, Botswana 1, Brazil 1, Haiti 1, Iraq 1, Israel 1, Japan 1, Jordan 1, Kenya 1, Mali 1, Mongolia 1, Panama 1, United Arab Republic 1, Yugoslavia 1, United Republic of Tanzania 1

1970 UNGA25 1 ROUND

1885th 26-10-70 Round 1: 113 votes Argentina 109, Italy 108, Belgium 104, Somalia 104, Japan 102, Democratic Republic of Congo 2, Austria 1, Burma 1, Fiji 1, Haiti 1, India 1, Luxembourg 1, Madagascar 1, Nigeria 1, Sweden 1

1971 UNGA26 1 ROUND

1993rd 23-11-71 Round 1: 116 votes Yugoslavia 112, Sudan 111, Guinea 109, Panama 108, India 107, Peru 2, Chile 1, Ethiopia 1, Fiji 1, Israel 1, Pakistan 1, Tunisia 1

1972 UNGA27 1 ROUND

2070th 20-10-72 Round 1: 118 votes Peru 116, Austria 115, Indonesia 115, Kenya 112, Australia 109, Haiti 1, Pakistan 1

1 The left hand column lists the year and the UN General Assembly Session in which the voting was held, as well as the number of the plenary meetings (the ordinal numbers) and the date of the meetings. 2 Candidate countries that win the election are in bold. 3 Due to the enlargement of the Council, seven members were elected in 1965. Five countries (Argentina, Bulgaria, Japan, Mali and Nigeria) were elected to two-year terms, while New Zealand and Uganda were elected to one-year terms.




1973 UNGA28 1 ROUND

2153rd 15-10-73 Round 1: 125 votes Mauritania 120, United Republic of Cameroon 120, Iraq 116, Byelorussian SSR 112, Costa Rica 104, Cuba 5, Jamaica 3, Romania 2, Honduras 1, Iran 1, Libyan Arab Republic 1

1974 UNGA29 1 ROUND

2266th 11-10-74 Round 1: 129 votes Sweden 127, Italy 125, Guyana 123, United Republic of Tanzania 122, Japan 121, Liberia 2, Bolivia 1, Brazil 1, Congo 1, Cuba 1, Finland 1, India 1, Nigeria 1, Zambia 1


2384th 20-10-75 Round 1: 140 votes Romania 137, Dahomey 133, Panama 132, Libyan Arab Republic 126, India 60, Pakistan 59, Philippines 25, Cuba 2, Argentina 1, Bolivia 1, Morocco 1, Nigeria 1, Rwanda 1, Senegal 1, Sierra Leone 1, Venezuela 1, Yugoslavia 1, Zambia 1

Round 2: 140 votes, 4 abstentions, restricted Pakistan 76, India 59



2385th 20-10-75 Round 5: 139 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Pakistan 60, India 54, Philippines 20, Bhutan 1

Round 6: 135 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Pakistan 72, India 58, Papua New Guinea 1

2386th 21-10-75 Round 7: 137 votes, 4 abstentions, unrestricted Pakistan 75, India 58 [withdrew]

2387th 23-10-75 Round 8: 136 votes, 8 abstentions, restricted Pakistan 123

1976 UNGA31 1 ROUND

40th 21-10-76 Round 1: 138 votes Venezuela 136, Mauritius 134, India 132, Canada 126, Federal Republic of Germany 119, Finland 2, Austria 1, Belgium 1, Bhutan 1, Burundi 1, Chile 1, Cuba 1, Denmark 1, Greece 1, Iceland 1, Kenya 1, Luxembourg 1, Madagascar 1, Philippines 1, Portugal 1, Spain 1, Turkey 1, Yugoslavia 1


43rd 24-10-77 Round 1: 145 votes, 1 abstention Czechoslovakia 131, Kuwait 130, Bolivia 115, Gabon 103, Niger 85, Nigeria 84, Jamaica 13, Cuba 3, Argentina 1, Iraq 1, Oman 1, Poland 1, Zambia 1

Round 2: 146 votes, restricted Nigeria 83, Niger 62

Round 3: 146 votes, restricted Nigeria 89, Niger 57

Round 4: 144 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Nigeria 92, Niger 49

Round 5: 145 votes, 16 abstentions, unrestricted Nigeria 96, Niger 27, Cuba 2, Angola 1, Senegal 1, United Republic of Tanzania 1


50th 10-11-78 Round 1: 149 votes Jamaica 145, Zambia 144, Norway 118, Bangladesh 84, Portugal 84, Malta 81, Japan 65, Comoros 1, Peru 1

Round 2: 149 votes, restricted Bangladesh 87, Portugal 77, Malta 70, Japan 61 [withdrew]





51st 10-11-78 Round 3: 142 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Bangladesh 125, Portugal 81, Malta 59, Japan 2

Round 4: 145 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Portugal 93, Malta 51

Round 5: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Portugal 99, Malta 45


47th 26-10-79 Round 1: 148 votes Tunisia 143, Niger 140, German Democratic Republic 133, Philippines 131, Cuba 77, Colombia 68, Yugoslavia 2, Bulgaria 1, Democratic Yemen 1, Jordan 1, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1, Romania 1, Zaire 1

Round 2: 148 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Cuba 79, Colombia 66



Round 5: 147 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 61, Peru 2, Brazil 1

48th 26-10-79 Round 6: 145 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 84, Colombia 60

Round 7: 148 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 84, Colombia 60







50th 30-10-79 Round 14: 142 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Cuba 74, Colombia 65



Round 17: 148 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 78, Colombia 65, Saint Lucia 1

Round 18: 147 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 64, Saint Lucia 1

Round 19: 146 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 76, Colombia 62, Saint Lucia 2, Chile 1, Peru 1

53rd 02-11-79 Round 20: 144 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Cuba 77, Colombia 65



Round 23: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 60, Mexico 2, Argentina 1, Guatemala 1, Honduras 1, Saint Lucia 1

Round 24: 148 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 63, Saint Lucia 2, Argentina 1, Chile 1, Mexico 1

Round 25: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 61, Mexico 1, Nicaragua 1, Paranguay 1, Saint Lucia 1







Round 28: 144 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Cuba 80, Colombia 62

83rd 29-11-79 Round 29: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 63, Saint Lucia 1

Round 30: 146 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 60, Peru 1, Saint Lucia 1

Round 31: 148 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 88, Colombia 57, Mexico 1, Saint Lucia 1




Round 35: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 56, Brazil 2, Chile 1, Mexico 1, Venezuela 1

Round 36: 144 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 57, Brazil 1, Mexico 1, Uruguay 1

Round 37: 145 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 57. Chile 1, Mexico 1, Paraguay 1, Uruguay 1




89th 05-12-79 Round 41: 145 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 58, Uruguay 1

Round 42: 147 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 58, Uruguay 1

Round 43: 147 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 58, Argentina 1, Uruguay 1




Round 47: 148 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 62, Uruguay 1

90th 05-12-79 Round 48: 142 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 61





Round 53: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 60, Mexico 1, Saint Lucia 1

Round 54: 147 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 62, Brazil 1, Mexico 1, Nicaragua 1

Round 55: 147 votes, 2 abstention, restricted Cuba 84, Colombia 59, Brazil 1, El Salvador 1




98th 11-12-79 Round 59: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 88, Colombia 57, Uruguay 1

Round 60: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 86, Colombia 58, Suriname 1, Uruguay 1

Round 61: 146 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 58, Suriname 2, Honduras 1, Uruguay 1







Round 65: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 58, Brazil 1, El Salvador 1, Honduras 1, Suriname 1

Round 66: 144 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 58, Brazil 2, Chile 1

Round 67: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 81, Colombia 57, Brazil 3. Suriname 1, Saint Lucia 1




102nd 13-12-79 Round 71: 145 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 63

Round 72: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 60, Brazil 1

Round 73: 146 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 57, Chile 1, Peru 1, Suriname 1





Round 78: 145 votes, 2 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 86, Colombia 57

Round 79: 145 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 62

106th 17-12-79 Round 80: 149 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Cuba 89, Colombia 58



Round 83: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 90, Colombia 54, Honduras 1, Peru 1

Round 84: 148 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 89, Colombia 55, Peru 2, Argentina 1

Round 85: 148 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 88, Colombia 56, Peru 2, Costa Rica 1




Round 89: 144 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 88, Colombia 54, Peru 1






108th 18-12-79 Round 95: 148 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 88, Colombia 58, Peru 1










Round 101: 147 votes, unrestricted Cuba 87, Colombia 51, Peru 9

Round 102: 146 votes, unrestricted Cuba 81, Colombia 47, Peru 16, Guatemala 1, Guyana 1

Round 103: 147 votes, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 44, Peru 23, Panama 1




Round 107: 145 votes, unrestricted Cuba 81, Colombia 52, Peru 10, Brazil 1, Nicaragua 1

Round 108: 144 votes, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 55, Peru 7, Brazil 1, Chile 1, Saint Lucia 1

Round 109: 147 votes, unrestricted Cuba 81, Colombia 60, Brazil 2, Peru 2, Chile 1, Mexico 1




109th 19-12-79 Round 113: 146 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 57, Ecuador 1, Peru 1, Uruguay 1

Round 114: 146 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 56, Uruguay 2, Brazil 1, Ecuador 1

Round 115: 146 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 56, Haiti 2, Uruguay 2, Brazil 1, Ecuador 1

110th 19-12-79 Round 116: 142 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Cuba 82, Colombia 59



Round 119: 149 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 88, Colombia 56, Brazil 1, Mexico 1

Round 120: 148 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 84, Colombia 59, Mexico 2, El Salvador 1

Round 121: 148 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 86, Colombia 60, Honduras 1




112nd 27-12-79 Round 125: 147 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 60, Ecuador 1, Uruguay 1

Round 126: 149 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 61, Ecuador 1, Uruguay 1

Round 127: 149 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 85, Colombia 61, Ecuador 1








113rd 27-12-79 Round 131: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 83, Colombia 59, Costa Rica 1, Honduras 1

Round 132: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Cuba 82, Colombia 63, Costa Rica 1





Round 137: 148 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 64, Venezuela 1

Round 138: 147 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 62, Venezuela 2

Round 139: 148 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 80, Colombia 62, Venezuela 2, Barbados 1

117th 31-12-79 Round 140: 143 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Cuba 78, Colombia 62



Round 143: 145 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 79, Colombia 63, Mexico 1

118th 31-12-79 Round 144: 138 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 73, Colombia 61, Mexico 2

Round 145: 143 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 78, Colombia 60, Mexico 2, Peru 1




119th 04-01-80 Round 149: 139 votes, 4 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 69, Colombia 63, Honduras 1, Mexico 1, Peru 1

Round 150: 141 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 70, Colombia 64, Mexico 1, Panama 1

Round 151: 145 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Cuba 74, Colombia 66, Mexico 1, Panama 1



Round 154: 146 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Cuba 74, Colombia 69 [both withdrew in favor of the endorsement of Mexico]

120th 07-01-80 Round 155: 144 votes, 8 abstentions, unrestricted Mexico 133, Cuba 3


41st 20-10-1980 Round 1: 151 votes Japan 141, Uganda 134, Spain 109, Ireland 107, Costa Rica 89, Malta 74, Guyana 26, Nicaragua 6, Panama 2, Zimabawe 2, Chad 1, Grenada 1, Senegal 1, Cuba 9, Peru 1, Trinidad and Tobago 1

42nd 20-10-80 Round 2: 145 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Costa Rica 74, Guyana 70

43rd 21-10-80 Round 3: 151 votes, 6 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 90, Guyana 47

Round 4: 151 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Costa Rica 84, Guyana 36, Nicaragua 22, Cuba 4, Barbados 1, Chile 1, Peru 1





Round 5: 151 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Costa Rica 87, Nicaragua 30, Guyana 25, Cuba 2, Dominican Republic 2, Panama 1, Peru 1

Round 6: 151 votes, 2 abstentions, unrestricted Costa Rica 86, Nicaragua 40, Guyana 19, Dominican Republic 3, Cuba 1

Round 7: 151 votes, 5 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 86, Nicaragua 60

47th 24-10-80 Round 8: 148 votes, 5 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 81, Nicaragua 62

Round 9: 147 votes, 5 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 82, Nicaragua 60

51st 04-11-80 Round 10: 135 votes, 3 abstentions, unrestricted Costa Rica 82, Panama 16, Guyana 12, Nicaragua 10, Saint Lucia 4, Brazil 3, Cuba 2, Barbados 1, Grenada 1, Peru 1

Round 11: 143 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Costa Rica 84, Panama 38, Guyana 8, Nicaragua 7, Brazil 2, Cuba 1, Guatemala 1, Haiti 1

Round 12: 143 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Costa Rica 83, Panama 25, Guyana 18, Nicaragua 10, Brazil 4, Cuba 2

Round 13: 144 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 85, Panama 57

57th 11-11-80 Round 14: 150 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Costa Rica 75, Panama 73

Round 15: 147 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Panama 75, Costa Rica 71

Round 16: 150 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Panama 79, Costa Rica 62, Guyana 3, Barbados 1, Cuba 1, Ecuador 1, Nicaragua 1, Trinidad and Tobago 1

Round 17: 149 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Panama 83, Costa Rica 62, Barbados 1, Ecuador 1, Guyana 1

Round 18: 147 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Panama 85, Costa Rica 59, Barbados 1, Ecuador 1

Round 19: 147 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Panama 88, Costa Rica 58

Round 20: 146 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Panama 91, Costa Rica 53

Round 21: 147 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Panama 93, Costa Rica 52

61st 13-11-80 Round 22: 140 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Panama 111, Costa Rica 16, Cuba 2, Bolivia 1, Colombia 1, Honduras 1, Nicaragua 1, Peru 1, Suriname 1

1981 UNGA36 1 ROUND

35th 15-10-81 Round 1: 153 votes Togo 141, Guyana 140, Jordan 140, Zaire 140, Poland 139, Romania 5, Dominican Republic 3, Angola 2, Cuba 2, Mozambique 2, Algeria 1, Ethiopia 1, Hungary 1, Mongolia 1, Pakistan 1, Peru 1, Saint Lucia 1, Senegal 1, Singapore 1, Yugoslavia 1


36th 19-10-82 Round 1: 153 votes Zimbabwe 138, Pakistan 127, Netherlands 100, Malta 94, Nicaragua 92, New Zealand 77, Dominican Republic 59, Sri Lanka 6, Barbados 1, Benin 1, Comoros 1, Congo 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 1, Ghana 1, India 1, Senegal 1

Round 2: 155 votes, 1 abstention Netherlands 103, Malta 102, Nicaragua 99, New Zealand 66, Dominican Republic 55

Round 3: 155 votes, 1 abstention Malta 111, Nicaragua 104, Dominican Republic 50, New Zealand 43





1983 UNGA38 1 ROUND

40th 31-10-83 Round 1: 155 votes Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) 145, India 142, Ukrainian SSR 130, Egypt 125, Peru 106, Barbados 38, Algeria 24, Mexico 4, Japan 2, Sri Lanka 2, Yugoslavia 2, Argentina 1, Bahamas 1, Bangladesh 1, Bulgaria 1, Byelorussian SSR 1, Cuba 1, Libya 1, Mongolia 1


33rd 22-10-84 Round 1: 158 votes, 1 abstention Australia 146, Denmark 145, Trinidad and Tobago 142, Thailand 99, Ethiopia 85, Somalia 70, Mongolia 54, Ecuador 6, Austria 6, Venezuela 2, Barbados 1, Dominican Republic 1, Finland 1, Federal Republic Germany 1, Haiti 1

Round 2: 158 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Thailand 100, Ethiopia 84, Somalia 72, Mongolia 54

34th 22-10-84 Round 3: 158 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Thailand 103, Ethiopia 82, Somalia 74, Mongolia 51

Round 4: 158 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Thailand 106, Ethiopia 83, Somalia 72, Mongolia 49

77th 30-11-84 Round 5: 152 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Ethiopia 81, Somalia 68, United Republic of Tanzania 2

Round 6: 149 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Ethiopia 77, Somalia 66, Kenya 2, United Republic of Tanzania 2

Round 7: 150 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Ethiopia 76, Somalia 67, United Republic of Tanzania 3, Kenya 2, Cameroon 1

Round 8: 151 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Ethiopia 79, Somalia 70

Round 9: 152 votes, restricted Ethiopia 78, Somalia 72

Round 10: 152 votes, restricted Ethiopia 75, Somalia 75 [both withdrew in favor of endorsement of Madagascar]

105th 18-12-84 Round 11: 147 votes, 11 abstentions, unrestricted Madagascar 126, Kenya 4, Comoros 3, Burundi 1, Mali 1, Morocco 1


38th 17-10-85 Round 1: 148 votes, 1 abstention Bulgaria 135, Congo 133, Venezuela 131, United Arab Emirates 126, Liberia 87, Ghana 45, Cameroon 7, German Democratic Republic 2, Pakistan 2, Syrian Arab Republic 2, Bangladesh 1, Bolivia 1, Burundi 1, Cuba 1, Dominican Republic 1, Gabon 1, Jamaica 1, Japan 1, Mexico 1, Mozambique 1

Round 2: 156 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Ghana 81, Liberia 70

Round 3: 154 votes, restricted Ghana 94, Liberia 59

Round 4: 156 votes, restricted Ghana 109, Liberia 46

1986 UNGA41 1 ROUND

40th 17-10-86 Round 1: 154 votes Zambia 144, Argentina 143, Italy 143, Federal Republic of Germany 111, Japan 107, India 36, Sweden 16, Ireland 14, Bolivia 3, Angola 1, Belgium 1, Belize 1, Cuba 1, Finland 1, Greece 1, Lesotho 1, Malaysia 1, Mexico 1, Netherlands 1, Senegal 1, Sudan 1


40th 15-10-87 Round 1: 158 votes Brazil 151, Yugoslavia 146, Nepal 144, Senegal 132, Algeria 104, Morocco 61, Nigeria 2, Benin 1, Guyana 1, India 1, Libya 1, Pakistan 1, Romania 1

Round 2: 158 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Algeria 113, Morocco 42






37th 26-10-88 Round 1: 157 votes Colombia 154, Ethiopia 144, Canada 127, Malaysia 104, Finland 100, Greece 77, Bangladesh 55, Somalia 3, Cuba 2, Bahamas 1, Mauritius 1, Sudan 1

Round 2: 158 votes, restricted Malaysia 143, Finland 99, Greece 56, Bangladesh 5

Round 3: 157 votes, restricted Finland 110, Greece 47

1989 UNGA44 1 ROUND

34th 18-10-89 Round 1: 156 votes Cuba 146, Democratic Republic of Yemen 140, Romania 136, Côte d’Ivoire 135, Zaire 128, Yemen 6, Argentina 1, Barbados 1, Costa Rica 1, Ghana 1, India 1, Mali 1, Niger 1, Poland 1, Zambia 1

1990 UNGA45 1 ROUND

36th 01-11-90 Round 1: 154 votes Austria 150, Ecuador 149, Zimbabwe 146, Belgium 142, India 141, Sri Lanka 2, Australia 1, Spain 1, Hungary 1, Iran 1, Japan 1, Liechtenstein 1, Mexico 1, Peru 1, Tanzania 1, Sweden 1, Venezuela 1, Yugoslavia 1

1991 UNGA463 1 ROUND

32nd 16-10-91 Round 1: 161 votes Cape Verde 158, Japan 158, Venezuela 154, Hungary 149, Morocco 148, Nigeria 2, Argentina 1, Honduras 1, Tunisia 1, Yugoslavia 1


48th 27-10-92 Round 1: 173 votes Djibouti 170, Brazil 168, Pakistan 161, Spain 118, Sweden 109, New Zealand 108, Iran 1, Nigeria 1

Round 2: 173 votes, restricted New Zealand 99, Sweden 74

Round 3: 172 votes, restricted New Zealand 117, Sweden 55


43rd 29-10-93 Round 1: 176 votes, 5 abstentions Oman 174, Argentina 169, Rwanda 153, Czech Republic 113, Nigeria 99, Guinea-Bissau 82, Belarus 62, Burundi 2, Honduras 1

Round 2: 175 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Czech Republic 127, Nigeria 105, Guinea-Bissau 68, Belarus 47

Round 3: 176 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Nigeria 116, Guinea-Bissau 59

44th 29-10-93 Round 4: 160 votes, 8 abstentions, restricted Nigeria 119, Guinea-Bissau 33 [withdrew]

1994 UNGA49 1 ROUND

40th 20-10-94 Round 1: 170 votes Honduras 170, Botswana 168, Italy 167, Germany 164, Indonesia 164, Australia 1, Gabon 1, Japan 1

1995 UNGA50 1 ROUND

53rd 08-11-95 Round 1: 177 votes, 7 abstentions Chile 168, Egypt 159, Republic of Korea 156, Guinea-Bissau 128, Poland 128, Benin 60, Albania 48, Ghana 1, Mexico 1, Tunisia 1


39th 21-10-96 Round 1: 181 votes, 1 abstention Kenya 172, Sweden 153, Japan 142, Portugal 112, Costa Rica 105, Australia 91, Bolivia 73, India 40, Colombia 1, Dominican Republic 1

1 The left hand column lists the year and the UN General Assembly Session in which the voting was held, as well as the number of the plenary meetings (the ordinal numbers) and the date of the meetings. 2 Candidate countries that win the election are in bold. 3 Starting in 1991, votes and abstentions were disaggregated by regional group. From this year onward, the table represents the maximum number of votes and abstentions during each particular round, but it is not disaggregated by regional group.




Round 2: 181 votes, 9 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 167, Portugal 124, Australia 57, Bolivia 5 [withdrew]

1997 UNGA52 1 ROUND

30th 14-10-97 Round 1: 174 votes, 6 abstentions Bahrain 172, Gabon 171, Gambia 169, Brazil 167, Slovenia 140, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 30, Argentina 1, Zambia 1

1998 UNGA53 1 ROUND

33rd 08-10-98 Round 1: 176 votes, 4 abstentions Malaysia 174, Argentina 171, Namibia 167, Canada 131, Netherlands 122, Greece 87, Chile 1, Philippines 1, Senegal 1, Zimbabwe 1


34th 14-10-99 Round 1: 172 votes Bangladesh 172, Tunisia 172, Mali 171, Jamaica 171, Ukraine 92, Slovakia 79

Round 2: 170 votes, restricted Ukraine 98, Slovakia 72

Round 3: 170 votes, restricted Ukraine 113, Slovakia 57 [withdrew]

Round 4: 167 votes, 6 abstentions, restricted Ukraine 158, Slovakia 3


32nd 10-10-00 Round 1: 173 votes, 5 abstentions Colombia 168, Singapore 168, Ireland 130, Norway 114, Italy 94, Mauritius 95, Sudan 69

Round 2: 173 votes, 6 abstentions, restricted Mauritius 102, Norway 100, Italy 70, Sudan 65

Round 3: 173 votes, 4 abstentions, restricted Mauritius 110, Norway 110, Italy 62, Sudan 58

Round 4: 173 votes, 5 abstentions, restricted Norway 115, Mauritius 113, Italy 57, Sudan 55


23rd 08-10-01 Round 1: 177 votes, 2 abstentions Guinea 173, Cameroon 172, Syrian Arab Republic 160, Bulgaria 120, Mexico 116, Dominican Republic 60, Belarus 53, Dominica 1

Round 2: 178 votes, restricted Mexico 138, Dominican Republic 40

2002 UNGA57 1 ROUND

20th 27-09-02 Round 1: 183 votes, 5 abstentions Angola 181, Germany 180, Spain 180, Chile 178, Pakistan 172, India 1

2003 UNGA58 1 ROUND

42nd 23-10-03 Round 1: 182 votes, 7 abstentions Benin 181, Philippines 179, Algeria 178, Brazil 177, Romania 174, Argentina 1, Poland 1, Republic of Korea 1

2004 UNGA59 1 ROUND

32nd 15-10-04 Round 1: 189 votes, 1 abstention Argentina 188, Greece 187, United Republic of Tanzania 186, Japan 184, Denmark 181, Bhutan 1

2005 UNGA60 1 ROUND

29th 10-10-05 Round 1: 191 votes, 6 abstentions Congo 188, Qatar 186, Slovakia 185, Ghana 184, Peru 144, Nicaragua 43, Indonesia 1





2006 UNGA 61 48 ROUNDS

32nd 16-10-06 Round 1: 192 votes, 7 abstentions Italy 186, South Africa 186, Belgium 180, Indonesia 158, Guatemala 109, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 76, Nepal 28

Round 2: 192 votes, 4 abstentions, restricted Guatemala 114, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 74



33rd 16-10-06 Round 5: 192 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 103, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 83, Mexico 1

Round 6: 192 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 93, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 93, Mexico 1

Round 7: 192 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 96, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 89, Cuba 1, Mexico 1




34th 17-10-06 Round 11: 191 votes, 8 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 107, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 76

Round 12: 191 votes, 7 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 107, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 77

















Round 29: 192 votes, 7 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 107, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 77, Costa Rica 1

37th 19-10-06 Round 30: 192 votes, 7 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 107, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 77, Bolivia 1

Round 31: 192 votes, 6 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 108, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 77, Bolivia 1










Round 37: 192 votes, 6 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 107, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 78, Chile 1




Round 41: 190 votes, 6 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 100, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 82, Chile 1, Dominican Republic 1

44th 31-10-06 Round 42: 186 votes, 5 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 105, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 75, Uruguay 1

Round 43: 191 votes, 4 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 106, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 78, Ecuador 2, Jamaica 1




Round 47: 189 votes, 7 abstentions, unrestricted Guatemala 101, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 78, Barbados 1, Ecuador 1, Uruguay 1

49th 07-11-06 Round 48: 189 votes, 9 abstentions, unrestricted Panama 164, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 11, Guatemala 4, Barbados 1


26th 16-10-07 Round 1: 190 votes, 4 abstentions Burkina Faso 185, Viet Nam 183, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 178, Costa Rica 116, Croatia 95, Czech Republic 91, Dominican Republic 72, Mauritania 2, Senegal 1

Round 2: 190 votes, 3 abstentions, restricted Costa Rica 119, Croatia 106, Czech Republic 81, Dominican Republic 70

Round 3: 189 votes, 9 abstentions, restricted Croatia 184, Costa Rica 179, Czech Republic 1, Dominican Republic 1

2008 UNGA63 1 ROUND

28th 17-10-08 Round 1: 192 votes, 6 abstentions Mexico 185, Uganda 181, Japan 158, Turkey 151, Austria 133, Iceland 87, Iran (Islamic Republic of) 32, Madagascar 2, Australia 1, Brazil 1

2009 UNGA64 1 ROUND

20th 15-10-09 Round 1: 190 votes, 7 abstentions Nigeria 186, Gabon 184, Bosnia and Herzegovina 183, Brazil 182, Lebanon 180, Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1, Liberia 1, Sierra Leone 1, Togo 1, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1


28th 12-10-10 Round 1: 191 votes, 5 abstentions India 187, Colombia 186, South Africa 182, Germany 128, Portugal 122, Canada 114, Pakistan 1, Swaziland 1





Round 2: 191 votes, restricted Portugal 113, Canada 78

Round 3: 184 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Portugal 150, Canada 32


37th 21-10-2011 Round 1: 193 votes, 2 abstentions Guatemala 191, Morocco 151, Pakistan 129, Togo 119, Mauritania 98, Azerbaijan 74, Slovenia 67, Kyrgyzstan 55, Hungary 52, Fiji 1

Round 2: 193 votes, 2 abstentions, restricted Togo 119, Slovenia 97, Azerbaijan 90, Mauritania 72

Round 3: 193 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Togo 131, Slovenia 99, Azerbaijan 93, Mauritania 61

38th 21-10-11 Round 4: 192 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Slovenia 98, Azerbaijan 93

Round 5: 193 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Azerbaijan 98, Slovenia 93, Hungary 1

Round 6: 193 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Azerbaijan 96, Slovenia 95, Estonia 1

Round 7: 193 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Azerbaijan 100, Slovenia 91, Estonia 1

Round 8: 191 votes, 1 abstention, restricted Azerbaijan 110, Slovenia 80


39th 24-10-11 Round 10: 193 votes, restricted Azerbaijan 110, Slovenia 83

40th 24-10-11 Round 11: 193 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Azerbaijan 110, Slovenia 82

Round 12: 193 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Azerbaijan 111, Slovenia 81

Round 13: 192 votes, 1 abstention, unrestricted Azerbaijan 111, Slovenia 80


Round 15: 193 votes, restricted Azerbaijan 117, Slovenia 76

Round 16: 193 votes, restricted Azerbaijan 116, Slovenia 77

Round 17: 193 votes, 24 abstentions, unrestricted Azerbaijan 155, Slovenia 13, Hungary 1




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