Security and Crash-Rated Bollards
Transcript of Security and Crash-Rated Bollards
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Security and Crash-Rated Bollards
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Security and Crash-Rated Bollards
The American Institute of Architects
Course No. AEC1458
This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour
Course Expiry Date: 4/9/2023
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How to Use This Online Learning Course
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Purpose:
Modern security bollards are highly engineered and tested devices that can withstand deliberate ramming by a 15,000
lb vehicle. Bollards are more than decorative boundary markers; they are an essential tool to protect lives and property.
This course explains bollard crash testing standards, reviews the pros and cons of available bollard materials, and
discusses steel bollard designs for low- and high-impact applications.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• describe applicable testing standards for high- and low-speed crash testing of security bollards
• differentiate between low-impact and high-impact bollard applications and identify the appropriate types of steel
bollard for each application
• describe the key features of high-impact steel bollards including crash test ratings, footing design, and shrapnel
control
• recall the most common bollard materials and their advantages and disadvantages, and
• discuss the hazards of using concrete bollards and concrete-filled bollards for high-impact applications.
Purpose and Learning Objectives
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Introduction
Bollards and Security
Bollard Materials
Steel Bollard Specification
Installation
Bollard Applications
Summary
Contents
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Introduction
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Introduction
Bollards are post-type street furniture used to control, separate,
or stop vehicular traffic. Bollards can be used to deny vehicular
access, define parking spaces, separate traffic from pedestrians
or cyclists, protect equipment from accidental impacts, or protect
buildings from malicious vehicular attacks.
Modern security bollards are highly engineered and tested
devices that can withstand deliberate ramming by a 15,000 lb
vehicle. Bollards are more than decorative boundary markers;
they are an essential tool to protect lives and property
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Bollards vs Delineators
Bollards are not the same as delineators.
Like bollards, delineators are vertical objects that help with traffic.
Unlike many types of bollards, delineators do not block traffic;
instead, they guide traffic.
For example, they let drivers know to take one road instead of
another or that a guardrail is present on a curved road. Delineators
include highly reflective features and are not always placed in the
ground—some are installed on top of guardrails for better visibility.
Delineators are especially helpful in areas where side-swipe
accidents are common.
Remember, delineators are flexible and cannot stop oncoming
traffic.
Bollard by Bob Harvey, CC BY-SA 2.0 via geograph.
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Do You Need Bollards?
Think about your project’s specific needs to determine which
product is right for you. If you need to permanently restrict
vehicular entry, go with bollards. If guiding pedestrian, bike,
and vehicle traffic, use delineators. You may need both
delineators and bollards to ensure traffic and pedestrian
safety.
Removable bollards allow for temporary restriction of
vehicular entry but provide the same level of security as fixed
bollards. Removable bollards are a flexible solution for
temporary access such as for delivery vehicles, weekend
farmers’ markets, or public gatherings.
Keep in mind that bollards also protect inanimate objects,
such as equipment, large pieces of sculpture, and other art
installations.
Parking lot bollards by David Schott. CC BY-2.0 via Flickr.
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Bollards and Security Capitol Hill Station bollards by SounderBruce. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.
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Low Impact or High Impact?
All bollards can be used to control traffic by blocking
vehicular access. However, there is a very big difference
between a simple barrier that can be knocked over and
an antiram barrier designed to halt a vehicle in its tracks.
Low-impact bollards are not resistant to vehicle
crashes.
High-impact bollards are engineered to stop cars and
trucks.
Both classes of bollards are physical barriers, but their
underlying purposes are very different.
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Low-Impact Bollards
Low-impact (non-crash-resistant) bollards are perceived barriers to access. The
intended audience is law-abiding citizens. The purpose of these bollards is to direct
vehicular traffic flow, indicate where people should walk, and protect
equipment/surfaces from nonvehicular impacts. Low-impact bollard types include bolt-
down, baseplate, twist-down, or any bollard with a nonengineered footing.
Common uses of low-impact bollards include the following:
• Separating fitness trails and nature walks
• Directing traffic in parking lots and protecting pedestrian walkways
• Warning cars to maintain distance from objects
• Separating bike lanes from roads
• Protecting equipment and building surfaces from forklifts, palette lifts, and carts in
factories, supermarkets, and warehouses
• Discouraging the public from touching art installations or walking on landscaping
Low-impact bollards are not required to meet any crash testing standards.
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High-Impact Bollards
High-impact bollards stop an oncoming vehicle. Their purpose is to protect people
and property from accidental crashes or malicious vehicular attacks.
Common uses of high-impact bollards:
• Preventing thieves from purposefully crashing their vehicles into storefronts to
gain access
• Preventing vehicles from accidentally or deliberately hitting pedestrians
• Protecting storefronts or equipment from accidental crashes when drivers are
parking
• Creating standoff distance from high-risk facilities such as courthouses,
military installations, and government offices to mitigate the threat of car or
truck bombs
High-impact bollards must be engineered and/or crash tested. Crash-tested
bollards are certified by an authorized third-party laboratory. There are three crash
testing standards that specifiers should be aware of.
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SD-STD-02.01
SD-STD-02.01 Vehicle Crash Testing of Perimeter Barriers and Gates
In 1985, the US Department of State (DoS) developed SD-STD-02.01 to assess
structural resistance to impact or assault. These standards were further
developed by the department as well as the US Department of Defense (DoD)
in 2003.
Bollards had to successfully withstand the impact of a 15,000 lb vehicle, with
ratings based on the speed of the vehicle. K4 is the rating for 30 miles per hour
impact, K8 for 40, and K12 for 50. The ratings also refer to residential, arterial,
and highway speeds, respectively.
In 2003, DoS K-ratings additionally focused on preventing truck flatbeds from
going more than 3.3 feet through a building structure. The DoS officially retired
this standard in 2009 in favor of newer ASTM testing standards. However, the
term K-rating is commonly used within the industry and may still be found in
project specifications.
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ASTM F2656 / F2656M
ASTM F2656 / F2656M Standard Test Method for Crash
Testing of Vehicle Security Barriers
The deep interest in K-ratings resulted in the development of
another industry standard for crash ratings, the M-ratings. ASTM
International created guidelines for measuring crash ratings not
only for cars but also for pickups and semitrucks of varying
sizes. M-ratings are based on test vehicle type, vehicle speed,
and vehicle penetration distance (how far the vehicle will go past
the bollard after impact). Tests are conducted at speeds of 30,
40, and 50 mph.
Although ASTM F2656 / F2656M is the current standard, some
specifications (such as government and military projects) still
reference the DoS K-ratings. The table on the left indicates
equivalent ratings between the two standards for a 15,000 lb
test vehicle (the most common test condition).
Vehicle speed
(15,000 lb test
vehicle)
SD-STD-
02.01
ASTM F2656/
F2656M *
30 mph / 50 kph K4 M30
40 mph / 60 kph K8 M40
50 mph / 85 kph K12 M50
* ASTM ratings assign an additional penetration rating indicating how far the vehicle
penetrated beyond the bollard after impact. SD-STD-02.01 does not assign
penetration ratings as all K-ratings require penetration of 3.3 feet (1.0 m) or less.
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ASTM F3016 / F3016M
ASTM F3016 / F3016M Standard Test Method for Surrogate Testing of
Vehicle Impact Protective Devices at Low Speeds
All across the US, drivers inadvertently—due to poor site design or driver error—
crash into convenience stores, gas pumps, propane gas stands, and storefronts.
Until now, there have been no standards set on which type of barrier will prevent
low-speed crashes like this from happening, causing millions in damage and
injuring innocent bystanders.
The typical owner response is to set a pipe in the ground, fill it with cement, and
assume this will stop a car. The ineffectiveness of cement bollards is discussed
later in this course. Whatever the bollard material, the key point is that without
testing, there is no proof the solution will actually work.
ASTM F3016 low-speed crash testing evaluates bollard performance against
low-speed vehicle impact, specifically a 5,000 lb test vehicle at 10, 20, and 30
mph.
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Crash Rated vs Engineered
Crash-rated bollards are systems that have been crash tested and certified in
an authorized third-party testing facility to SD-STD-02.01 or ASTM F2656 /
F2656M. An installation must duplicate the test installation exactly (including
number and spacing of bollards) to be considered in compliance.
An engineered system is designed by an engineer and analyzed via
computer simulation but has not been crash tested. Engineered bollard
designs can be interpolated from test results of crash-tested designs. This
allows for variations in bollard number, spacing, heights, etc.
Engineered bollards predict bollard performance under impact. To ensure
bollards will perform as designed, you must specify a crash-tested and
certified product.
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Review Question
What is the difference
between low-impact and
high-impact bollards?
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Answer
Low-impact bollards direct traffic and
guide the behavior of law-abiding people.
High-impact bollards protect people
and property by stopping vehicles.
Milwaukee Avenue, with bollards by Steven Vance. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
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Bollard Materials
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Concrete
Concrete bollards typically feature high-pressure
cement for increased durability and security. They
are easy to paint and maintain and provide a clean
finish for a sophisticated look.
On the other hand, concrete bollards should not be
used for higher security applications. In fact, no
cement bollards have ever been crash tested.
Concrete has a much lower tensile strength than
metal; concrete bollards will shear under impact as
well as break into flying shrapnel. Over time, they
also tend to chip and fall apart, leaving exposed
rebar.Path bollards by Richard Masoner/Cyclelicious’s
photostream. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.
Mechanical weathering of a cement bollard by
LepoRello CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
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Plastic
Polyurethane
This popular plastic bends as much as 90 degrees without compromising
its shape. It is also UV ray, scratch, and dent resistant no matter how
many vehicles run it over. And while polyurethane bollards will give under
the stress of a vehicle, they still help slow the car or truck down.
Polyurethane is used for flexible low-impact bollards, especially for
temporary installations. Temporarily mounted flexible bollards provide
temporary security, such as during traffic island and curb line testing.
They are bolted to the ground and immediately stand up after being run
over by a vehicle to slow the collision course. Flexible bollards
subsequently deter rather than stop traffic, and are usually available in
black and yellow.
Polyethylene
This lightweight, durable material resists wear from deicing chemicals
and solvents. It will not chip or fade and is used for rigid low-impact
bollards. It is also used for bollard covers as it is corrosion proof and
impact resistant.
Milwaukee Avenue, with bollards by Steven Vance. CC BY 2.0
via Flickr.
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Wood
Wood
Wooden bollards offer little more than decorative
benefits since they are easy to run over with a car or
truck. They also develop paint chipping and rot issues
without meticulous care.
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Aluminum and Stainless Steel
Aluminum is frequently used in the creation of removable
bollards made for decorative rather than vehicular safety
applications. The lightweight, easily castable material allows for
ornate detail and oxidizes naturally to create a barrier that
protects against corrosion. This characteristic makes aluminum
a good choice for coastal installations. However, aluminum
bollards are more expensive to manufacture and are only
suitable for low impact.
The metallic finish of stainless steel creates a clean, polished
look that resists corrosion exceptionally well. Stainless steel also
takes on powder coatings with ease so you can match your
bollards to your commercial building’s color scheme. Stainless
steel is used in low-impact and high-impact bollards.
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Carbon Steel
Steel pipe bollards provide outstanding impact resistance and
typically ship factory primed. They can be site painted or covered
with plastic bollard covers to avoid corrosion. Specify a stainless
steel bollard cover on a carbon steel bollard as an economical
alternative to an all stainless steel product. Steel pipe is used for
low-impact and high-impact bollards.
The covers used for crash-rated bollards are of special
importance because of the shrapnel factor. Bollard covers made
of plastic and steel do not produce shrapnel upon impact the way
other cover materials do, which is especially important if the
vehicle carries combustible products.
Plastic bollard covers are manufactured from ⅛″ thick high-
density polyethylene that provides strong intermolecular forces,
enhanced tensile strength, and superior solvent resistance.
Square and round profiles in a variety of colors are available.
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Galvanized Steel Pipe
Galvanized pipe is carbon steel pipe coated with another metal to discourage
rusting. The coating is usually made of zinc.
Advantages
Galvanized coatings are designed to prevent corrosion and rust. It is also
manufactured to keep other minerals, such as calcium, from building up on the
pipes or bollards. It can last for years depending on the quality of the coating and
the application.
Disadvantages
Galvanized coatings are still subject to chipping, cracking, and similar damage.
Using them on bollards designed to protect retail storefronts from vehicle damage,
for example, can mean plenty of dings, scratches, and chips. The exposed metal
rusts in reaction to the elements and spreads corrosion throughout the rest of the
pipe or bollard. This eliminates any rust protection the coating provides. Powder
coating over galvanized bollards also means bubbling and chipping issues.
Galvanizing also adds weight, which is an issue with removable bollards.
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Galvanized Pipe
Galvanized pipes and bollards are frequently environmental hazards. Any
damage they sustain means rust may run into nearby drains, thereby polluting
waterways and harming animal life. This is one of the many reasons galvanized
piping is rarely used in the state of California anymore.
Galvanization adds up to $0.50 per pound of piping to the final installation price.
It also costs owners more money in the event of any damage because the pipes
or bollards will have to be replaced instead of just repaired.
The recommend alternative to galvanization is zinc primer, which lasts much
longer and is highly effective. It is also environmentally safe and works well with
powder coatings.
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Ductile Iron
Like standard cast iron, ductile iron can be cast into
elaborate detail. Ductile iron is less brittle than
standard cast iron, making it more damage resistant.
It contains trace amounts of magnesium to avoid
breaking down prematurely.
Ductile iron is suitable for low-impact bollards. It is not
suitable for high-impact bollards as it will crack and
become shrapnel when hit at high speeds. It is also
very heavy, making it unsuitable for removable
bollards.
Silver painted bollards by Elliott Brown. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.
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Do Bollards Need to Be Filled with Cement?
Traditionally, metal bollards have been filled with cement. Does it provide
more strength?
The answer is NO.
Filling a bollard with cement causes at least two problems. First, cement is
wet. What happens when steel is exposed to wetness? It rusts. Cement fill
corrodes the bollard from the inside.
Second, a crash-tested hollow steel bollard is engineered to bend and
absorb the force of impact. Filling the bollard with cement negates this ability.
Cement has a lower tensile strength than steel and will snap at the weakest
point, namely at grade.
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Steel Bollard Specification City Road bollards by Stephen McKay CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
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Steel Bollards
This course focuses on steel bollards as the most versatile,
high-performance solution. Steel bollards:
• are suitable for low-impact and high-impact bollards
• are available in stainless steel or carbon steel with corrosion-
proof finishes to suit all budgets and aesthetics, and
• can be covered with sleeves of other materials to save cost
and achieve a wide variety of colors and styles from
minimalist contemporary to elaborate and traditionally
detailed.
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Choosing the Right Type of Bollard
Here are some elements to consider when choosing the right type of
bollard for a project:
• Low or high impact: Does the bollard need to stop a car, truck, or
slow- or fast-moving vehicle? Or is it meant to act just as a
deterrent?
• High-impact bollard rating: Will the installation be crash tested or
engineered and to which standard?
• Mounting type: Does the bollard need to be removable or will it be
fixed? Is there enough space below grade to install the bollard?
• Bollard type: What size and style of bollard suits the intended
purpose?
• Bollard finish: Carbon steel bollards can be site painted, powder
coated, fitted with a plastic sleeve, or covered in a stainless steel
or ductile iron sleeve. Stainless steel bollards/sleeves are suitable
for corrosive environments such as saltwater or chemicals.
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Mounting Type: Fixed
Fixed bollards are installed in engineered footings and
can meet low-speed, high-impact ratings for applications
such as storefronts and gas stations.
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Mounting Type: Surface Mounted
Surface-mounted bollards are typically made of carbon or
stainless steel and come in varying degrees of thickness. There
are two types: baseplate and threaded.
Baseplate mount
For this type of bollard, an integral baseplate is bolted to
anchors cast into the substrate. Baseplate bollards are low-
impact products. They are suitable for use as warning markers
or light protection indoors against slow-moving equipment. They
are often installed in parking garages where drilling into the slab
is not possible.
Threaded mount
For this type of bollard, a threaded base is bolted to the
substrate. The bollard post is screwed onto the base, completely
concealing it for a clean look. Threaded-mount bollards are low-
impact products.
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Mounting Type: Deep Mount
Deep- and shallow-mount bollards use
extensive engineered footings that provide
superior high-speed, high-impact protection.
These are the types of bollards used in high-
security installations against ramming
attacks, such as security checkpoints or
military installations. They are also suitable
for protection against vehicular accidents at
locations such as off ramps, race tracks, and
loading docks.
Deep-mount bollards come in removable
and permanent options depending on your
security needs.
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Mounting Type: Shallow Mount
Shallow-mount bollards require only 12″ of depth
below grade for installation and are nonremovable.
They work exceptionally well in urban areas
because they will not interfere with pipes or other
subgrade utilities. Shallow-mount bollards are more
expensive than deep-mount bollards; however, they
have lower installation costs, making the overall
installed price about the same.
Note that deeper does not mean better when it
comes to bollard strength. Inserting a bollard deeper
into the ground creates a situation where all the
shear resistance at ground level is supplied by the
metal pipe alone. Ideally, resistance should be
generated by the correct combination of footing
depth, diameter of the pipe, and wall thickness.
Both deep- and shallow-mount bollards, if properly
engineered, can be crash rated.
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Mounting Type: Lockable Removable
Lockable removable bollards are inserted into
embedment sleeves that are fixed into engineered
foundations. This type of bollard allows reconfiguration
of traffic flow—for example, to create temporary
pedestrian-only zones for special events or for
emergency vehicle access.
Lockable removable bollards can meet low-speed,
high-impact standards. High-speed, crash-rated,
removable bollards are very heavy (approximately 174
pounds or more) and therefore not easy to lift. If
removable bollards need to be light enough for
personnel to easily handle, a lockable design is
necessary to prevent vandalism.
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Bollard Type: Fixed
Fixed bollards are the simplest form of perimeter security. Once
installed in an engineered footing, the fixed bollards will provide a
sturdy and long-lasting solution for asset, property, and pedestrian
protection.
• Typical sizes: 3″, 4″, 5″, 6″, 8″, 10″, 12″ pipe diameter
• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel
• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint, metal
or plastic sleeve
• Security level: ranges from low to high depending on pipe diameter
and pipe wall thickness
• Impact resistance: low impact or low speed/high impact depending
on pipe diameter and pipe wall thickness
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Bollard Type: Threaded Base
Threaded base bollards have an internal base that bolts to the
ground. The bollard is then twisted down to the base, providing a
clean, finished look.
Threaded base bollards are often used inside stores to protect
items such as refrigerators, freezers, and shelving from shopping
carts and pallet jacks.
• Typical sizes: 4″, 5″ pipe diameter
• Materials: stainless steel or carbon steel
• Finishes: stainless steel, powder coat, paint, metal or plastic
sleeve
• Security level: low
• Impact resistance: low impact
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Bollard Type: Baseplate
Baseplate-mounted bollards can be utilized in a
variety of ways. As they are not considered to be
vehicle-stopping bollards, they typically are used as
traffic deterrents. Baseplate-mounted bollards are
used when the slab or ground does not have sufficient
depth to excavate, as in a suspended slab in a
parking garage. Baseplate-mounted bollards are also
used extensively in distribution center warehouses to
protect walls, corners, and shelving from forklifts.
• Typical sizes: 4″, 6″ pipe diameter
• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon
steel
• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder
coat, paint, metal or plastic sleeve
• Security level: low
• Impact resistance: low impact
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Bollard Type: Deep Mount
Deep-mount bollards are an economical way to protect property and
assets with the highest level of perimeter security available.
Typical sizes: 10″, 12″ pipe diameter
Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel
Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint, metal or
plastic sleeve
Security level: high
Impact resistance: high speed/high impact
The recommended footing depth for a 10″ or 12″ bollard is 18″.
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Bollard Type: Shallow Mount
Shallow-mount bollards have an embedment of 12″ or less yet
offer the same level of property and asset protection as deep-
mount bollards. They are designed for urban areas where
limited excavation is possible due to underlying utilities or
subgrade building stories. Shallow-mount bollards can be
specified to be fixed or removable.
Typical sizes: 8″, 10″ pipe diameter
Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel
Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint,
metal or plastic sleeve
Security level: high
Impact resistance: high speed/high impact
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Bollard Type: Padlock Removable
Padlock removable bollards are used for a variety of applications such as farmers’
markets, access roads, rails and trails, etc. The embedment sleeve lid is secured to the
bollard with a padlock. When the bollard is removed, the hinged lid covers the hole and
allows both vehicular and foot traffic to continue safely. Specify a stainless steel
embedment sleeve for maximum corrosion protection from snow, rain, and groundwater.
Many cities and mixed-used centers install multiple embedment sleeves throughout an
area and insert padlock removable bollards as needed, allowing for a variety of uses and
combinations.
• Typical sizes: 3″, 4″, 5″, 6″, 8″, 10″, 12″ pipe diameter
• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel
• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint, metal or plastic sleeve
• Security level: ranges from low to high depending on pipe diameter and pipe wall
thickness
• Impact resistance: low impact, low speed/high impact depending on pipe diameter
and wall thickness
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Bollard Type: Internal Locking Removable
Internal locking removable bollards are the most versatile
bollards on the market today. The locking mechanism engages
below grade, inside the embedment sleeve. Internal locking
removable bollards are nearly impossible to remove without the
key. When the bollard is removed, the locking lid covers the
embedment sleeve for a smooth, hazard-free transition from
security to access. The heavy-duty lid is robust enough to handle
most traffic areas when the bollards are not in use.
• Typical sizes: 3″, 4″, 5″, 6″, 8″, 10″, 12″ pipe diameter
• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel
• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint,
metal or plastic sleeve
• Security level: ranges from low to high depending on pipe
diameter and pipe wall thickness
• Impact resistance: low impact, low speed/high impact
depending on pipe diameter and wall thickness
Capitol Hill Station bollards by SounderBruce.
CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.
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Bollard Type: Manual Retractable
Manual retractable bollards rise out of the ground to protect property and
assets. Available in a 4″ diameter, the bollard is manually lowered into and
lifted out of the ground with an integrated lifting handle.
Typical sizes: 4″ pipe diameter
Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon steel
Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder coat, paint
Security level: low
Impact resistance: low impact
Retractable bollards cannot be finished with a metal or plastic sleeve.
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Bollard Type: Assisted Lift Manual Retractable
Security assisted-lift manual retractable bollards use
an internal piston to assist in lifting up the bollard,
making it possible to use a larger diameter and much
heavier pipe than an unassisted version.
• Typical sizes: 6″, 8″, 10″ pipe diameter
• Materials: stainless steel, galvanized steel, carbon
steel
• Finishes: polished (stainless steel only), powder
coat, paint, metal or plastic sleeve
• Security level: medium
• Impact resistance: low impact
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Bollard Type: Automatic Retractable
Automatic retractable bollards are specialty systems
that integrate with access control systems to control
entry at high-traffic locations. The mechanism can be
pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric.
Compared to inactive (nonretracting) bollards,
retractable bollard systems are more complex. They
consist of moving parts with tight tolerances.
Personnel must be trained to safely operate and
maintain the system. Additional components such as
backup power, warning lights, bells, and signage are
required. Regular inspection and maintenance must
be conducted to address weather damage, debris
that interferes with smooth operation, and vandalism.
Automatic bollards, Omagh by Kenneth Allen. CC BY-SA 2.0 via geograph.
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Bollard Type: Lighted
Lights can be added to any nonremovable bollard including
high-speed and low-speed crash-tested products. Lighted
bollards typically use high-quality LED lights, which provide
energy efficiency, cost savings, and low maintenance.
Please remember the test password IMPACT. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online test.
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Review Question
What factors should the
specifier consider when
choosing the most suitable
bollard type for a project?
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Answer
Site conditions: Can you excavate for footings and
how deep?
Security needs: Are low-impact or high-impact
bollards required?
Ratings: If high-impact bollards are needed, should
they be crash tested or engineered? Are they meant
for low-speed or high-speed impacts and for what
type of vehicle?
Flexibility: Should the bollards be fixed, removable,
or retractable?
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Installation
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Bollard Spacing
Spacing bollards properly is the key to successful installation.
How they should be spaced depends on a number of factors:
• Purpose of the bollard
• Exit requirements/ADA requirements
• Intended audience: cars, trucks, pedestrians
Bollards are typically spaced at 5′-0″ on center to prevent
passage of vehicles yet meet ADA requirements.
Purpose and Spacing
Bollards placed around a warehouse loading dock, for
example, have different spacing requirements from bollards
within a medical complex or in front of a store. Which
direction/angle is the impact or traffic coming from? Are the
bollards meant to warn drivers where the boundaries are, or
are they meant to physically prevent vehicles from passing?
These bollards are spaced to prevent moped and motorcycle
passage but also exclude wheelchair users and baby strollers.
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Bollard Spacing
Exit Requirements/ADA
Arguably the most important spacing issue is whether the
bollards are within emergency exit areas. If they are, they must
be spaced to allow individuals in wheelchairs to pass through
as per the Americans with Disabilities Act. 5′-0″ on center is the
most common space between bollards in emergency exit
areas; they must be a minimum of three feet apart to meet
accessibility regulations.
Consider emergency vehicle access around medical, long-term
care, and senior residences, and install removable or
retractable bollards between the building door and emergency
vehicles.Bollards outside Terminal 3 by Trevor Littlewood. CC BY-SA 2.0 via geograph
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Bollard Spacing
Car and Truck Traffic
Is managing car or truck traffic the main reason for bollard
installation? Then they should be spaced about 5′-0″ on center.
This prevents large vehicles as well as smart cars and other
small vehicles from passing between the bollards.
Common applications for 5′-0″ spacing include separation of
pedestrian plazas and drop-offs around sport stadiums, in front
of stores, and around parking lots.
Your selected bollards should also be able to withstand vehicular
impact, so choose high-impact options.
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Bollard Spacing
Pedestrian Traffic
Perhaps your bollard project concerns protecting a utility
main or another object such as a delicate sculpture or other
art installation. Maybe you want to prevent people from
walking on grass or landscaped areas to keep the spaces
pristine.
Bollards for these and similar projects can be spaced much
closer together since permitting pedestrian access is not an
issue; rather, you are keeping such traffic away from the
object in question. You may also want to connect the
bollards with chains or cross bars to further fortify the
barrier. Bollards linked with chains provide the aesthetic
value you may be looking for, especially if the object you
are protecting is an art installation or landmark such as a
historical building or memorial.
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Footings
Except for surface-mounted types, all bollards require footings.
To achieve any type of impact resistance (low or high), a bollard
cannot be simply inserted into a concrete-filled hole.
An engineered strip footing is the strongest and most reliable
design for fixed, removable, and retractable bollards. When an
impact occurs, the entire footing will absorb the impact and not
just the individual bollard footing.
Shallow- and deep-mount bollards use specially designed
engineered footings to meet crash test ratings; consult the
bollard manufacturer for further information.
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Installation in Asphalt
Asphalt is a black, viscous liquid form of petroleum commonly
used for roads and driveways that comes in several varieties,
including hot-mix, warm-mix, cold-mix, cut-back, and mastic
forms. All types of asphalt are softer than concrete.
Asphalt’s heat sensitivity makes it unsuitable for bollard
installation. Extreme heat softens the bitumen product, and
asphalt pavement will break up into chunks if its binder softens
too much. The significant weight of security bollards makes the
problem worse. The fissures allow water to infiltrate the
pavement to cause more damage and instability. Adjacent
vehicles have been damaged by falling bollards. Remember, a
high-impact steel bollard weighs well over 100 lb!
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Installation in Asphalt
If you are planning on installing bollards in asphalt, each piece
must have a concrete footing of at least 2′ x 2′, which will keep
them in place regardless of the temperature and any asphalt
shifts that result. A concrete strip footing is also acceptable.
The best installation method includes anchor castings as well as
concrete footings, which are used any time bollards are installed
on surfaces not entirely made of concrete. This process involves
coring the selected area before installing a concrete form and
anchor casting, then pouring concrete. The bollard is placed
over the anchor casting, and a rod is threaded through the base
and tightened for extra fortification. The top of the footing is
placed 2″ to 3″ below grade and the gap filled with asphalt until
level with the adjacent paving.
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Review Question
How does bollard spacing
relate to crash testing?
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Answer
Crash-rated bollards are systems that have been crash
tested and certified in an authorized third-party testing
facility to SD-STD-02.01 or ASTM F2656 / F2656M.
An installation must duplicate the test installation exactly
(including number and spacing of bollards) to be
considered in compliance.
An engineered solution can be designed by extrapolating
crash test results, allowing the designer to change the
number and spacing of bollards. However, an
engineered solution is based on predicted performance,
not tested and proven performance.
Capitol Hill Station bollards by
SounderBruce. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.
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Bollard Applications
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Applications
Loading Docks Toll Booths
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Applications
Bike TrailsStorefronts, Hospitals
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Applications
Stadiums and Arenas Government Buildings
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Applications
Car Dealerships Farmers’ Markets
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Applications
Colleges or Universities Gas Stations, Charging Stations
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Summary
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Summary
Modern bollards are engineered products designed to
protect people and property from vehicle impacts, whether
accidental or malicious. High-impact bollards are crash
tested and rated to ASTM standards.
Stainless steel and carbon steel bollards are versatile and
high-performing products available in a range of pipe
sizes, thicknesses, and mounting styles to suit low-impact,
low-speed/high-impact, and high-speed/high-impact
applications.
Appropriate concrete footing design is an essential
requirement for durable, long-lasting, and impact-resistant
bollard installations.
Please provide a photo
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Espensen, Scott. “Top Three Considerations for Selecting the Right Perimeter Security Solution.” Security Magazine.
BNP Media, 2017, https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/88574-top-3-considerations-for-selecting-the-right-
perimeter-security-solution. Accessed April 2020.
Oakes, Charles. “Bollard: Crash- and Attack-Resistant Models.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of
Building Sciences, 2016, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/bollard-crash-and-attack-resistant-models. Accessed April
2020.
Oakes, Charles. “Bollard: Non-Crash- and Non-Attack-Resistant Models.” Whole Building Design Guide. National
Institute of Building Sciences, 2016, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/bollard-non-crash-and-non-attack-resistant-
models. Accessed April 2020.
Resources
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