Essential Question: How did the nation try but fail to deal with growing sectional differences?
Sectional Differences
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Transcript of Sectional Differences
Sectional DifferencesChapter 7: Section 2
Objectives Analyze why industrialization took root in the
northern part of the US.
Describe the impact of industrialization.
Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.
North vs. South Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast
Changed the structure of society In the South, cotton production boom helped to
deepen the region’s commitment to slavery
The 2 parts of the country developed in different ways this would complicate politics in the US
North Embraces Industry
Thomas Jefferson’s Plan Maintain farmers
1815-1860, industrial boom Democratic Republican policies contributed to
industrial development
Spread of Industrialization
Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods Americans built their own factories in NE British goods threaten American factories
Tariff of 1816 Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods
Increased the price on imports by 20-25% Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay
higher prices for consumer goods
Sad farmer… paying too much for consumer goods
Why the Northeast? Factories emerged in the northeast because…
1. greater access to capital2. Had more cheap labor in factories3. Rivers water power
Question What factors contributed to industrialization in
the early 1800s? In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and
capital contributed to industrialization
Social Change in the North
Arrival of industry… Not as much skill needed for jobs Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths,
shoemakers, and tailors) could not compete with low-cost laborers
Artisans suffer from declining wages
Workers Organize Political change
1820 elections (Local and State elections) Workingmen’s Party
Sought free public education and laws to limit working day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours
Labor unions Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours, or to
improve conditions Helped skilled tradesmen “Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836
Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party prospered during 1800s
Wealthy business ownersMiddle
class
COMMON LABORERS
Middle Class Emerges
Emigration from Ireland and Germany
Emigration 1840s, working class comprised of immigrants
Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines Boosted share of nation’s population Promoted urban growth 40% of NYC population Went wherever there were factory jobs Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains
Poverty and Job competition Nativists
Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers
Irish Immigration
Irish Famine
Irish Famine
Question How did industrialization change the
experience of working people?
Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it also reduced the wages previously earned by artisans. It also created a more rigid division of social classes.
Southern Agricultural Economy and Society 1780s, hope that slavery would become
unpopular Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation Deep South cotton leading crop
Slavery heightens
Cotton Production Surges
Boost of cotton industry 3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion,
industrialization 1793, invention of cotton gin
Separated cotton seed from white fiber Supplied Northern factories with cotton Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half
the value of all American exports
Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery
Slavery flourished and became more deeply entrenched in the South Needed more workers and more land Cotton was very profitable slaves became more
valuable to owners Overseas trade banned in 1808 Illegal trade and interstate trade
Interstate Slave Trade
Economic Consequences
Limitation of regional development with cotton production Issue of relying on one crop No urban growth North grew faster than the South gave North
political power South had limited consumer demand More profitable to buy a plantation
Cultural Consequences
A dispersed population and slavery affected the South
Planters opposed education for slaves/poor whites
Poor whites also got very little/no education Illiteracy 15%
Defending the Slave System in the South
Common farmers wanted to acquire their own slaves and plantations
Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners All whites felt racially superiority
Felt they had more rights than those in the North Felt more independent 1850s, proslavery
The institution of slavery Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than
industrial life was to white workers