Section I: The Crusades BeginSection I: The Crusades Begin(Pages 288 - 294)(Pages 288 - 294)

Section I: The Crusades BeginSection I: The Crusades Begin(Pages 288 - 294)(Pages 288 - 294)

This section is about:This section is about: The religious and The religious and

political reasons for political reasons for the Crusades.the Crusades.

The first four The first four crusades and how crusades and how they impacted Europe they impacted Europe and the and the Mediterranean region.Mediterranean region.

• Let’s look at what’s in this Unit.

• We’ve done “the Early Middle Ages.”

• Now were on the “High Middle Ages.”

• What’s the difference?

• Maybe we can tell from reading what’s in quotes on page 268.

• We should also look at the sections:

I: How the Crusades began and how they impacted European life.

• How towns grew (and the Black Death).

• French and English conflicts / Pope and King conflicts / Spain and Muslims conflicts.

• The Great Schism and challenges to the authority of the church.

The Crusades BeginThe Crusades Begin

Read the Main Ideas Read the Main Ideas on page 290.on page 290.

WeWe’’ve heard about ve heard about what the Crusades what the Crusades were (holy wars were (holy wars between Christians between Christians and Muslims).and Muslims).

Now, weNow, we’’ll hear about ll hear about more details.more details.

Look also at Look also at ““Cause Cause and Effectand Effect”” on the top on the top right of page 290.right of page 290.

The Background of the The Background of the Crusades:Crusades:

The Crusades were The Crusades were Christian wars to try Christian wars to try and re-capture holy and re-capture holy lands from the lands from the Muslims.Muslims.

These These ““later Middle later Middle AgesAges”” cover the years cover the years 962-1492.962-1492.

One of the big One of the big questions of this time questions of this time centers around the centers around the power of the power of the papacypapacy (the office of the pope) (the office of the pope) and what he should and what he should really be in control of.really be in control of.

The Growth The Growth of Papal Powerof Papal Power

In medieval Europe, In medieval Europe, lawlessness and lawlessness and violence were pretty violence were pretty common. common.

So, the Church in France So, the Church in France promoted the idea of the promoted the idea of the ““Peace of God:Peace of God:”” if you if you did something bad, did something bad, youyou’’d be ex-d be ex-communicated.communicated.

The clergy also had the The clergy also had the ““Truce of God:Truce of God:”” you you couldncouldn’’t fight at holy t fight at holy times – Saturday night times – Saturday night until Monday morning.until Monday morning.

This was a time where the Eastern Byzantine This was a time where the Eastern Byzantine Church Church

began to disagree with the Roman Catholic Church began to disagree with the Roman Catholic Church on the role of the Popeon the role of the Pope

In 1054: the head of each of In 1054: the head of each of these churches ex-these churches ex-communicated the other. communicated the other.

This led to a separation that This led to a separation that still still continues todaycontinues today..

Pope Gregory VII tried to Pope Gregory VII tried to regain control and said he was regain control and said he was the leader of the church (and the leader of the church (and all society) - and couldnall society) - and couldn’’t be t be judged by anyone on earth.judged by anyone on earth.

The European Kings didnThe European Kings didn’’t t agree with this (they wanted agree with this (they wanted to be able to appoint their own to be able to appoint their own bishops and church leaders to bishops and church leaders to their own churches).their own churches).

Eventually they came to an Eventually they came to an agreement that the pope agreement that the pope would only appoint bishops would only appoint bishops and the highest of positions.and the highest of positions.

The Pope Calls for a The Pope Calls for a CrusadeCrusade

The Muslims had The Muslims had controlled Jerusalem controlled Jerusalem from 637-1095.from 637-1095.

Jerusalem is holy to Jerusalem is holy to Jews, Christians, and Jews, Christians, and Muslims.Muslims.

The Muslims were letting The Muslims were letting less and less people less and less people safely come to safely come to Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

Some Muslims even Some Muslims even threatened to invade threatened to invade Constantinople, so the Constantinople, so the Byzantine emperor Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for asked Pope Urban II for help.help.

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II also also believed in the supreme believed in the supreme power of the pope.power of the pope.

He called for a war to He called for a war to win back the Holy Land.win back the Holy Land.

This This crusadecrusade (taking the (taking the cross) was popular cross) was popular because:because: Of strong religious Of strong religious

feelings at the time.feelings at the time. Some soldiers wanted Some soldiers wanted

military glory.military glory. Merchants wanted new Merchants wanted new

markets for their goods.markets for their goods. Some people wanted to Some people wanted to

gain new land and gain new land and wealth.wealth.

The First and Second The First and Second CrusadesCrusades

Pope Urban promised Pope Urban promised crusaders if they crusaders if they captured Jerusalem captured Jerusalem they could follow in they could follow in the way of Jesus and the way of Jesus and save their souls.save their souls.

(they also might get (they also might get military glory, get military glory, get land, and get rich land, and get rich from their from their conquests).conquests).

The Quest for JerusalemThe Quest for Jerusalem The first Crusade began in The first Crusade began in

1096. 1096. The Christian army first The Christian army first

conquered Edessa and set conquered Edessa and set up their first crusader state up their first crusader state (European Christian (European Christian kingdom)kingdom)

By 1099, they had By 1099, they had conquered Jerusalem and conquered Jerusalem and set up another crusader set up another crusader state (surrounded by state (surrounded by Muslims though).Muslims though).

The first Crusade was The first Crusade was successful for Christians, successful for Christians, but in winning, they killed but in winning, they killed many Muslims (even many Muslims (even women and children), and women and children), and Jewish people living in Jewish people living in Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

The Second CrusadeThe Second Crusade By 1144, Muslims had re-By 1144, Muslims had re-

captured Edessa.captured Edessa. The Pope (Eugenius III) The Pope (Eugenius III)

called for another crusade called for another crusade to protect the crusader to protect the crusader states they set up.states they set up.

The most powerful The most powerful monarchs in Europe (Louis monarchs in Europe (Louis VII of France and Conrad III VII of France and Conrad III of Germany) even joined of Germany) even joined in.in.

This second crusade was This second crusade was failing – Muslims won a failing – Muslims won a battle for Damascus.battle for Damascus.

The crusaders went back The crusaders went back home before they lost any home before they lost any more.more.

Later CrusadesLater Crusades

By 1187, Saladin By 1187, Saladin (a brilliant Muslim (a brilliant Muslim warrior) defeated warrior) defeated the Christians and the Christians and united the Muslims.united the Muslims.

Saladin re-captured Saladin re-captured Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

So… more So… more crusades coming?crusades coming?

The Third and Fourth The Third and Fourth CrusadesCrusades

1189-1192.1189-1192. EnglandEngland’’s King Richard s King Richard

(the Lionhearted), (the Lionhearted), FranceFrance’’s King Phillip II, s King Phillip II, and Germanyand Germany’’s emperor s emperor Fredrick II re-captured Fredrick II re-captured Acre (city north of Acre (city north of Jerusalem) from the Jerusalem) from the Muslims. Muslims.

Fredrick drowned, Phillip Fredrick drowned, Phillip went back to France, so went back to France, so Richard was the only Richard was the only one left to fight.one left to fight.

Richard and Saladin Richard and Saladin signed a peace signed a peace agreement.agreement.

Jerusalem would remain Jerusalem would remain Muslim, but Christians Muslim, but Christians would be allowed to visit would be allowed to visit the holy sites.the holy sites.

This wasnThis wasn’’t good t good enough for the next enough for the next pope (Innocent III).pope (Innocent III).

So… a new So… a new crusade….crusade….

1202-1204: It gets 1202-1204: It gets confusing:confusing:

The crusaders start in The crusaders start in Egypt, but eventually Egypt, but eventually end up attacking Italy end up attacking Italy and the Byzantines and the Byzantines and controlling and controlling Constantinople.Constantinople.

What about What about Jerusalem?Jerusalem?

They kind of forget They kind of forget about that (for now) about that (for now) and go back home.and go back home.

They meet none of They meet none of their original goals.their original goals.

Horrible History ’s Crusades

The Results of the CrusadesThe Results of the Crusades There end up being several There end up being several

more crusades.more crusades. None were very successful.None were very successful. The Crusades end in 1291 – The Crusades end in 1291 –

only the first one ever did only the first one ever did anything to take back anything to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims.Jerusalem from the Muslims.

Serving in the Crusades Serving in the Crusades was supposed to be a good was supposed to be a good Christian thing for knights Christian thing for knights to participate in.to participate in.

But, they ended up killing But, they ended up killing many Jews and Muslims.many Jews and Muslims.

The Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Byzantine and the Eastern Byzantine Church grew farther apart.Church grew farther apart.

There was a lasting There was a lasting effect on Europe.effect on Europe. Popes became very Popes became very

powerful.powerful. Trade between Europe Trade between Europe

and Asia grew (especially and Asia grew (especially foods and spices).foods and spices).

Crusaders returned Crusaders returned home with new ideas home with new ideas and inventions – for and inventions – for military machines, castle military machines, castle protection, windmills, protection, windmills, compasses, clocks, etc…compasses, clocks, etc…

Although the Crusades Although the Crusades were sad and costly, it were sad and costly, it meant a sharing of meant a sharing of cultures and brought cultures and brought many changes to many changes to Europe.Europe.

Horrible History’s Crusades