Outlook PhysicsTrial HSC

Practice Paper OneTIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS + 5 mins reading time

Section I75 marks

Part A – 15 marksAttempt Questions 1 – 15Allow about 30 minutes for this part

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1 When an asteroid moves from a distance of 100 million kilometres away from Earth to a distance of 50 million kilometres, it is best to say that the sum of the asteroid’s gravitational potential energy and its kinetic energy:

(A) remains constant.

(B) decreases by a factor of two.

(C) increases by a factor of two.

(D) increases by a factor of four.

2 An astronaut with a mass of 90kg stands on bathroom scales in the spaceship’s cabin during lift-off. The scales read 882N before lift-off.

What weight would be recorded by the scales when the astronaut is experiencing a 2 g force?

(A) 0N

(B) 441N

(C) 882N

(D) 1764N

scales

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3 Which of the following diagrams shows the forces acting on a satellite when it is in a stable Earth orbit?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

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4 The path of a space probe travelling through the solar system is represented below:

planets

Sun

Earth

The reason the space craft was sent on this path is most likely:

(A) so that it could re-fuel.

(B) to gain speed.

(C) to replenish its air supply.

(D) to offload cargo.

5 Scientists in the late 1800s and early 1900s depended on the aether model to help explain how:

(A) light could travel through space.

(B) light could pass through glass.

(C) light refracted through glass.

(D) radio waves moved through air.

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6 A long straight current-carrying wire within a magnetic field B is gradually rotated, as shown in the diagram. It starts as shown, and is rotated until it is aligned with the magnetic field.

rotation

wire in original position

B field

I

wire in new position

B field

I

A graph of the force on the length of wire as it is turned in the magnetic field would look most like:

(A) (B) force force

angle angle

90 rotated 90 rotated

(C) (D) force force

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angle angle

90 rotated 90 rotated

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7 Some power lines have a single wire strung above the other wires, as represented in the diagram:

The purpose of the single wire is to:

(A) provide emergency back-up if the main wires fail.

(B) act as the return wire to the power station.

(C) conduct lightning safely to earth.

(D) prevent lightning from striking the power poles.

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8 A hand-turned electric generator has its outputs connected to a CRO. The CRO screen appears below:

When the same generator is turned at a faster rate, the CRO output would appear most similar to:

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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9 In which situation would the torque be greatest?

(A)

Force = 40N

0.50m

(B)

Force = 50N

0.50m

(C)

Force = 30N

0.75m

(D)

Force = 40N 0.75m

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45o

45o

10 A step-down transformer converts 95% of its input power into output power. Its primary coil is connected to a 1.0 x 104V source and has 200 turns. The primary coil has a current of 50.0A flowing through it. The secondary coil has 20 turns. No magnetic flux is lost between the primary and secondary coils. The electrical output of this transformer would be:

(A) 9.5 x 104V and 5A

(B) 1.0 x 105V and 4.75A

(C) 9.5 x 102V and 500A

(D) 1.0 x 103V and 475A

11 Positively charged particles are fired into a region of uniform electric field E, formed between two charged plates, as shown.

charged plates

+ + + + + + +A B

positively charged particles region of uniform electric field E

C D- - - - - - -

As the speed of the positive particles fired into the electric field is increased, the area where they strike the charged plate would change:

(A) from near A to closer to B

(B) from near B to closer to A

(C) from near D to closer to C

(D) from near C to closer to D

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12 In an experiment to measure the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons from different metal surfaces, light of various frequencies was shone onto the apparatus. A graph of the results is shown.

MaxEK

f

The graph indicates that metal A:

(A) has electrons which are easier to remove than metals B or C.

(B) has electrons which are harder to remove than metals B or C.

(C) has more electrons than metals B or C.

(D) has fewer electrons than metals B or C.

13 A piece of silicon is produced with a small amount of gallium added as an impurity.

The purpose of this added impurity is to:

(A) make the silicon become an n-type semiconductor.

(B) make the silicon become a p-type semiconductor.

(C) increase the resistance of the silicon.

(D) reduce the melting point of the silicon.

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metal metal metal

14 Which statement is a correct description of Planck’s “quantum” used to explain black body radiation?

(A) Radiation is emitted only above a certain temperature from a black body.

(B) Radiation is emitted only at certain allowed frequencies from a black body.

(C) Radiation is emitted in small discrete packets from a black body.

(D) Radiation is emitted in a continuous form from a black body.

15 The Braggs’ method used to determine the structure of metals:

(A) used the wave property of diffraction.

(B) took X-ray photos of the metal.

(C) was only useful to find cracks in the metal.

(D) used the photoelectric effect.

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Part B – 60 marksAttempt Questions 16-30Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part.

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

16 Providing a projectile with sufficient speed to escape Earth’s gravitational field is to give it “escape velocity”.

a. Explain why the direction given to the projectile with escape velocity will not matter (as long as it does not collide with anything).

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b. On the axes below, draw both the projectile’s gravitational potential energy Ep and its kinetic energy Ek against time, from launch until the projectile has just managed to escape from Earth’s gravitational field.

Label each line clearly.

+

0

Marks

2

2

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time

-

17 A satellite with a mass of 500kg orbits the Earth at an altitude of 630km.

a. Calculate the centripetal force on the satellite.

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b. Qualitatively describe the effect on the satellite’s orbital speed as the altitude of its orbit increases, giving reasons for this effect.

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18 A boy standing on a train station platform observes a NLST (near light-speed transport) train pass through the station. He observes the clocks on the train to be running slower than normal. However, a girl on the train observes the boy’s watch, and notices that the watch is running slower than the clocks on the train.

Discuss the above situation with reference to the principle of relativity.

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Marks

2

2

4

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19 Two spaceships, both 20.0m long when stationary, pass each other travelling in opposite directions. To observers onboard one spaceship, the other spaceship appears to be only 5.0m long.

a. Identify the value of and use this value to find the time that a clock on the other spaceship appears to take to move 10.0s.

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b. Hence calculate the relative velocity between the two spaceships.

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20 Experiments can be performed to test if an observer’s frame of reference is inertial or non-inertial.

a. Outline a suitable test that the observer could do which

Marks

2

2

2

2

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may show this.

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b. Describe the results of this test if the frame of reference is inertial.

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21 Electromagnetic braking has several advantages over conventional braking. It is particularly useful in applications such as high speed trains.

a. Describe the role of Lenz’s Law in the principle of electromagnetic braking.

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b. Outline the advantages of electromagnetic braking over conventional braking in high speed trains.

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Marks

3

2

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22 Explain why an electric current is generated in a circuit by a motor when the motor is being turned by a second motor.

second motor

two motors connected

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23 Discuss the impact of the development of transformers on society.

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Marks

3

4

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load

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24 The forces acting on a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field produce a torque, however the net force when calculated by vector addition is zero.

Explain, using a diagram, how the forces involved do not cancel, but produce, torque.

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25 Compare the ways in which step-up and step-down transformers differ.

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Marks

3

2

3

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26 When analysing secondary information on the competition between Edison and Westinghouse you were able to assess the reliability of sources you used.

Describe how you assessed the reliability of the sources you used.

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27 In early studies, several characteristics of cathode rays supported the belief that they were electromagnetic waves.

With reference to their observed characteristics, describe how cathode rays were eventually shown to be particles and not electromagnetic waves.

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Marks

5

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28 Hertz was probably the first scientist to observe the photoelectric effect while performing an experiment when he was investigating the effect of radio waves on a receiver loop.

Describe how Hertz observed the photoelectric effect, and how it was affecting Hertz’s experiments.

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3

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29 Describe the differences between thermionic and solid state devices, and highlight reasons why solid state devices have replaced thermionic devices in most modern applications.

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Marks

3

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30 An electricity company is proposing to install transmission lines between a power station and a large town (a distance of 100km) using superconducting wires.

a. Outline the reasons why the electricity company would wish to install superconducting wires.

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b. Identify reasons why electricity companies around the world have not begun to install superconducting wires to replace transmission lines on a large scale.

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2

2

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31 During your Physics course, you performed an investigation to demonstrate magnetic levitation.

a. Use a labelled diagram to describe the investigation you performed.

b. Describe how superconductors and magnetic levitation have played a part in the development of the maglev train.

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Marks

2

3

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Section II

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 32-36

Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet.Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 32 Geophysics…………………………………22-23

Question 33 Medical Physics……………………………24-25

Question 34 Astrophysics………………………………..26-27

Question 35 From Quanta to Quarks…………………….28-29

Question 36 The Age of Silicon…………………………30-32

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Question 32 Geophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Outline the need for data reduction in gravity surveys.

(ii) Outline the steps involved in performing data reduction in gravity surveys.

(iii) Describe the uses of gravity methods in resource exploration.

(b) (i) Identify two uses of remote sensing of radiation in mineral exploration.

(ii) Describe how the paths of satellites in orbit around Earth may reveal variations in the gravitational field.

(c) The graph shows the travel time for P waves and S waves versus surface distance from the epicentre of an earthquake.

0 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 Surface distance from epicentre (km)

Marks

1

2

2

3

2

4

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Trav

el ti

me

(min

utes

)

S

P

P”

P”

P’25

20

15

1

Using the features of this graph, identify evidence which supports the existence of a liquid outer core of Earth.

Question 32 continues on the next pageQuestion 32, continued

(d) (i) Describe the electrical properties of earth materials which are studied using geophysical techniques.

(ii) Identify two other properties of earth materials for which geophysical techniques can be used, and identify why these properties are useful.

(e) When the theory of plate tectonics was first proposed the scientific community was initially reluctant to accept it.

Discuss the reasons for this initial reluctance and the evidence which eventually led to the acceptance of plate tectonics.

End of Question 32

Marks

2

2

7

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MarksQuestion 33 Medical Physics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Different materials have different physical properties. Identify the physical property of materials in the body that enables the production of ultrasound images.

(ii) Identify two differences between ultrasound and normal sounds.

(iii) Ultrasound techniques can be used to obtain information about blood moving through the heart. Describe the Doppler effect in sound waves and how it is used to obtain this information.

(b) The image shown is a CAT scan of a section through a human brain.

Describe why, in this circumstance, a CAT scan is superior to either an X-ray or ultrasound.

(c) (i) Describe what happens when an electron interacts with a positron.

(ii) Describe how the positron emission tomography (PET) technique is used for diagnosis.

1

2

2

3

2

4

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Question 33 continues on the next page

Question 33, continued

(d) (i) Magnetic resonance image (MRI) scans use the magnetic properties of nuclei. Describe the changes that occur in the orientation of the magnetic axis of nuclei before and after the application of a strong magnetic field.

(ii) Identify the functions of the radio frequency oscillator and radio receiver in MRI equipment.

(e) Assess the impact of medical applications of physics on society.

End of question 33

Marks

2

2

7

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Question 34 Astrophysics (25 marks)

(a) One of the benefits of the Hubble space telescope is that it can produce sharper images of objects than Earth-based telescopes of the same size.

(i) What is the term given to the ability of a telescope to separate two close objects into separate images?

(ii) Describe reasons why the Hubble space telescope can produce these sharper images compared to Earth-based telescopes of the same size.

(b) Trigonometric parallax can be used to measure the distance to stars. Identify the limitations of trigonometric parallax measurements.

(c) (i) A binary star pair revolve around each other every 3.00 earth years. The two stars are 5.00 x 1011m apart. If the mass of one of the stars is

5.00 x 1030kg, find the mass of the other star.

(ii) Over a period of several years, a star’s position in the sky relative to other stars is observed to “wobble” back and forth. Explain how this could happen, and what can be concluded about this star.

(d) (i) Describe how observations of the spectra of a star can reveal information on the star’s surface temperature, rotational velocity, translational velocity and the star’s density.

(ii) A star called Kylie has an apparent magnitude of +11.6. It is known to be 470pc away. What would be the apparent magnitude of Kylie if it was exactly 10pc away?

Marks

1

2

2

3

2

4

2

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Question 34 continues on the next page

Question 34, continued

(e) The age of globular clusters can be determined from their zero-age main sequence plots on an H-R diagram.

On the H-R diagram below, sketch a typical zero-age main sequence plot for a globular cluster which is older than our Sun.

Luminosity

Sun

Surface temperature

(f) Assess the impact of improvements in measurement technologies on our understanding of celestial objects.

End of Question 34

Marks

2

7

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Question 35 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the general position of the electrons in Rutherford’s model of the atom.

(ii) In refining the model of the atom, Bohr began with three postulates. Define Bohr’s postulates.

(b) (i) Define the term transmutation and identify how it occurs.

(ii) As a result of studying the electrons emitted during beta decay, Pauli suggested the existence of a then unknown particle. Discuss Pauli’s suggestion, and relate this to the study of the emitted electrons from beta

decay.

(c) De Broglie proposed that any kind of particle has both wave and particle properties.

particle

Calculate the mass of a particle that has a wavelength of 2.5 x 10-12m when moving with a speed of 200ms-1.

(d) Account for the need for the strong nuclear force and describe its properties.

Question 35 continues on the next page

Marks

1

2

2

3

2

4

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Question 35, continued

(e) While isotopes in general have many uses, particular isotopes have specific uses.

(i) Describe the use of one particular isotope in the field of either medicine, agriculture or engineering. Name the isotope and state why it is appropriate for the selected use.

(ii) Describe the properties of neutrons that make them suitable for use as a probe in the process known as neutron scattering.

(f) Today, physicists don't know of anything smaller than quarks and electrons, but they don't know for sure whether these are the simplest building blocks of matter.

Discuss the key features and components of the standard model of matter, including quarks and leptons.

End of question 35

Marks

2

2

7

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Question 36 The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

(a) (i) Describe the difference between an electronic circuit and an electric circuit.

(ii) With the aid of diagrams, describe the difference between analogue and digital voltage outputs over time.

(b) (i) Describe the structure of an LED in terms of p-type and n-type semiconductors.

(ii) The brake lights of some modern cars and trucks are now being made from LEDs rather than conventional globes, even though LEDs may be more expensive.

Explain why it may be preferable to use LEDs in place of ordinary light globes in car brake lights.

(c) A graph of a typical operational amplifier is shown below.

Vout (volts)

9.0

-0.2 0.2 Vin (volts)

-9.0

Calculate the linear gain of this amplifier.

Question 36 continues on the next page

Marks

1

2

2

3

2

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Question 36, continued

(d) Discuss how feedback can be used in a control system.

(e) A thermistor is connected in series with the coil of a relay to a 12 volt car battery as shown.

thermistor

coil of relay

The thermistor’s resistance as a function of temperature is graphed below.

Marks

4

2

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Resis

tanc

e (k

ilo o

hms)

12V

2.0

1.75

1.5

1.25

1.0

0.75

0.50

0.25

0

Temperature (oC)

(i) The relay switches on when the current through the coil reaches 6.0mA.

What is the resistance of the thermistor when the relay switches on?

(ii) What is the temperature when the relay switches on?Question 36 continues on the next page

Question 36, continued

(f) Explain the impact of the development of the silicon chip on the rapid development of electronics and relate this to the effect electronics has had on society.

End of Paper

2

Marks

7

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-25 0 25 50 100 150 200

DATA SHEET

Charge on electron, qe -1.602 x 10-19C

Mass of electron, me 9.109 x 10-31kg

Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 x 10-27kg

Mass of proton, mp 1.673 x 10-27kg

Speed of sound in air 340ms-1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8ms-2

Speed of light, c 3.00 x 108ms-1

Magnetic force constant, 2.0 x 10-7NA-2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 x 10-11Nm2kg-2

Mass of Earth 6.0 x 1024kg

Planck constant, h 6.626 x 10-34Js

Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 x 107m-1

Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 x 10-27kg931.5 MeV/c2

1 eV 1.602 x 10-19J

Density of water, 1.00 x 103kgm-3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 x 103Jkg-1K-1

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FORMULAE SHEET

v = f Ep = -

I F = mg

vx2 = ux

2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v = u + at

E = vy2 = uy

2 + 2ayy

R = x = uxt

P = VI y = uyt + ½ ayt2

Energy = VIt

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vav = therefore aav =

F = ma E = mc2

Ek = ½ mv2

W = Fs

p = mv

Impulse = Ft

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FORMULAE SHEET

F = BIlsin

= Fd

= nBIAcos

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

F = qvBsin

E = hf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c = f

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z = v

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

- 45 -

Periodic Table of the Elements

1H

1.008Hydrogen

Element symbol

Element name

26Fe

55.85Iron

Atomic number

Atomic weight

2He

4.003Helium

3Li

6.94Lithium

4Be

9.012Beryllium

Key 5B

10.81Boron

6C

12.01Carbon

7N

14.01Nitrogen

8O

16.00Oxygen

9F

19.00Fluorine

10Ne

20.18Neon

11Na

22.99Sodium

12Mg

24.31Magnesiu

m

13Al

26.98Aluminium

14Si

28.09Silicon

15P

30.97Phosphorou

s

16S

32.07Sulfur

17Cl

35.45Chlorine

18Ar

39.95Argon

19K

39.10Potassium

20Ca

40.08Calcium

21Sc

44.96Scandium

22Ti

47.87Titanium

23V

50.94Vanadium

24Cr

52.00Chromium

25Mn

54.94Manganes

e

26Fe

55.85Iron

27Co

58.93Cobalt

28Ni

58.69Nickel

29Cu

63.55Copper

30Zn

65.39Zinc

31Ga

69.72Gallium

32Ge

72.61Germaniu

m

33As

74.92Arsenic

34Se

78.96Selenium

35Br

79.90Bromine

36Kr

83.8Krypton

37Rb

85.47Rubidium

38Sr

87.62Strontium

39Y

88.91Yttrium

40Zr

91.22Zirconium

41Nb

92.91Niobium

42Mo

95.94Molybdenum

43Te

98.91Technetiu

m

44Ru

101.1Ruthenium

45Rh

102.9Rhodium

46Pd

106.4Palladium

47Ag

107.9Silver

48Cd

112.4Cadmium

49In

114.8Indium

50Sn

118.7Tn

51Sb

121.8Antimony

52Te

127.6Tellerium

53I

126.9Iodine

54Xe

131.3Xenon

55Cs

132.9Caesium

56Ba

137.3Barium

57-71

Lanthanoids

72Hf

178.5Hafnium

73Ta

180.9Tantalum

74W

183.8Tungsten

75Re

186.2Rhenium

76Os

190.2Osmium

77Ir

192.2Iridium

78Pt

195.1Platinum

79Au

197.0Gold

80Hg

200.6Mercury

81Tl

204.4Thallium

82Pb

207.2Lead

83Bi

209.0Bismuth

84Po

[210.0]Polonium

85At

[210.0]Astatine

86Rn

[222.0]Radon

87Fr

[223.0]Francium

88Ra

[226.0]Radium

89-103

Actinoids

104Rf

[261.1]Rutherfordiu

m

105Db

[262.1]Dubnium

106Sg

[263.1]Seaborgiu

m

107Bh

[264.1]Bohrium

108Hs

[265.1]Hassium

109Mt

[268]Meitneriu

m

110Ds

Darmstadtium

111Rg

Roentgenium

112Uub

Ununbium

113Uut

Ununtrium

114Uuq

Ununquadium

115Uup

Ununpentium

116Uuh

Ununhexium

117Uus

Ununseptium

118Uuo

Ununoctium

Lanthanoids57La

138.9Lanthana

m

58Ce

140.1Cerium

59Pr

140.9Praseodymiu

m

60Nd

144.2Neodymiu

m

61Pm

[146.9]Promethiu

m

62Sm

150.4Samarium

63Eu

152.0Europium

64Gd

157.3Gadoliniu

m

65Tb

158.9Terbium

66Dy

162.5Dysprosiu

m

67Ho

164.9Holmium

68Er

167.3Erbium

69Tm

168.9Thulium

70Yb

173.0Ytterbium

71Lu

175.0Lutetium

Actinoids89Ac

[227.0]Actinium

90Th

232.0Thorium

91Pa

231.0Protactinium

92U

238.0Uranium

93Np

[237.0]Neptunium

94Pu

[239.1]Plutonium

95Am

[241.1]Americium

96Cm

[244.1]Curium

97Bk

[249.1]Berkelium

98Cf

[252.1]Californium

99Es

[252.1]Einsteinium

100Fm

[257.1]Fermium

101Md

[258.1]Mendeleviu

m

102No

[259.1]Nobelium

103Lr

[262.1]Lawrenciu

m

- 46 -

Bracketed atomic weights are those of the most common radioactive isotope.

- 47 -