Section 6_Counseling Principles

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Section 6: Counseling Principles

(The Counseling Relationship)

UCLAUCLA

Dr. Richard A. RawsonDr. Richard A. Rawson


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'actors that (n!luence'actors that (n!luence

ChangeChange

The counseling rocess

is in!luenced %$ several

characteristics that hel

it %eco"e a roductive

ti"e !or the client )counselor.

*tructure*tructure

*etting*etting

Client QualitiesClient Qualities

Counselor QualitiesCounselor Qualities


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'actors that (n!luence'actors that (n!luence

ChangeChange+h$sical *etting.

Counseling can haen

an$where# %ut thero!essional generall$works in a lace thatrovides ,+rivac$#

Con!identialit$#Quiet and

Certain co"!ort


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*o"e -asic +rinciles*o"e -asic +rinciles

Each client must be accepted as an individualEach client must be accepted as an individualand dealt with as such (the counselor doesand dealt with as such (the counselor doesnot necessarily approve of all behavior, butnot necessarily approve of all behavior, butstill accepts the client as a person).still accepts the client as a person).

Counseling is basically a permissiveCounseling is basically a permissiverelationship; that is, the individual hasrelationship; that is, the individual haspermission to say what they please withoutpermission to say what they please withoutbeing reprimanded or judged.being reprimanded or judged.

Counseling emphasizes thiningCounseling emphasizes thining withwith; not; not forforthe individual.the individual.

!ll decision"maing rests with the client.!ll decision"maing rests with the client.


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*o"e -asic +rinciles*o"e -asic +rinciles

Counseling is centered on the di#cultiesCounseling is centered on the di#cultiesof the client.of the client.

Counseling is a learning situation whichCounseling is a learning situation which

eventually results in a behavioral change.eventually results in a behavioral change.

E$ectiveness in counseling dependsE$ectiveness in counseling depends

largely on the readiness of the client tolargely on the readiness of the client to

mae changes and the therapeuticmae changes and the therapeuticrelationship with the counselor.relationship with the counselor.

%he counseling relationship is con&dential.%he counseling relationship is con&dential.


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The (nitial *essionThe (nitial *ession

There is alwa$s an initial session. (t isThere is alwa$s an initial session. (t is

during this ti"e %oth the client and theduring this ti"e %oth the client and the

counselor are assessing one another to seecounselor are assessing one another to see

i! the relationshi will work. (t is herei! the relationshi will work. (t is here

the su%ect o! the su%se/uent sessions willthe su%ect o! the su%se/uent sessions will

%e discussed and deter"ined.%e discussed and deter"ined.

There are severalThere are several skillsskillswhich are use!ulwhich are use!ul

during this hase o! counseling.during this hase o! counseling.


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0athering (n!or"ation0athering (n!or"ation

T$es o! Questions:T$es o! Questions:

OpenOpen1allows the client to answer the1allows the client to answer the

/uestion in a !ree,!lowing or narrative st$le./uestion in a !ree,!lowing or narrative st$le.Used when $ou want "ore detailed andUsed when $ou want "ore detailed and

ela%orate answers.ela%orate answers.Tell "e how this is working !or $ou?Tell "e how this is working !or $ou?

ClosedClosed1this t$e o! /uestion re/uires onl$ a1this t$e o! /uestion re/uires onl$ a

one or two word resonse. Usuall$23es orone or two word resonse. Usuall$23es or

4o.4o.

Do $ou eno$ that t$e o! work?Do $ou eno$ that t$e o! work?


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*o"e 4on,5el!ul -ehaviors*o"e 4on,5el!ul -ehaviors

There are severallists o! non,hel!ul%ehaviors. 6ostco""on a"ong the"include:

Advice 0ivingAdvice 0iving

LecturingLecturing

78cessive Questioning78cessive Questioning

*tor$telling*tor$telling

Asking Wh$?&Asking Wh$?&


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A Word A%out 0oalsA Word A%out 0oals

0oals within counseling hel to set the

tone and direction one travel9s with their

client.

Without goals# the sessions will wander

ai"lessl$.


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0oal 0uidelines0oal 0uidelines

0oals are "utuall$ agreed on %$ the client

and counselor.

0oals are seci!ic.

0oals are relevant to %ehavior.

0oals are achieve"ent ) success oriented.

0oals are /uanti!ia%le ) "easura%le.

0oals are %ehavioral ) o%serva%le.

0oals are understanda%le ) can %e re,

stated clearl$.


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("ortant *killsTools !or the("ortant *killsTools !or the

CounselorCounselorThere are severalThere are several

i"ortant skillsi"ortant skills

which we will coverwhich we will cover

%rie!l$. 7ach is%rie!l$. 7ach isconsidered a "icro,considered a "icro,

skill& which $ou willskill& which $ou will

need to develoneed to develo

during the clinicalduring the clinical

se/uence o! these/uence o! the

counselor trainingcounselor training

rogra".rogra".

7"ath$7"ath$

LeadingLeading

ResondingResonding

*el! Disclosure*el! Disclosure

(""ediac$(""ediac$

5u"or5u"orCon!rontationCon!rontation


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7"ath$7"ath$

3ou want to %uild3ou want to %uild

the relationshi withthe relationshi with

the client through allthe client through all

the reviousl$the reviousl$

"entioned skills. 3et"entioned skills. 3et

all these skills will %eall these skills will %ehindered without thehindered without the

use o! e"ath$.use o! e"ath$.


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7"ath$7"ath$

According to RogersAccording to Rogers ;


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Levels o! 7"ath$Levels o! 7"ath$

The counselors responses add significantlyto the feeling ! meaning of the expressions

of the client in a way that accurately

expresses feeling levels below what the

client is able to express.


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6oving the Client1Leading6oving the Client1Leading

There are several ways to "lead# the client

forward in a session. They include using

silence, acceptance, paraphrasing, etc$

%e aware of how you lead and where you

are going. &ou are woring on the clientsissues, not your issues, or what youthin

the client should be woring on.


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Resonding *t$lesResonding *t$les

A!!ective Resonding.

'ocusing on !eelings.

-ehavioral Resonses.

'ocusing on actions and %ehaviors.

Cognitive Resonse.'ocusing on thoughts and cognitions.

3ou will %alance these throughout the session with a client.


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*el!,Disclosure*el!,Disclosure

*el!,disclosure is "aking onesel! known

to another erson ;the client%$ revealing

ersonal in!or"ation.

Counselors sel!,disclosure is onl$

necessar$ as it relates to the theraeutic

rocess. Too "uch sel!,disclosure hindersthe counseling rocess# while not enough#

"a$ inhi%it the client !ro" !or"ing a

%ond with the counselor.


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Trans!erence ) Counter,Trans!erence ) Counter,

trans!erencetrans!erence

A concet as old as

'reud# trans!erence and

countertran!erence areissues that a!!ect all

!or"s o! counseling#

guidance# )

s$chothera$.


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trans!erencetrans!erence

Trans!erence.

This is the client9s roection o! ast or

resent !eelings# attitudes# or desires onto thecounselor. (t can %e direct or indirect and

will cause the client to react to $ou as the$

would in the ast or resent relationshi.


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trans!erencetrans!erenceCounter,trans!erence.

This is the counselor9s roected e"otional

reaction to or %ehavior towards the client. (t

can take on "an$ !or"s# !ro" a desire tolease the client# to wanting to develo a

social or se8ual relationshi with the client.

When this haens# suervision or

counseling !or the counselor is called !or.


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Ter"ination o! a *essionTer"ination o! a *ession

There is no great secret toending sessions. There areso"e guidelines:

*tart and end on ti"e.

Leave "inutes or so !or a su""ar$ o! the

session.

(ntroduce the end o! the session nor"all$ ;urti"e is co"ing to a close.&.

Assign ho"ework.

*et u ne8t aoint"ent.


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Ter"ination o! theTer"ination o! the

RelationshiRelationshiTer"ination is the end o! the ro!essional

relationshi with the client when the session

goals have %een "et.

A !or"al ter"ination serves three !unctions:

Counseling is !inished and it is ti"e !or the client to

!ace their li!e challenges.

Changes which have taken lace have generaliEed

into the nor"al %ehavior o! the client.

The client has "atured and thinks and acts "ore

e!!ectivel$ and indeendentl$.


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Ti"ing o! Ter"inationTi"ing o! Ter"ination

There is no one answer when ter"ination is to

take lace. Questions $ou "a$ wish to ask

$oursel! concerning ter"ination include:

5ave clients achieved %ehavioral# cognitive# or

a!!ective goals?

' Can clients concretel$ show where the$ have "ade

rogress in what the$ wanted to acco"lish?

' (s the counseling relationshi hel!ul?

' 5as the conte8t o! the initial counseling

arrange"ents changed?


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Resistance to Ter"inationResistance to Ter"ination

Clients ) Counselors "a$ not want

counseling to end. (n "an$ cases this"a$ %e the result o! !eelings a%out the

loss and grie! or insecurities o! losing the

relationshi. 'or clients# this is

so"ething to rocess. 'or counselors#

this is an issue !or suervision.


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+re"ature Ter"ination+re"ature Ter"ination

Client.

6an$ clients "a$ end counseling %e!ore all

goals are co"leted. This can %e seen %$ not

"aking aoint"ents# resisting new

aoint"ents# etc2 (t is a good idea to tr$

and schedule a ter"inationreview sessionwith the client so closure "a$ take lace. At

this ti"e a re!erral "a$ %e in order.


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+re"ature Ter"ination+re"ature Ter"ination

Counselors.

At ti"es# counselors have to end counseling

re"aturel$. Whatever the reason !or the

ter"ination# a su""ar$ session is in order

and re!errals are "ade# i! aroriate# toanother counselor.


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Re!erralsRe!errals

At ti"es# a counselor needs to "ake are!erral. When this is done# seci!icissues need to %e addressed with theclient:

Reason !or the re!erral.

4ote seci!ic %ehaviors or actions which%rought the need !or a re!erral.

5ave the na"es o! several other counselorsread$ !or re!erral.

3ou cannot !ollow u with the new counselorto see i! the client !ollowed through

;Con!identialit$ issue.


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'ollow,U'ollow,U

At ti"es# a !ollow,u "a$ %e scheduled

!or various reasons including evaluation#

research# or checking,in with client.

'ollow,us need to %e scheduled so as tonot take the resonsi%ilit$ o! change

awa$ !ro" the client.

Section 6_Counseling Principles

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