section 4,chapter 2
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Transcript of section 4,chapter 2
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Section 4, Chapter 2Organic Molecules
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Organic MoleculesMolecules that contain carbon
Organic SynthesisSmall molecules (monomers) join together to form larger molecules (polymers)
Monomer portion of a polymer
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Atomic Number of Carbon = 62 electrons in 1st shell4 electrons in 2nd shell
Empty space for covalent bonding
Note there are 4 empty spaces in the 2nd shell available for covalent bonds.
Covalent Bonds formed by Carbon
C6
12.01
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Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon to Carbon bonds can form long chains
Carbon can also form double or even triple bonds
hydrocarbon
Examples of covalent bonds formed by carbon
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Large organic molecules, called polymers consist of repeating subunits, called monomers.
Polymers and Monomers
Example: Starch is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules (monosaccharides) joined together.
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Monosaccharide (simple sugars)Disaccharides (double sugars)
Polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)
Monomer Polymer
Amino Acids Proteins
Fatty Acids + Glycerol Fats**Not truly a polymer
Nucleotides Nucleic Acids
major organic macromolecules of the cell
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Simple carbohydrates = sugarsMonosaccharidesDisaccharides
Complex CarbohydratesAlso called PolysaccharidesComposed of several simple carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
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monosaccharidesTwice as many Hydrogen as Oxygen atomsExample: Glucose (C6H12O6)
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disaccharides2 monosaccharides bonded together
Examples of disaccharides
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polysaccharide
Built of simple carbohydrates
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Starch – easily digested
Cellulose- Plant polysaccharide, indigestible by humans
Glycogen – storage form of energy, synthesized by liver
examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen
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LIPIDS
Includes: Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids
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Fats (Triglycerides)
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
Building blocks of fats
nonpolar moleculesThey are soluble in oils, but insoluble in water
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Fatty Acids
1. Carboxyl end 2. Hydrocarbon chain
Carboxylgroup
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Fatty Acids
Saturated = all single carbon to carbon bonds
Unsaturated = one or more carbon to carbon
double bonds
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Glycerol Molecule
OH (in red) represents sites of fatty acid attachments
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Triglyceride (fat)
1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
Unsaturated fat
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Phospholipids
Building Blocks of phospholipids:1 glycerol molecule2 fatty acid molecules1 phosphate group
Phospholipids are modified triglycerides
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Polar region (hydrophilic)
Nonpolar region(hydrophobic)
Phospholipids
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Types of Steroids
1. Cholesterol
2. Sex Hormones• Testosterone• Estrogen• Progesterone
End of section 4, Chapter 2
SteroidsConnected rings of carbon atoms