SECTION 3.7.6 LADDER SAFETY · LADDER SAFETY Introduction Purpose and Definition Straight and...

Facility Services Safe Operating Procedure No. 0005

Safe Use of Ladders 1

SECTION 3.7.6

LADDER SAFETY Introduction Purpose and Definition Straight and Extension Ladders Step Ladders General Precautions when using a Ladder Maintenance and Structural Defects Training Requirements Appendix A

1. Ladder Safety Questionnaire 2. Preventing falls from a Ladder 3. Portable Ladder Safety: Selection, Use, and Maintenance

Appendix B

1. Ladder Safety Training Manual 2. Pre-Use Inspection Checklist 3. Ladder Set-up and Use Checklist 4. Ladder Inventory Checklist 5. Part 13, WCB Regulation on Ladder Requirements

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SECTION 3.7.6

LADDER SAFETY

Introduction

The use of ladders puts workers in a potentially unsafe position. Ladders are used for many purposes but no matter what type of ladder you use or what you use it for, it pays to take some extra precautions. Any fall can be serious, and a fall from the height of even a low ladder can mean a painful and incapacitating injury. Purpose

In response to this risk, the procedure for Safe Use of Ladders has been developed and implemented, in consultation with the Facility Services Joint OH&S Committee, in order to comply with the requirements of Workers Compensation Act, Part 1, Section 115 (1), (2) (b)(f). The procedure is to be followed by all workers employed by School District No.23 (Central Okanagan) and must be reviewed with workers by the Department Coordinator/Principal during the ‘Worker Orientation’ and at the inception of the procedure. As the majority of school sites within our district are equipped with roof access ladders inside the buildings, they must be used whenever possible. A fixed ladder is much safer, generally, than a portable ladder would be and convenience must have less bearing on a decision than safety. Portable ladders are not to be used unless a safer route of access to a roof is not available. It is also a requirement of this procedure that all precautions for the proper use of fall protection be used in accordance with the WCB Act and the Regulations as well as with the Facility Services procedure on Fall Protection. Definitions

The “Board” means the Workers Compensation Board; The term ‘District Approved’ means approved by School District No.23 for use by employees; A “Competent Person” means a person deemed competent by the Board and School District No.23. A “worker” includes:

any person who is in a contract of service or apprenticeship, written or oral, expressed or implied;

any learner who, although not under a contract of service or apprenticeship, becomes subject to the hazards of an industry while undergoing training or probationary work specified or stipulated by the employer as a preliminary to employment;

any person working with or without remuneration;

any independent operator admitted by the board, who is neither an employer nor a worker;



any person enrolled in a vocational or training program approved by the Minister of Education, Skills and Training and the Minister of Labour, and attending the program at its designated location, when deemed a worker by the board at the request of either minister.

Point of Access – All areas used by employees for work-related passage from one area or level to another.

Portable Ladder – A ladder that can be readily moved or carried.

Procedure STRAIGHT AND EXTENSION LADDERS To raise a ladder,

Brace the lower end against a wall and then grasp the top rung with both hands. Raise the top end and walk underneath the ladder, down the rungs until the ladder is vertical.

When using an extension ladder,

Raise it to the desired height, being sure the locks engage properly on both sides of the ladder. To position the ladder properly, place it against the wall so the distance between the wall and the base of the ladder is ¼ of the length along the ladder from the base to its point of support (¼ of its working length). Since the rungs on ladders are normally one foot apart, the approximate distance is easy to compute.

Fall Protection must be used when working above 3 Meters (10 feet) unless the work will be of short duration.

The ground under the ladder should be both level and firm. Large flat wooden boards placed under the ladder can level a ladder on uneven ground or give a ladder better footing on soft ground. If possible, secure the ladder.

When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 3 feet (.9 m) above the upper landing surface.

Ladders must be secured when used at heights above 10’. Have someone hold the bottom of the ladder or tie it off at the roof level.

If the ladder is to be tied off, it must be done in a way that does not create a tripped hazard to the user. (i.e.: Buckles from tie downs should be located in the middle of the ladder rather than on the side.)

When approaching a ladder for descent from a roof, always:

Approach from the center.

Hold the ladder with both hands before attempting to mount the ladder.

Step around the ladder with one leg and place that foot on a rung, which is lower than the ladder’s point of contact with the roof.

Place the other foot on the ladder and proceed to descend with three points of contact at all times.

Never carry heavy equipment on the ladder with you. Use hoisting materials wherever possible.



STEPLADDERS

Many of the suggestions for using straight and extension ladders also apply to stepladders.

When using a stepladder,

Never carry heavy equipment on the ladder with you. Using hoisting materials such as a tool belt or hand line wherever possible.

Erect a stepladder only on a flat level surface. Do not place it on a table or any similar platform for added height.

Never use a stepladder as a straight ladder.

Before climbing a stepladder, make sure that its legs are fully extended and the spreader locked. The locking device on some ladders may present a pinching hazard, so keep fingers clear when setting up the ladder.

Never stand on the top two steps of a stepladder.

Do not step on the bucket shelf or attempt to climb or stand on the rear section supports. They are not designed to support the weight of a person.

Fall Protection must be used when working above 3 Meters (10 feet) unless the work will be of short duration.

Finally, no matter what kind of ladder you are using, never leave a raised ladder unattended. It could fall unexpectedly and injure someone.

General Precautions for the Safe Use of All Ladders

Ladders must be maintained free of oil, grease, and other slipping hazards.

Wooden ladders must not be painted as this could hide flaws or damage of the ladder.

Ladders must not be loaded beyond their manufacturer’s rated capacity.

Ladders must be used only for the purpose for which they were designed.

Non-self-supporting ladders must be used at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter of the working length of the ladder.

Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch no greater than 90 degrees from the horizontal, measured from the backside of the ladder. Above 8’, ship’s ladders should be installed with slip resistant steps and handrails as required.

Ladders must be used only on table and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement.

Ladders must not be used on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental movement. Slip-resistant feet must not be used as a substitute for the care in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder upon slippery surfaces.

Ladders placed in areas such as passageways, doorways, or driveways, or where then can be displaced by workplace activities or traffic must be secured to prevent accidental movement or a barricade must be used to keep traffic or activities away from the ladder.

The area around the top and bottom of the ladders must be kept clear.



The top of a non-self-supporting ladder must be placed with two rails supported equally unless it is equipped with a single support attachment.

Ladders must not be moved, shifted, or extended while in use.

Ladders must have non-conductive side rails if they are used where the worker or the ladder could contact exposed energized electrical equipment.

Cross-bracing on the rear section of stepladders must not be used for climbing unless the ladders are designed and provided with steps for climbing on both front and rear sections.

Ladders must be inspected by a competent person for visible defects on a periodic basis and after any incident that could affect their safe use.

When ascending or descending a ladder, the worker must face the ladder and must use at least one hand to grasp the ladder while climbing.

A worker on a ladder must not carry any object or load that could cause him/her to lose balance and fall.

Other points to remember when using a ladder are:

Never carry heavy equipment on the ladder with you. Using hoisting materials such as a tool belt or hand line wherever possible.

Never use a ladder in a strong wind.

The point where the ladder rests against the wall should be flat and firm.

A ladder should not be placed in front of a door that is not locked, blocked or guarded.

Before positioning the ladder, check for insect or bird nests under the eaves; the top of a ladder is no place to discover a wasp nest.

Tools should be carried in the pockets, in a bag attached to a belt, or raised and lowered by rope. Be sure that the soles of your shoes are clean and dry.

Work facing the ladder, holding on with one hand. If it is ever necessary to work with both hands, hook one leg over the rung.

Don’t lean too far to the side while working. A good general guide is to keep your body centered between the rails of the ladder. Instead of leaning to the side, get down and move the ladder.

In case of sudden dizziness or a panicky feeling, bow your head, drape both arms over the rung in front of you, close your eyes, and wait until the feeling passes.

Do not use a ladder as a scaffold or for any purpose except what was intended.

Many fatalities occur when a metal ladder brushes against power lines while being moved. Use only double-insulated or properly grounded electrical tools on a metal ladder. To be safer, use only a dry wooden or non-conductive fiberglass ladder when working around electrical wires or equipment.

Maintenance & Structural Defects

Portable ladders with structural defects – such as broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps, broken or split rails, corroded components, or other faulty or defective components – must immediately be marked defective, or tagged with “Do Not Use” and withdrawn from service until repaired.

Fixed ladders with structural defects – such as broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps, broken or split rails, or corroded components – must be withdrawn from service until repaired.

Defective fixed ladders are considered withdrawn from use when they are: a) immediately tagged with “Do Not Use”;



b) marked in a manner that identifies them as defective; c) blocked – such as with a plywood attachment that spans several rungs.

Ladder repairs must restore the ladder to a condition meeting its original design criteria before the ladder is returned to use.

Major repairs to portable ladders will not be performed. Ladders are to be replaced and not re-used. The damaged ladder must be destroyed prior to disposal.

Ladder Logs

At the time of inspection, we suggest you start/create a maintenance log for each ladder. We suggest you do your general maintenance at least monthly. General maintenance for ladders is a simple process of taking a little time to visually inspect all the parts, beams, fasteners and rungs for damage or wear.

This log can then be used to supplement your annual testing log for each ladder and will provide a useful history to be able to track any and all ladder damages or repairs that may happen. Provide one log for each ladder.

Sample Ladder Log

Date:_________________________________

Ladder Type: _________ Ext. _____________ Roof _______________ Other

Length:_________________

Parts:

Feet: _________ O.K. __________ Not O.K. Locks: _________ O.K. __________ Not O.K. Rope/Cable: _________ O.K. __________ Not O.K. Beams: _________ O.K. __________ Not O.K. Rungs: _________ O.K. __________ Not O.K.

Noted Problems: (When and where for future reference) ____________________________________________________________________________

Visual: (Small dents) ____________________________________________________________________________

Corrections Required: ____________________________________________________________________________

Date Fixed: __________________________________________________________________

Ladder Sections Cleaned and Re-waxed and Returned to Service: ____________________________________________________________________________

Date: __________________________ Signature: ___________________________________

Please print name: _________________________________



Aluminum Ladders: (Conducts electricity.) Soap and water works well – Aluminum is a malleable metal and is subject to dents and nicks etc. Note: Small dents and/or nicks on the beams and rungs are not uncommon and are not a cause for alarm. If there are any concerns about dents, etc., do a load test to be sure the dents are not serious. Be sure to record the location and size for future reference. Be sure rungs are all tight as the rung to rail joint is the only thing that holds the two beams together. If any rung is loose – remove the ladder from service and repair before further use.

Fiberglass Ladders: (Non-conductive) Soap and water works well – Fiberglass is not malleable and does not dent; however, nicks and scratches and scrapes can be very common. If there are any doubts, do a load test to be sure the nicks and scratches are not serious. Repairs of small surface nicks and scratches generally require only slight sanding of same and an application of clear epoxy glue to the nick or scratch. Be sure to sand smooth after the glue dries. Note: This type of repair is only to be used for small surface scratches, etc. and only after a load test has been passed.

Wood Ladders: (Non-conductive) Soap and water works well – Wood rails and wood rungs expand and contract with changes of both humidity and temperatures. Because of this problem, it is very important that rung tightness is checked regularly and any and all rung tie rods be checked to be sure they are tight. Remember: Only the rung to rail joint holds the side beams together. In cold regions of the country the heat from buildings causes the rungs to become loose as the wood shrinks from the loss of moisture. Wood Beam Truss Models: These wood models are constructed with top and bottom wood pieces and truss blocks/rung blocks between the top and bottom wood truss rails. Warning: The wood joints/glue joints between the blocks and strips are very likely to fail if the bolts and nuts are not kept tight. Be sure these bolts are tight before any load testing is ever done. Remember: It is 4 times harder to carry the load horizontally/flat than it is at 75 degrees or in erected position. The visual inspection part of your maintenance program becomes very important on any wood ladder as most noticeable damaged areas require immediate attention and repair just to maintain the varnish finish and keep the wood from deteriorating.

Only a load test can tell you if the ladder can still carry the load it was designed to carry and only a 500 lb center load test can tell if the ladder has a 4:1 safety factor.



Roof Ladders: Maintenance on roof ladders is the same as already covered under the previous sections. Refer to the proper section that covered the type of material you have in service.

Folding Ladders: Maintenance is the same as the general maintenance covered earlier – refer to the proper section covering the type of material that is in service. When these rung mounting rivets become sloppy and loose, we suggest you replace the ladder as these rivets are brass and are meant to provide a hinge/bearing assembly for this folding rung assembly. Be sure the lock assembly is also tight and properly locks the ladder in the open position. These lock assemblies can be tightened – carefully – with a hammer and punch.

A-Frame/Combination Ladders: Refer to the proper section that covered the type of material you have in service. Inspect the hinge hardware and fasteners and replace anything that appears to be worn, damaged or rusty. A few drop of any type of oil works well on the hinges and of course, soap and water works well on all the other parts. Check the spreader arms, bars and parts to be sure everything still works and fits together properly. These parts are vital in the A-frame position and must be able to properly engage before the ladder would be safe to use in the A-frame position.

35-A Jackknife Locks: These locks must be engaged before using the ladder as a single ladder. Note that the hinge of this model must be under the ladder/bottom side as you climb to be in the proper use position. This allows the butt ends of the rails to pinch together under load rather than allowing the entire load to be on the locks. Use with the hinge on top of the rails is not safe.

Ladder Parts/Accessories:

Ladder locks/Pawls: Spring operated, automatic lock assemblies that engage and lock upper sections to lower sections, always operating in pairs. 1. Lock housing & cover plate (not shown) 2. Lock hook 3. Finger (note position) 4. Spring 5. Mounting bolt holes 6. Shoulder bolt hole



These lock assemblies always have a rung mounted between them. This rung that is used between the locks is the only rung (except for some roof hook models) that is not fastened to the side rails. A special rung mount bracket is used because these rungs are not mounted to the side rails. The rung is fastened to this by 4 each rivet, which must be removed and replaced if the locks are removed. Note: Lock assemblies are to be tight, but the housing can be crushed and the lock parts pinched if the mounting bolts are over-tightened. Flush the housings with soap and water and apply some oil to the pivot points prior to returning the ladder to service. Prong Feet/Spikes/Butt Spurs and End Caps: These parts are either aluminum or steel and are fastened to the side rails with rivets and/or bolts. Check these parts for shape and tightness and replace or tighten as needed when checking the rest of the ladder assembly. Bolts and rivets have been know to be sheared off and/or loosen after walking a ladder or using it to break windows and doors. Safety Shoes: A rubber padded extra swivel foot or shoe mounted to the bottom of the section. These rubber safety shoes are offered as a ladder option to the standard prong foot/spike. The rubber safety shoe is meant to be used on hard, smooth surfaces where spikes may slip because they cannot dig in. These safety shoes also may rust, and because of this, they require cleaning and checking at least yearly. Pulleys and Halyards: All larger extension ladders are supplied with halyards (rope) and pulleys so the upper sections can be easily extended. Pulleys: The present pulleys are all aluminum with brass oil-lite bushings supplied either as single or double sheave. Cleaning and oiling of pulleys is a good idea – recommended once a year. Halyards/Rope: The rope continually wears rapidly. If in doubt, always replace the rope.

Facility Services Safe Operating Procedure No. 0005 Safe Use of Ladders

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Training Requirements

The employer is required to provide training for each worker using ladders. The program must enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and to use proper procedures to minimize these hazards. Each worker is to be trained by a competent person in the follow areas, as applicable:

the nature of fall hazards in the work area;

the correct procedures for erecting, using, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems to be used;

the proper use, placement, and care in handling of all ladders; and

the maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used. Employees will be evaluated on their competency before being allowed to use ladders in the field. In addition, the employer must re-train each employee as necessary to maintain the understanding and knowledge acquired through compliance with the standard.


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Ladder Safety Questionnaire 1. How many rungs from the top should a person not work from and why? 2. How far do you place the ladder feet away from the base of the structure? 3. What do you look for when setting up a ladder? 4. When do you use a safety harness while working on a ladder? 5. What do you do when using a ladder in a passageway, doorway, driveway or other location

and why? 6. How and why do you attach a ladder stay across the back of a ladder? 7. Ladders should be erected so that a minimum of _____________extends above a landing

platform. 8. What are some of the situations that you do not use a ladder? 9. How do you set up an extension ladder weighing more than 25kg or 55lb; or where

conditions complicate the task 10. Chose a step ladder that is____________ shorter than the highest point you have to reach. Why? 11. What items do you inspect on a step ladder? 12. What items do you inspect on an extension ladder?


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Ladders

Fall arrest systems are required when working on ladders except for short duration work in which the 3-point rule is in effect.

Instability – Base of ladder positioned too far from wall. Sudden slipping can occur.

Preventing Falls from Ladders

Ensure ladder is resting against a firm structure and has 4 secure points of contact

Set up ladders with a 4 vertical to 1 horizontal slope

Extend ladders (other than a stepladder) approximately 1 m (3 feet) above a safe landing or parapet wall

Tie, block, or otherwise secure the ladder to prevent it from slipping

Protect ladders used in locations such as doorways or passageways from being bumped or knocked over

If required due to location or length, secure the ladder at the bottom and mid-point

Only short duration work can be performed from a position upon the ladder without utilizing fall protection systems. Note: 3 point contact must be maintained at all times

Use a fall protection system where a fall of 3 meters (10 feet) or more may occur or a fall from less than 3 meters involves an unusual risk of injury

Only one worker at a time is allowed on a single width ladder do not carry objects while climbing up or down a ladder

Do not use ladders for support, except ladder jack applications

Do not use ladder type material hoists for roof access unless it is designed for that purpose

Climbing and performing short duration work from ladders

Always face the ladder

Never work or reach outside the railings of the ladder

Always keep 3 point contact with the ladder (two legs and one arm)

Do not carry objects while climbing up or down the ladder Prevent Electrical Shock

Be aware of overhead electrical power lines

Avoid contact

Use an alternate means or location or access work areas

If unsure of clearance requirements, consult with your supervisor

For more specific instructions on ladders refer to Facility Services Safe Operating Procedure No. 0005, Sept 5, 2001

Remember


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Portable Ladder Safety: Selection, Use, and Maintenance These safety rules are a combination of OSHA regulations and proven commonsense procedures. This combination of safe equipment and its safe use can eliminate most ladder accidents. Ladder Selection 1. Be sure the ladder being used has the proper duty rating to carry the

combined weight of the user and the material being installed. 2. A ladder’s duty rating tells you its maximum weight capacity. There are four categories of

duty ratings:

3. Type IA and Type I ladders are the only acceptable ladders on a construction jobsite. 4. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requires that a duty rating sticker be

placed on the side of every ladder so users can determine if they have the correct type ladder for each task/job.

5. Be sure that metal steps and rungs are grooved or roughened to prevent slipping. 6. Use the proper size ladder for the job. The average craftsman will generally work most

comfortably at his shoulder level, which is about 5 feet above where he stands. Since the


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craftsman must stand at least 2 feet down from the top of a ladder, the maximum working height would be about 3 feet above the top of the ladder or 5 feet minus 2 feet. For example, a 5-foot stepladder would give an effective working height of 8 feet or 5 feet plus 3 feet. When using straight or extension ladders, the craftsman stands 3 feet down from the top, which gives an effective working height of 2 feet above the ladder top.

Ladder Inspection

1. Always check a ladder before using it. Inspect wood ladders for cracks and splits in the wood. Check all ladders to see that steps or rungs are tight and secure. Be sure that all hardware and fittings are properly and securely attached. Test movable parts to see that they operate without binding or without too much free play. Inspect metal and fiberglass ladders for bends and breaks.

2. Never use a damaged ladder. Tag it “Defective” and report it to the boss so that it may be removed from the job.

Ladder Setup

1. Place ladder feet firmly and evenly on the ground or floor. Make sure the ladder is sitting straight and secure before climbing it. If one foot sits in a low spot, build up the surface with firm material.

2. Do not try to make a ladder reach farther by

setting it on boxes, barrels, bricks, blocks or other unstable bases.

3. Do not allow ladders to lean sideways. Level

them before using. 4. Brace the foot of the ladder with stakes or place

stout boards against the feet if there is any danger of slipping.

5. Never set up or use a ladder in a high wind,

especially a lightweight metal or fiberglass type. Wait until the air is calm enough to insure safety.

6. Never set up a ladder in front of a door unless the door is locked or a guard is posted. 7. Do not use ladders on ice or snow unless absolutely necessary. If they must be used on ice

or snow, use spike or spur-type safety shoes on the ladder feet and be sure they are gripping properly before climbing.

8. Use Safety shoes on ladder feet whenever there is any possibility of slipping.


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Ladder Climbing and Standing 1. Keep the steps and rungs of ladders free of grease, oil, wet paint, mud, snow, ice, paper and

other slippery materials. Also clean such debris off your shoes before climbing a ladder. 2. Always face a ladder when climbing up or down. Use both hands and maintain a secure grip

on the rails or rungs. 3. Never carry heavy or bulky loads up a ladder. Climb up yourself first, and then pull up the

material with a rope. 4. Climb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the centre of the steps or rungs. 5. Do not overreach from a ladder, or lean too far to one side. Overreaching is probably the

most common cause of falls from ladders. A good rule is to always keep your belt buckle inside the rails of a ladder. Work as far as you can reach comfortably and safely, then move the ladder to a new position.

6. Never climb onto a ladder from the side, from above the top or from one ladder to another. 7. Never slide down a ladder. Proper Use of Ladders 1. Never use metal ladders around exposed electrical wiring. Metal ladders should be marked

with tags or stickers reading “CAUTION – Do Not Use Around Electrical Equipment” or similar wording. RULE of THUMB: If the overhead power line is 50kV or less, then stay at least 10 feet away. For everything else, keep at least 35 feet away.

2. When using a ladder where there is traffic, erect warning signs or barricades to guide traffic

away from the foot of the ladder. If this is not possible, have someone hold and guard the bottom of the ladder.

3. Do not try to move a ladder while you are on it by rocking, jogging or pushing it away from a

supporting wall. 4. Never use a ladder when under the influence of alcohol, on drugs or medications, or in ill

health. 5. If you get sick, dizzy or panicky while on a ladder, do not try to climb down in a hurry. Wait.

Drape your arms around the rungs; rest your head against the ladder until you feel better. Then climb down slowly and carefully.

6. Do not leave tools or materials on top of ladders. If they fall on you, you can be hurt. If they

fall on someone else, your company can be sued.


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7. Never push or pull anything sideways while on a ladder. This puts a side load on the ladder and can cause it to tip out from under you.

8. Allow only one person at a time on a ladder unless the ladder is specifically designed for two

people. 9. Never use a ladder as a horizontal platform, plank, scaffold or material hoist. 10. Be cautious about homemade ladders. Never use ladders made by fastening cleats across a

single narrow rail, post or pole. 11. Never use a ladder on a scaffold platform. If you can’t reach, the scaffold should be higher. Proper Ladder Care and Storage

1. Keep all ladder and their accessories, especially safety shoes, in good condition. 2. Wood ladders, which are to be used outside, should be treated to prevent weather damage.

A clear finish or transparent penetrating preservative should be used. Linseed oil is a good treatment for a wood ladder, although it does add some weight to a ladder. An oil treatment also helps to rustproof the metal parts of a wood ladder.

3. Never paint a wood ladder. This will cover dangerous cracks or fill and hide them. 4. Never sit on ladder side rails. 5. Never use a metal or fiberglass ladder which has been exposed to fire or strong chemicals, it

should be discarded. 6. Never store materials on a ladder. 7. Store wood ladders where they will not be exposed to excessive heat or dampness. Store

fiberglass ladders where they will not be exposed to sunlight or other ultraviolet light sources. 8. Be sure that ladders are properly supported and secured when in transit. Vibration and

bumping against other objects can damage them. 9. Store ladders on racks, which give them proper support when not in use. Additional Safety Rules for Stepladders

1. Never use a stepladder over 20 feet long. 2. Always open a stepladder completely and make sure the spreader is locked open before

using the ladder. 3. Never substitute makeshift devices of wire or rope for stepladder spreaders.


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4. Do not stand higher than the second step from the top of a stepladder.

Especially, do not stand or sit on the top cap, or stand on the pail shelf, or on the back of a stepladder.

5. Do not straddle the front and back of a stepladder.

Additional Safety Rules for Single Ladders and Extension Ladders

Ladder Selection and Inspection

1. Remember that the sections of an extension ladder should overlap enough to retain the strength of the ladder using the following table:

Length of Ladder Required Overlap Up to 36 feet 3 feet Over 36 to 48 feet 4 feet Over 48 to 60 feet 5 feet

Of course, the usable length of the ladder is shortened by the amount of the overlap.

2. Never splice or tie two short ladders together to make a long section.

3. Top support for a ladder is as important as good footing. The top should rest evenly against a flat, firm surface. If a ladder is to be leaned against roof gutters, the strength and stability of the gutters should first be tested.

4. When a ladder is used for access to an upper landing surface, it must extend three rungs, or at least three feet above the landing surface.

5. A ladder used for access to an upper landing surface should be secured against sideways movement at that top or held by another worker whenever it is being used.

6. Extend an extension ladder only from the ground. Determine the needed height, extend and lock the fly section securely in place then set it up against the wall. Check for stability and support before climbing.

7. If possible, the base of a long ladder should be

secured to the ground and the top should be tied to the upper landing surface.

8. The technically proper angle for a non-self-supporting ladder is about 75 degrees above horizontal. This means that the base should be set out one-fourth of the ladder’s height to its top support point. For example, if a ladder is to be supported at a point 20 feet of the ground, its base should be set 5 feet out from the wall (20 feet divided by 4=5 feet). An easy way to


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measure this, if the ladder top will rest against the wall, is to pace off the length of the ladder or count the rungs, and divide by four to get the proper distance from the wall for placing the foot of the ladder.

9. If ladders are set up at a steeper angle than 75 degrees above horizontal they are more

likely to tip backward in use. As a minimum they must be tied off at the top to prevent this from happening.

10. If ladders are set up at an angle less than 75 degrees above horizontal they are more likely

to slide out from the bottom. Safety ladder shoes or base typing is a must in this case. 11. The distance from the foot of a ladder to the wall should never be more than one-half the

height to the support point, an angle of about 63 degrees above horizontal. Otherwise, more strain will be put on the side rails than they are designed to carry.

Ladder Climbing and Standing (a) Never stand on the two top rungs of a straight or extension ladder.

Proper Ladder Care and Storage 1. Metal bearings of extension ladder rung locks and

pulleys should be lubricated periodically, and between regular maintenance periods whenever necessary.

2. Ropes on extension ladders should be in good

condition. If they become frayed or badly worn, replace them.

Setting Up a Straight or Extension Ladder It is very important to learn the proper methods for setting up ladders. Unless setting up is done correctly, it can cause damage to the ladder and excessive physical strain on the user. Step 1: Lay the ladder on the ground with the base resting against the bottom of the wall and the top pointing away from the wall. Step 2: Starting at the top of the ladder, lift the end over your head and walk under the ladder to the wall, moving your hands from rung to rung as you go. Step 3: When the ladder is vertical, and the top touches the wall, pull out the base so that the distance away from the wall is about one-fourth of the height to the point of support.


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Step 4: Reverse this process to take down the ladder. Remember that you will be walking backwards, so check for obstacles in your path before starting. Also be careful to lower the ladder slowly so that you can keep it under control and prevent its falling on you.

LADDER SAFETY Portable Ladders Falls from portable ladders are a major source of serious injury. Be aware of the hazards and take proper precautions to prevent falling.

What to do before use: √ Inspect the ladder before and after each use.

√ Reject and tag any ladders that have defects. Have faulty ladders repaired or thrown out.

√ Use a ladder-designed for your task. Consider the strength, type, length and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) approval.

√ Get help when handling a heavy or long ladder.

√ Keep ladders away from electrical wires.

√ Tie off ladders at the top and secure bottom to prevent them from slipping.

√ Set up barricades and warning signs when using a ladder in a doorway or passageway.

√ Before mounting a ladder, clean the boot soles if they are muddy or slippery. Avoid climbing with wet soles. Ensure that footwear is in good condition.

√ Face the ladder when going up or down and when working from it.

√ Keep the centre of your body within the side rails.

√ Refer to safety regulations for specific measurement requirements.

What to avoid: √ Do not use a ladder in a horizontal position as a scaffold plank or runway.

√ Do not carry objects in your hands while on a ladder. Hoist materials or attach tools to a belt.

√ Do not work from top three rungs. The higher a person goes on a ladder, the greater the possibility that the ladder will slip out at the base.

√ Do not use items such as a chair, barrel or box as a makeshift ladder.

√ Do not use a portable ladder when other equipment is available. Replace a ladder with a fixed stairway or scaffold.

√ Do not join two short ladders to make a longer ladder. Side rails are not strong enough to support the extra load.

√ Do not paint wooden ladders. Defects may be hidden by the paint. Wood preservatives or clear coatings may be used.

Climbing a ladder: √ Check for overhead electrical wires before setting up a ladder.

√ Clear the area around base and top of the ladder of debris, tools and other objects.

√ Tie off yourself with a safety harness when working 3 m (10ft) or more off the ground or when working with both hands.

√ Ensure that only one person is on a single-width ladder. Only one person is allowed on each side of a double-width ladder.


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√ Maintain three-point contact by keeping two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand on the ladder at all times.

√ Grasp the rungs when climbing a ladder, not the side rails. If your foot slips on a ladder, holding onto rungs is easier than holding onto the side rails.

√ Wear protective footwear with slip-resistant soles and heels.

√ Ensure that all electrical equipment used during ladder work is in good condition and properly grounded.

√ Rest frequently to avoid arm fatigue and disorientation when the work requires you to look up and reach above your head.

√ Drape your arms over a rung and rest your head against another rung or side rail if you become dizzy or panicky. Climb down slowly.

√ Do not use a ladder in passageways, doorways, driveways or other locations where a person or vehicle can hit it. Set up suitable barricades or lock the doors shut.

√ Do not place a ladder against flexible or moveable surfaces. Do not straddle the space between a ladder and another object.

√ Do not erect ladders on boxes, carts, tables, scaffold or other unstable surfaces.

Ladder Storage: √ Return ladders to the storage area after use.

√ Store ladders where they are protected from the weather.

√ Support ladders horizontally on racks. To prevent sagging, support ladders every 2 m (6 ft).

√ Keep ladders clean and free of foreign materials.

√ Ensure that storage areas are easy to reach.

√ Keep wooden ladders in a well-ventilated location, away from dampness and excessive heat.

√ Avoid long overhangs beyond support points when transporting ladders on vehicles.

√ Pad racks on vehicles with soft material to reduce wear and road shocks.

√ Tie ladders to each support point to reduce damage.

√ Mark ladders which overhang vehicles with a red or orange flag.

√ Grasp ladders near the centre when carrying them.

√ Use caution carrying ladders through passageways, doorways, or any place where your view is obstructed.

√ Use a partner to help carry long or heavy ladders.

√ Ensure that you and your partner are on the same side when carrying a ladder. Stay in step. Work out in advance any hand or voice signals to coordinate stopping or changing direction.

√ Do not hang ladders from rails or rungs.

√ Do not store materials on ladders.


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√ Do not expose fiberglass ladders to excessive temperatures (above 93oC or 200oF)

√ Do not hold the front of ladders at head level when carrying them.

√ Do not expose plastic reinforced ladders to excessive sunlight. Ultraviolet light may cause the plastic resins to degrade. If the strength of the ladder is questionable, replace the ladder.

Securing a Ladder: √ Rest the top of the ladder against a solid surface that can withstand the load.

√ Attach a ladder stay across the back of a ladder where a surface cannot stand the load. Extend the stay across a window for firm support against the building walls or window frame.

√ Guard or fence off the area around a ladder erected in an area where persons have access.

√ Secure the ladder firmly at the top to prevent it from slipped sideways or the foot from slipping outwards.

√ Station a person at the foot of a ladder when it is not possible to tie at the top or secure it at the foot.

√ This is effective only for ladders up to 5m (16 ft) long.

√ Ensure that the person at the foot of the ladder faces the ladder with a hand on each side rail and one foot resting on the bottom rung.

√ Attach hooks on top of ladder rails where ladder is to be used at a constant height.

√ Do not rest a ladder on any rung. Only the side rails are designed for this purpose.

√ Secure the base of ladder to prevent accidental movement. Securing a ladder at the foot does not prevent a side slip at the top.

√ Use ladders equipped with non-slip feet. Otherwise nail a cleat to the floor or anchor the feet or bottom of the side rails.

Extension Ladders: √ Place ladders on a firm, level surface and ensure the footing is secure.

√ Erect extension ladders so that the upper section rests on (e.g. in front of) the bottom section. This means the bottom section “faces” a wall or other supporting surface (see figures below).

√ Place the ladder feet so that the horizontal distance between the feet and the top support is ¼ of the working length of the ladder. The ladder will be leaning at a 75o angle from the ground.

√ Raise and lower ladders from the ground. Ensure that locking ladder hooks are secure before climbing.

√ Erect ladders so that a minimum of 1 m (3 ft) extends above a landing platform. Tie the top at support points.

√ Where a ladder cannot be tied off at the top, station a person at the foot to prevent it from slipping. This method is only effective for ladders up to 5 m (16 ft) long. The person at the foot of the ladder should face the ladder with a hand on each side rail and with one foot resting on the bottom rung.


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√ Leave all tie-off devices in place until they must be removed before taking the ladder down.

√ Maintain the minimum overlap of sections as shown on a ladder label. Refer to safety regulations.

√ Do not use ladders near electrical wire.

√ Do not set up or take a ladder down when it is extended.

√ Do not overextend. Maintain minimum overlap of sections.

√ Do not climb higher than the fourth rung from the top of a ladder.

√ Do not use ladders on ice, snow or other slippery surfaces without securing ladders’ feet.

√ Do not extend top section of a ladder from above or by “bouncing” on a ladder.

√ Do not leave ladders unattended.

Setting up an extension ladder: √ Lay a ladder on the ground close to intended location. √ Brace ladder base using helper’s feet. √ Grasp the top rung with both hands, raise the top end over your head and walk toward the base of a ladder.

√ Grasp the centre of the rungs to maintain stability.

√ Move the erect ladder to the desired location. Lean it forward against the resting point. One person can erect a short ladder, step by step as follows:

√ Place the bottom of the ladder firmly against the base of a building or stationary object.

√ Lift the top of ladder, and pull upwards to raise a ladder to a vertical position.

√ Transfer a ladder to its required position when it is erect.

√ Keep a ladder upright and close to the body with a firm grip.

Step Ladders: √ Use a step ladder that is about 1 m (3 ft) shorter than the highest point you have to reach. This gives a wider, more stable base and place shelf at a convenient working height.

√ Open the step ladder spreaders and shelf fully.

√ Check stability. Ensure that all ladder feet are on a firm, level and non- slippery surface.

√ Place a step ladder at right angles to the work, with either the front or back of the steps facing the work.

When setting up an extension ladder, use the following method to avoid straining muscles or losing control of a ladder. With ladders weighing more than 25kg (55 lb), or where conditions complicate the task, have two persons set up a ladder, step by step, as follows:


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√ Keep the stepladder close to the work.

√ Avoid pushing or pulling stepladders from the side. Repeated sideways movement can make ladders wobbly since they are weaker or less stable in those directions.

√ Face the step ladder when climbing up or down. Keep your body centered between side rails. You have climbed too high if your knees are above top of the step ladder or if you cannot maintain a handhold on the ladder.

√ Maintain a firm grip. Use both hands when climbing.

√ Do not climb the back of a step ladder.

√ Do not push or pull stepladders sideways.

√ Do not use ladders in passageways, doorways, driveways or other locations where a person or vehicle can hit it. Set up suitable barriers or lock doors shut.

√ Do not overreach. Move step ladder when needed.

√ Do not “shift” or “walk” a step ladder when standing on it.

√ Do not stand, climb, or sit on the stepladder top or pail shelf.

√ Do not overload. Step ladders are meant for one person.

√ Do not use a step ladder as a brace or as a support for a work platform or plank

√ Do not climb a step ladder that is leaning against a wall. Use a straight ladder instead. √ Do not use stepladders on slippery surfaces.

√ Do not use step ladders on soft ground where one leg may sink farther into the ground than others.

√ Do not place step ladders on boxes, unstable bases or on scaffolds to gain additional height.

Ladder Inspections: Inspect new ladders promptly upon receipt.

Inspect ladders before each use.

Check the condition of ladders that have been dropped or have fallen before using them again. Inspect the following items on all ladders:

√ missing or loose steps or rungs (they are loose if you can move them by hand)

√ damaged or worn non-slip feet

√ loose nails, screws, bolts or nuts

√ loose or faulty spreaders, locks, and other metal parts in poor repair

√ rot, decay or warped rails in wooden ladders

√ cracks, split, worn or broken rails, braces, steps or rungs

√ sharp edges on rails and rungs

√ rough or splintered surfaces

√ corrosion, rust, oxidization and excessive wear, especially on treads.

√ twisted or distorted rails. Check ladders for distortion by sighting along the rails. Using a twisted or bowed ladder is hazardous.

√ missing identification labels

Inspect the following items on stepladders:

√ wobble

√ loose or bent hinges and hinge spreaders


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√ broken stop on a hinge spreader Inspect the following items on extension ladders:

√ loose, broken or missing extension locks

√ defective locks that do not seat properly when ladder is extended

√ sufficient lubrication of working parts

√ defective cords, chains and ropes

√ missing or defective pads or sleeves

Tag any defective ladders and take them out of service.

Clean fiberglass ladders every three months. Spray lightly with a clear lacquer or paste wax

Protect wooden ladders with a clear sealer or wood preservative

Replace worn or frayed ropes on extension ladders.

Lubricate pulleys on extension ladders regularly.

Do not make temporary or makeshift repairs.

Do not try to straighten or use bent or bowed ladders.

Climbing fixed ladders:

√ Wait until the other person has exited before ascending or descending

√ Use the appropriate safety devices (e.g., restraint belt, traveling fixture).

√ Maintain three-point contact by keeping two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand on a ladder always.

√ Face ladder and use both hands to grip the rungs firmly.

√ Place feet firmly on each rung.

√ Wear footwear with heels. Ensure that footwear is in good condition.

√ Clean muddy or slippery boot soles before mounting a ladder.

√ Rise or lower tools and materials using a hand-line.

Check for:

√ loose, worn and damaged rungs or side rails

√ damaged or a corroded cage

√ corroded guard, bolts and rivet heads

√ damaged or corroded handrails and brackets on platforms

√ broken or loose anchorages

√ weakened or damaged rungs on brick or concrete slabs

√ defects in climbing devices, including loose or damaged carrier rails or ropes

√ slippery surfaces from oil and ice

√ clutter obstructing the base of ladder or


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platform √ Avoid climbing with wet soles

√ Do not carry tools or materials in your hand while climbing. Carry small tools in a tool pouch.

√ Do not jump from a ladder. Check footing before descending a ladder.

√ Do not hurry up or slide down a ladder.


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LADDER PRE-USE INSPECTION CHECKLIST

EQUIPMENT #/DESCRIPTION: INSPECTED BY: Inspect new ladders upon receipt; Inspect ladders before each use: Check ladders that have been dropped or fallen.

OUT IN REMARKS

YES

NO

YES

NO

MISSING OR LOOSE STEPS OR RUNGS

CRACKED, SPLIT, WORN OR BROKEN RUNGS

EXCESSIVE WEAR ON RUNGS

DAMAGED OR WORN NON-SLIP FEET

LOOSE NAILS, SCREWS, BOLTS OR NUTS

ROT, DECAY OR WARPED RAILS (WOOD LADDERS)

CRACKS AND EXPOSED FIBREGLASS

CRACKED, SPLIT, WORN OR BROKEN RAILS

CRACKED, SPLIT, WORN OR BROKEN BRACES

SHARP EDGES ON RAILS AND RUNGS

TWISTED OR DISTORTED RAILS

SIGHT ALONG RAIL

ROUGH OR SPLINTERED SURFACES

CORROSION, RUST, OXIDATION

MISSING IDENTIFICATION LABELS

IN ADDITION INSPECT THE FOLLOWING ITEMS ON STEP LADDERS

WOBBLE

LOOSE OR BENT HINGES AND HINGE SPREADERS

BROKEN STOP ON A HINGE SPREADER

IN ADDITION INSPECT THE FOLLOWING ITEMS ON EXTENSION LADDERS

LOOSE, BROKEN OR MISSING EXTENSION LOCKS

DEFECTIVE LOCKS THAT DO NOT SEAT PROPERLY

SUFFICIENT LUBRICATION OF WORKING PARTS

DEFECTIVE CORDS, CHAINS AND ROPES

MISSING OR DEFECTIVE PADS OR SLEEVES

OTHER CONDTIONS AS NOTED

TAG ANY DEFECTIVE LADDERS AND TAKE THEM OUT OF SERVICE

CLEAN FIBREGLASS LADDERS EVERY THREE MONTHS. SPRAY LIGHTLY WITH A CLEAR LACQUER OR PASTE WAX

PROTECT WOOD LADDERS WITH A CLEAR SEALER OR WOOD PRESERVATIVE

REPLACE WORN OR FRAYED ROPES ON EXTENSION LADDERS

LUBRICATE PULLEYS ON EXTENSION LADDERS REGULARLY

DO NOT MAKE TEMPORARY OR MAKESHIFT REPAIRS

DO NOT TRY TO STRAIGHTEN OR USE BENT OR BOWED LADDERS


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LADDER SET UP AND USE CHECKLIST

SETTING UP A LADDER WORKER SUPERVISOR

SEE SEPARATE PROCEDURE FOR PRE-USE INSPECTION

PLACE THE LADDER FEET ¼ OF THE LADDER’S WORKING LENGTH (FOOT TO TOP SUPPORT POINT) AWAY FROM THE BASE OF THE STRUCTURE (FOR EVERY 4 FEET HIGH, THE BASE OF THE LADDER SHOULD BE OUT 1 HORIZONTAL FT.)

EXTEND THE LADDER AT LEAST 1 M (3 FT) ABOVE THE LANDING PLATFORM

PLACE THE LADDER ON A FIRM, LEVEL FOOTING. USE A LADDEER WITH SLIP RESISTANT FEET OR SECURE BLOCKING, HAVE SOMEONE HOLD THE LADDER

REST BOTH SIDE RAILS ON THE TOP SUPPORT – SECURE TO PREVENT SLIPPING

CLIMBING A LADDER

CHECK FOR OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL WIRES BEFORE SETTING UP A LADDER

CLEAR AREA AROUND BASE AND TOP OF LADDER OF DEBRIS, TOOLS, ETC.

TIE OFF YOURSELF WITH A SAFETY HARNESS WHEN WORKING 3 M (10 FT) OR MORE OFF THE GROUND OR WHEN WORKING WITH BOTH HANDS

ENSURE THAT ONLY ONE PERSON IS ON A SINGLE WIDTH LADDER. ONLY ONE PERSON IS ALLOWED ON EACH SIDE OF A DOUBLE-WIDTH LADDER

MAINTAIN THREE-POINT CONTACT BY KEEPING TWO HANDS AND ONE FOOT, OR TWO FEET AND ONE HAND ON THE LADDER AT ALL TIMES

GRASP THE RUNGS WHEN CLIMBING THE LADDER, NOT THE SIDE RAILS

WEAR PROTECTIVE FOOTWEAR WITH SLIP-RESISTANT SOLES AND HEELS

ENSURE THAT ALL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USED DURING LADDER WORK IS IN GOOD CONDITION AND PROPERLY GROUNDED

REST FREQUENTLY TO AVOID ARM FATIGUE AND DISORIENTATION WHEN THE WORK REQUIRES YOU TO LOOK UP AND REACH ABOVE YOUR HEAD

DRAPE YOUR ARMS OVER A RUNG AND REST YOUR HEAD AGAINST A RUNG OR SIDE RAIL IF YOU BECOME DIZZY OR PANICKY. CLIMB DOWN SLOWLY

DO NOT USE LADDER IN PASSAGES, DOORWAYS, DRIVEWAYS OR OTHER LOCATIONS WHERE A PERSON OR VEHICLE CAN HIT IT. USE BARRICADES

DO NOT PLACE A LADDER AGAINST FLEXIBLE OR MOVEABLE SURFACES

DO NOT STRADDLE THE SPACE BETWEEEN A LADDER AND ANOTHER OBJECT

DO NOT ERECT LADDERS ON BOXES, CARTS, TABLES, SCAFOLDING OR OTHER UNSTABLE SURFACES.

SECURING A LADDER

ATTACH A LADDER STAY ACROSS THE BACK OF A LADDER WHERE A SURFACE CANNOT STAND THE LOAD SUCH AS A WINDOW

GUARD OR FENCE AREAS WHERE OTHER PERSONS HAVE ACCESS

SECURE FIRMLY TOP AND BOTTOM TO PREVENT SIDEWAYS SLIPPAGE OR HAVE A PESON HOLD THE LADDER FIRMLY WHEN TYING IS NOT POSSIBLE; ONE HAND ON EACH RAIL AND FOOT RESTING ON BOTTOM RUNG

GUARD OR FENCE AREAS WHERE OTHER PERSONS HAVE ACCESS

DO NOT REST A LADDER ON ANY RUNG – SIDE RAILS ONLY

SUPERVISOR/TRAINER:



LADDER SET UP AND USE CHECKLIST

EXTENSION LADDERS WORKER SUPERVISOR

RAISE AND LOWER LADDERS FROM THE GROUND

LAY LADDER ON THE GROUND CLOSE TO INTENDED LOCATION

BRACE LADDER BASE USING A HELPER

GRASP THE TOP RUNG WITH BOTH HANDS, RAISE THE TOP END OVER YOUR HEAD AND WALK TOWARD THE BASE OF THE LADDER. KEEP HANDS CENTERED

TURN THE ERECT LADDER TO THE DESIRED LOCATION. LEAN ON REST POINT

ENSURE THAT LOCKING LADDER HOOKS ARE SECURE BEFORE CLIMBING

DO NOT OVER EXTEND. MAINTAIN THE MINIMUM OVERLAP OF SECTIONS AS SHOWN ON THE LADDER LABEL

DO NOT SET UP OR TAKE DOWN A LADDER WHILE IT IS EXTENDED

DO NOT CLIMB HIGHER THAN THE FOURTH RUNG FROM THE TOP

DO NOT EXTEND THE LADDER OR MOVE IT FROM ABOVE OR BY “BOUNCING” THE LADDER

DO NOT LEAVE LADDER UNATTENDED

STEP LADDERS

USE A STEP LADDER THAT IS ABOUT 1 M (3 FT) SHORTER THAN THE HIGHEST POINT YOU HAVE TO REACH

OPEN THE STEP LADDER SPREADERS AND SHELF FULLY

CHECK STABILITY. ENSURE FEET ARE ON A FIRM, LEVEL AND NON-SLIPPERY SURFACE

PLACE A STEPLADDER WITH THE STEPS FACING THE WORK

KEEP THE STEPLADDER CLOSE TO THE WORK

AVOID PUSHING OR PULLING STEP LADDERS FROM THE SIDE

FACE THE STEP LADDER WHEN CLIMBING UP OR DOWN

YOU HAVE CLIMBED TOO HIGH IF YOUR KNEES ARE ABOVE THE TOP OF STEP LADDER OR IF YOU CANNOT MAINTAIN A HANDHOLD ON THE LADDER

USE BOTH HANDS WHEN CLIMBING

DO NOT CLIMB THE BACK OF A STEP LADDER

DO NOT OVERREACH. MOVE THE STEP LADDER WHEN NEEDED

DO NOT SHIFT OR “WALK” A STEPLADDER WHEN STANDING ON IT

DO NOT STAND, CLIMB, OR SIT ON THE STEP LADDER TOP SHELF

DO NOT USE STEP LADDER AS A SUPPORT FOR A WORK PLATFORM OR PLANK

DO NOT USE STEP LADDER TO LEAN AGAINST A WALL. USE A STRAIGHT LADDER

SUPERVISOR/TRAINER:



OPERATIONS 685 Dease Road, Kelowna, BC V1X 4A4

Ph: (250) 491-4000 Fax: (250) 491-4010

LADDER INVENTORY

M - Metal

SCHOOL/FACILITY NAME: …………………………………………………………. W - Wood

F - Fiberglass

Ladder

No. Manufacturer Step Ladder

()

Extension Ladder

()

Step stool

()

Size (Ft.)

Grade (1,2,3)

Condition (Good ,fair, poor)

Tagged out of service

(Date)

Comments Initials

M W F M W F M W F


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PART 13: LADDERS, SCAFFOLDS AND TEMPORARY WORK PLATFORMS

LADDERS

Portable ladder Standards

13.1 (1) Except as otherwise permitted by this Part, portable ladder design, construction and use must meet the requirements of:

(a) CSA Standard (CAN3-Z11-M81, Portable Ladders, (b) ANSI Standard A14.1-1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders, (c) ANSI Standard A14.2-1990. Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders, or (d) other standard acceptable to the board.

(2) A manufactured portable ladder must be marked for grade and use, and must be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Job built ladders

13.2 A portable wooden ladder made at the job site must meet the following minimum requirements: (a) side rails must be

i. 38 mm x 89 mm (2 in X 4 in nominal) for lengths up to 5 m (16 ft to 24 ft); ii. 38 mm x 140 mm (2 in x 6 in nominal) for lengths from 5m to 7.3 m (16 ft to 24 ft);

(b) side rails must not be notched, dapped, tapered or spliced. (c) the distance between the inner faces of the side rails must not be less than 38cm (15 in) nor more than 50 cm

(20 in); (d) cleats must be

i. 19mm x 64 mm (1 in x 3 in nominal) for ladder lengths up to 5 m (16 ft), and ii. 19mm x 89 mm (1 in x 4 in nominal) for ladder lengths from 5 m to 7.3 m (16 ft to 24 ft);

(e) cleats must be i. spaced at 30 cm (12 in) centres, and ii. nailed directly onto the smaller surfaces of the side rails, using three 57 mm (2 ¼ in) wire nails on each

end of the 89 mm (4 in) cleats, and two similar nails on each end of the 64 mm (3 in) cleats; (f) the spaces on the side rails between the cleats must be filled with close fitting and well secured filler pieces

that are the same thickness as the cleats; (g) a double cleat ladder must have 3 rails evenly spaced, and be 107 cm to 127 cm (42 in to 50 in) wide, and

have continuous cleats which extend the full width of the ladder; (h) ladder components made from timber materials must be

i. from lumber graded Number 2 or better and species limited to Douglas fir-larch, hemlock-fir, or coast Sitka spruce, and ii graded to National Lumber Grades Authority Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber, or other grading rules acceptable to the board

Protective coatings

13.3 A protective coating applied to a wooden ladder, other than a small amount for identification purposes, must be transparent to allow any defects to be discovered by inspection.

Inspection 13.4 A portable ladder must be inspected fore use, and a ladder with a loose, broken or missing rung, a split side rail, or other hazardous defect must be removed from service.

Inclination and support

13.5 When in use, a portable single or extension ladder must (a) Be placed so that the horizontal distance from the base to the vertical horizontal distance from the base to the

vertical plane of support is approximately ¼ of the length between supports, and (b) Have the lower ends of the ladder side rails rest on a firm and level base and the upper support of the side

rails must be on a bearing surface strong enough to safely withstand the applied loads

Length

13.6 A ladder must be of sufficient length to project approximately 1 m (3 ft) above the level of the upper landing to which it provides access, unless there is limited clearance limited clearance and the ladder is adequately secured.

Footing

13.7 A portable single or extension ladder must be positioned, and if necessary secured, to ensure stability during use.

One restrictions

13.8 (1) a worker must not work from the top 2 rungs of a portable single or extension ladder or the top 2 steps of a step ladder unless permitted by the manufacturer.

(2) a ladder must not be used as a scaffold component, nor as a horizontal walkway, ramp or work platform support unless it is part of a pre-manufactured or engineered system.

(3) A worker may work from a portable ladder without fall protection provided that (a) the work is a light duty task of short duration at each location,

(b) the worker’s centre of gravity is maintained between the ladder side rails, (c) the worker will generally have one hand available to hold on to the ladder or other support, and (d) the ladder is not positioned near an edge or floor opening that would significantly increase the potential


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fall distance.

PART 13: LADDERS, SCAFFOLDS AND TEMPORARY WORK PLATFORMS

Single ladders 13.9 The length of a single ladder must not exceed

Grade of

ladder

Maximum length of ladder

meters feet

1 9 30

2 7.3 24

3 5 16

Extension ladders

13.10 The length of an extension ladder must no exceed

Minimum overlap

13.11 The sections of an extension ladder extended (a) up to 11 m (36 ft) must overlap at least 1 m (39 in) (b) over 11 m (36 ft) and up to 15 m (48 ft) must overlap at 1.2 m (4 ft), and (c) over 15 m (48 ft) and up to 22 m (72 ft) must overlap at least 1.5 m (5 ft)

Fixed Ladders 13.12 1) Except as provided in subsection (2), a fixed ladder must meet the requirements of ANSI Standard A14.3-1992, American National Standard for Ladders – Fixed – Safety Requirements, or other standard acceptable to the board.

2) A fixed ladder existing on or before July 1, 1978, and not conforming to the current or an earlier edition of ANSI Standard A14.3 – 1992, or other standard acceptable to the board, may remain in use subject to modifications as may be necessary following inspection by an officer.

3) A continuous space of at least 18 cm (7 in) must be provided behind the rungs of a fixed ladder. 4) Ladder rungs must be omitted above the landing and the side rails must extend at least 107 cm

(42 in) above the landing.

Special purpose ladders

13.13 A special purpose ladder such as a ship’s ladder, escape ladder, individual rung ladder or a ladder visible to the audience in a theatre scenic unit or prop must be engineered or constructed to a standard acceptable to the board.

Carrying restriction

13.14 Heavy or bulky objects or other objects which may make ascent or descent unsafe must not be carried by a worker using a ladder.

Note: A worker should be able to use both hands to assist with climbing when going up or down a

ladder.

Grade of

ladder

Number

of sections

Maximum length of ladder

meters feet

1 2 3

18 22

60 72

2 2 3

15 18

48 60

3 2 9.5 32

SECTION 3.7.6 LADDER SAFETY · LADDER SAFETY Introduction Purpose and Definition Straight and...

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