Section 3-4 Denver Dogg. Stresses in the Muslim World the muslim world expanded from western africa...
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Transcript of Section 3-4 Denver Dogg. Stresses in the Muslim World the muslim world expanded from western africa...
![Page 1: Section 3-4 Denver Dogg. Stresses in the Muslim World the muslim world expanded from western africa to southeast asia in the 1500’s 3 giant muslim empires.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e025503460f94aec662/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Section 3-4Denver Dogg
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Stresses in the Muslim World
• the muslim world expanded from western africa to southeast asia
• in the 1500’s 3 giant muslim empires ruled much of the world. the mughals of india, the ottomans in the middle east, and safavids in iran
• 1700’s and 3 empires were in decline
• central governments had lost control over powerful groups like landowning nobles, military elites, and urban craft guilds
• muslim scholars and religious leaders were allied with the state
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cont. • 1700’s and 1800’s reform movements sprang up
across the muslim world
• the wahhabi movement
• they wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammad’s original teachings
• islamic revivals rose in africa
• in the 1880’s the mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted british expansion into the region
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cont.
• the old muslim empires faced western imperialism
• through diplomacy and military threats european powers won treaties giving trading terms
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Problems for the Ottoman Empire
• the ottoman empire had extended across the middle east, north africa, and southeast europe
• economic and corruption added to ottoman decay
• internal revolts weakened the ottoman empire
• ottomans suppressed these uprisings, but egypt slipped out of there control
• european states sought to benefit from crumbling ottoman empire
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cont.• france hoped to gain more ottoman territory
• russia schemed to gain controll of the bosporus and dardanelles, controls like this could give russians access to mediterranean sea
• in 1898 the new german empire jumped onto the bandwagon hoping to increase region building a railway
• since the late 1700’s several ottomans rulers had seen the need for reform and looked to the west, they reorganized the bureaucracy and system of tax collection
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cont.• they built railroads, improved education, and
hired european officers to train a modern military
• young men were sent to the west to study new science and technology, many returned with great ideas about democracy and equality
• it brought better medical care and farming, it also increased population
• in the 1890’s a group of liberals formed a movement called the young turks. the young turks overthrew sultan
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cont.• the ottomans had let minority nationalities live
in their own communities and practiced their own religions
• the muslim turks distrusted the christain armenians and accuses them of supporting russian plans against ottoman empire
• when armenians protested repressive ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered, over the 25 years a million or more armenians in the ottoman empire were killed
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Egypt Seeks to Modernize
• egypt in 1800 were semi independent province of the ottoman empire
• in early 1800’s they made great strides toward reform, their success was because of Muhammad ali who was appointed governor of eygpt in 1805
• muhammad ali was sometimes called “father of modern egypt”.
• he introduced a number of political and economic reforms, he improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding expanding cotton production and encouraging the development of local industry
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cont.• he also brought western military experts to
egypt to help him build a well trained modern army
• he conquered neighboring lands of arabia, syria, and sudan.
• before he died in 1849 he set egypt on the to becoming a major middle eastern power
• in 1859, a french entrepreneur, Ferdinand de lesseps organized a company to build the suez anal
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cont.• this 100 mile waterway links the mediterranean
and red seas
• eurpeans hailed its opening in 1869 because it greatly shortened the sea route from europe south and east asia
• in 1875 the ruler of egypt couldn't pay off loans he contracted for the canal and other modernized projects
• to pay off his debts he was forced to sell his shares in the canal, british prime minister bought shares and gave britain control over the canal
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Iran and the European Powers
• iran faced many challenges in the 1800’s
• the government improved finances, sponsored the building of telegraph lines and railroads
• for a time each nation set up its own sphere of influence in iran russia operated in the north and britain in the south
• the discovery of the oil in the early 1900’s heightened foreign intrest in the region
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cont.
• both russia and britain intrigued for control of iranian oil fields
• concessions- special economic rights given to foreign powers
• to protect their interest they sent troops into iran, iranian nationalist were outraged
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Section 4
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East India Company and Sepoy Rebellion
• early 1600’s the british east india company won trading rights on the fringe of the mughal empire
• as power declines the companys grew, by mid 1800’s it controlled 3/5 of india
• the british were unable to conquer such a vast territory of india
• as mughal power crumbled, india fragmented
• the east india companys main goal in india was to make money, and leading officials often got very rich
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cont. • by 1850’s the east india company made serveral
unpopular moves
• sepoys- indian soliders
• angry sepoys rose up against british officers, several regiments marched of to delhi, the old mughal capital, there they hailed mughal as their leader
• the sepoy rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides
• also brought major changes in british policy
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British Colonial Rule • after 1858 parliament set up a system of colonial rule in
india
• viceroy-
• british policies were designed to for india into the overall british economy, hoping they would modernize
• deforestation- cutting trees
• the british introduced medical improvements and new farming methods
• railroads helped indians move around the country
• upper classes benefited from british policies
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Different Views on Culture• some educated indians were impressed by
the british power and technology and urged india to follow a western model of progress
• the upperclass indian learned english and adapt to western ways, some even changed their beliefs
• in 1800’s, Ram Mohun Roy combined both views, he knew many other languages
• purdah- the isolation of women in separate quarters
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cont.
• he set up educational societies that helped revive pride in indian culture
• the british disagreed among themselves about india
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Indian Nationalism • during british rule a class of western educated indians
emerged
• late 1800’s western educated indians were spearheading a nationalist movement
• in 1885 nationalist leaders organized the indian national congress which became known as the congress party, they called for greater democracy
• muslims and hindus worked together for self rule, muslims grew to resent hindu domination of the congress party
• in 1906 muslims formed muslims league to pursue their own goals
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Looking Ahead
• by 1900’s protest and resistance to british rule increased
• more and more indians demanded not simply self rule but complete independence
• their goal would be achieved in 1947