CHAPTER 7IMMIGRATION AND

URBANIZATIONSection 2

The Challenges of Urbanization

Urban Opportunities

Immigrants Settle in Cities: Industrialization leads to Urbanization (growth of cities) Most immigrants settle in cities (cheap housing /

factory jobs) Americanization Movement (assimilate people

into main dominate culture)

Migration from Country to City: Farm technology decreases need for labor. African American migrate North and West looking for

jobs and fleeing segregation(However, they find segregation and discrimination in the North too)

Urban Problems Housing:

Working –class families line in boardinghouses. Tenements – multifamily urban dwellings,

overcrowded, and unsanitary. Row House – Sharing side walls with other

buildings . (Provided single-family homes for working class families)

Transportation: Mass Transit – move large # of people. Transit system link city to suburbs.

Water: Early cities had inadequate or no piped water, indoor

plumbing rare. Filtration introduced in 1870s, Chlorination in 1908.

Sanitation: Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor

trash collection. By 1900, cities develop sewer systems, and create

sanitation departments.

Crime: Thieves flourished as population grew. Murder increased Police force too small to be effective

Fire: Fire Hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles,

kerosene heaters. 1900, most cities have full-time fire departments. Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make

cities safer.

Reformers Mobilize

The Settlement House Movement: Social Gospel Movement – preaches salvation

through service to poor. (SOCIAL REFORM) Settlement Houses – community centers in

the slums Ran by college-educated women (SOCIAL

REFORMERS) Provided education, cultural, and social

services. Send visiting nurses to the sick Help with personal, job, and financial problems Jane Addams founds the Hull House with Ellen

Gates Starr in 1889.