SALONI BAID, ANGELA CIPOLA,EZRA KASSIN, Stephany Carvajal DOLLAR TREE, INC.
Section 18: Health and Well-Being Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin.
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Transcript of Section 18: Health and Well-Being Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Health and Well-Being
Mind Over Matter
The Self and Well-Being
Stress and Health
Coping with Stress
©2006 Prentice Hall
What’s Your Prediction?Does Stress Lower Resistance?
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) A new subfield of psychology that
examines the interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system
©2006 Prentice Hall
Mind Over Matter
“For a wide range of afflictions, 30 to 40 percent of patients experience relief after taking a placebo.” Walter A. Brown
Placebo Effect A placebo is any medical intervention
designed to improved one’s condition merely via the power of suggestion.
©2006 Prentice Hall
The Self and Well-Being The Self-Awareness “Trap”
Self-Awareness Theory Self-focused attention leads people to notice
their shortcomings, thus motivating a change in behavior or an escape from self-awareness
©2006 Prentice Hall
The Self and Well-Being Positive Illusions
Unrealistic Optimism
Regarding their future, students tend to rate their own chances as above average for positive events and below average for negative events.
Stress and Health
Health Psychology The study of the links between psychological factors and physical health and illness
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health Leading Causes of Death, 1900-2000
Since 1900, heart disease, cancer, and strokes have replaced infectious diseases as the major causes of death.
Behavioral factors contribute to each of these leading causes of death.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Sources of Stress
Stress and Coping
Stress: An aversive state of arousal triggered by the perception that an event threatens the ability to cope effectively.
Although stressful events have effects on the body, the way people cope can promote health or illness.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Sources of Stress Catastrophes
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) An anxiety disorder triggered by an extremely
stressful event, such as combat
Major Life Events Microstressors
Result in the most significant source of stress
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Physiological Effects of Stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Physiological Effects of StressPersonality & Coronary Heart Disease Type A Personality
Characterized by an impatient, hard-driving, and hostile pattern of behavior
Type B Personality Characterized by an
easygoing, relaxed pattern of behavior
People with Type A personality are more prone to coronary heart disease (CHD).
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Physiological Effects of Stress
Pathways From Stress to CHD
Under stress, people engage in behaviors that are less healthy and they are more physiologically reactive.
Both of these contribute to coronary heart disease.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Immune System
A biological surveillance system that detects and destroys “nonself” substances that invade the body
Lymphocytes Specialized white blood cells that secrete
chemical antibodies and facilitate the immune response
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Immune System
Immune System Components
B cell migrates to a blood
vessel
Killer T-cell attacks a tumor
cell
Macrophage traps and ingests a
bacterium
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Immune System
Pathways From Stress to Illness
Negative emotional states (stress) can lead to unhealthy behaviors and trigger the release of hormones that suppress immune system activity.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Stress and Health The Immune System
Stress Duration and Illness
Volunteers were interviewed about life stressors, then infected with cold virus.
As length of stress increased, so did the likelihood of catching the cold.
Stress impairs immune system functioning.
Coping With StressCoping Strategies
Two general types of coping strategies Problem-focused coping, which is designed to reduce stress by dealing with the problem Emotion-focused coping, in which one tries to manage the negative emotions
Thought Suppression Can be maladaptive Distraction works better
Relaxation Aerobic Exercise
©2006 Prentice Hall
Coping With StressCoping Strategies
Relaxation and the Heart
Heart attack patients were taught to relax their pace. A control group
received standard medical care.
After three years, relaxation-trained patients suffered 50% fewer second heart attacks.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Coping With Stress The “Self-Healing Personality” Hardiness
It acts as a buffer against stress. It is a personality style characterized by commitment,
challenge, and control. Commitment
Sense of purpose in work, family, and life Challenge
Openness to new experiences and change Control
Belief that one has the power to influence important future outcomes
©2006 Prentice Hall
Coping With Stress The “Self-Healing Personality” Hopelessness and the Risk of Death In Finland, middle-age
men were rated for hopelessness.
Six years later, higher ratings of hopelessness predicted risk of overall death, cancer, and heart attack.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Coping With Stress Social Support
Much evidence shows that social support has therapeutic effects. Women with breast cancer who joined support
groups lived an average of eighteen months longer than women who did not join these groups.
Across gender, age, income level, and ethnicity, social support lowers mortality rates.
©2006 Prentice Hall
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Estimated number of adults and children living with AIDS at the start of 2000