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SECTION 1
THE MOVEMENT
BEGINS
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Outlawed segregation in public places
Ruled unconstitutional in 1883
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875
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1890 - 1896LouisianaRailroad
Ruled that it is constitutional
to have “separate but
equal” facilities
PLESSY V. FERGUSON
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Segregation lawsInterracial marriages
Separate schoolsStreet cars
Waiting roomsElevators
Witness standsRestrooms
Water fountains
JIM CROW LAWS
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De Facto Tradition—just the way things have
beenDe Jure
By law- written guidelinesMigration north to escape
discrimination
TWO TYPES OF SEGREGATION
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1909WEB DuBois
Work through the court system to address civil rights issues
Main Goal?
NAACP
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• Brought relief• Changed political party loyalty to the Democratic
party
NEW DEAL
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• Set the stage for the C.R.M. -Job openings - - Served in armed forces -- Returning veterans wanted to change
things -- Civil Rights organizations fought for
changes• FDR prohibited discrimination in federal
agencies and war industries • Truman integrated the entire armed forces
WORLD WAR II
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Congress of Racial EqualityCORESit-ins
-A form of non-violent protest used during the CRM
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1938 - Recruited to bring segregation
cases before Supreme Court
23 years29 of 32 cases
Most famous case
THURGOOD MARSHALL
BROWNV.
BOARD OFEDUCATIONBROWN II
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS -Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. -No real guidelines for the decision-no time frame. Brown v. Board II -Schools must integrate with all deliberate speed.
-Develop a plan and actively pursue it.
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Result of Brown casesSouthern congress members
issued the manifesto.
Resist integration “by all lawful means”
SOUTHERN MANIFESTO
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Summer 1955
Money, MS
EMMETT TILL
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Dec 1, 1955Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King led groupDecember 5, 1955
Supreme Court ruled in 1956December 21, 1956
381 days
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
Economic Boycott
Considered thebeginning of the
civil rights movement
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• SOUL FORCE- his brand of non-violent resistance
• Thoreau-Civil disobedience-the refusal to obey an unjust law
• Randolph-Organization Skills• Gandhi-Non violence -resist oppression
w/o violence
• Jesus-Love your enemies
MARTIN LUTHER KING’S PHILOSOPHY
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Founded by ministers and CR leaders
Ella Baker- 1st director of SCLS
PurposeCarry out non-violent crusades
against the evils of second class citizenship/fight for Civil Rights
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE- SCLC
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• The Enforcer• Little Rock Nine- Sept.
1957• Gov. Orval Faubus• Little Rock 9
-Elizabeth Eckford
EISENHOWER AND CIVIL RIGHTS
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• First since reconstruction• Gave Federal Government
authority over violations of African American voting rights
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957
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Section 2
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Greensboro-location of one of the 1st sit-ins Jesse Jackson / NCJackson, MS-held at the Woolworth's dept. store
SIT-INS
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• Wanted things to happen quicker
• HS and college students• More confrontational
Ella Baker and Marion Barry
STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE-
SNCC
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1964Freedom Democratic Party
National Democratic Convention
FANNIE LOU HAMER
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1961- organized byCOREWashington DC to South-testing the law that said the
interstate system & bus stations could not be segregated
• Montgomery & Birmingham• Bull Conner, police commissioner – Birmingham
The Kennedys arranged for federal marshals to escort the riders through the south
FREEDOM RIDERS
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• Campaigned to support Civil Rights• Martin Luther King – jail
• However - once in office… Did not push bc of Cold War
• Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
• Stop federal bureaucracy from discriminating in hiring and promoting
JFK AND CIVIL RIGHTS
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September 1962
Ole MissGov. Barnett
JFK
JAMES MEREDITH
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Cuban Missile Crisis – Oct. 1962King meets with CR leadersHow to desegregate the city
April 12-MLK arrested (famous letter)May 2-Childrens March
Bull ConnorMay 3- 2nd
--Children's March this time with TV cameras
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMAAPRIL 3, 1963
Convinced JFKa Civil Rights
bill was neededJune 11
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“Are we to say to the world and much more
importantly to each other - - that this is the land of the free,
except for the Negros?”
JUNE 11, 1963
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Leader of the MS NAACP
Killed on June 11, 1963 in Jackson, MSByron De La
Beckwith-tried 3x. First 2 were hung juries. Finally convicted in 1991.
MEDGAR EVERS
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August 28, 1963- Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial
250,000 people / 75,000 whitesSupport for the Civil Rights Bill
King’s “I Have a Dream” speech
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
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November 22, 1963
JFK’S ASSASSINATION
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Filibuster-tactic used in Congress to delay a vote on a Bill.
Cloture-a vote to silence the filibuster.
July 2, 1964 --Signed by LBJProhibited segregation in public places because of race, religion,
national origin, or gender
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
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SNCC focused on this issue24th Amendment
-eliminated the poll tax requirement to vote
STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS
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Summer of 1964Robert Moses-organized the event
Goodman, Chaney, Schwerner
FREEDOM SUMMER
College students from the north came south to help African Americans to read so that they could pass the literacy requirement to vote.
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½ Of population was African American3% of voters were African American
King’s plan- organized several marches to protest
By end of January >2000 arrested
SELMA MARCH- 1965
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Sheriff Jim Clark- (like Bull Connor) had church meeting disrupted
Jimmie Lee Jackson-killed trying to protect his mom
54 mile march to Montgomery(from Selma)- To show support for the Voting Rights Bill
Bloody Sunday – March 7, 1965600
Johnson calls for congress to…Sunday March213000 set out25,000 w/ Federal
Protection
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Eliminated literacy test to voteVoting population changed
1964
1968 Selma Mississippi
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
10%
7% 67%
60%
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NEW ISSUES
SECTION 3
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De jure segregation- accomplished
De facto segregation- the focus
FOCUS OF THE MOVEMENT
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Aug 11, 1965Los AngelesDrunk driver6 days
34 killed, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests
$30-40 million in damages
WATTS RIOT
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a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours African American bar
Burning, looting, skirmishes 43 dead , 1189 wounded
7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed$250 million in damages
DETROIT RIOT- 1967
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Study causes of urban violenceWhite racism is the cause
1- nation splitting into 2 societies2- called for creation of new jobs
and better housing3- called for an end to de facto
segregation
KERNER COMMISSION
Never endorsed byJohnson – too busy with -
Great Society and Vietnam War
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King lived in the slum area (SCLC)
Rallied the mayor and governor about the horrible conditions
CHICAGO FREEDOM MOVEMENT
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Malcolm Little –1925Jail 1946 (serves 6 years)
Elijah Muhammad Nation of Islam
1952His message
Armed Self Defense Mecca
New messageFeb 21, 1965
MALCOLM X
he warned that African Americans would use "any means necessary" – especially armed self defense – once they realized just how pervasive and hopelessly entrenched white racism had become
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On the date of April 3, 1964, Malcolm X delivered a speech to the American public called, The Ballot or the Bullet.
Throughout the speech, African-Americans were encouraged to stand up for their rights and vote. He also states that in
the event of non-compliance for equality from the government, that they might need to take matters into their
own hands and take up the use of arms. The main goal of the speech was to motivate African-Americans to join the Civil Rights Movement and stop
disfranchisement.Malcolm stated that African-Americans must use the ballot or
the bullet, they must defend themselves and push for equality, black nationalism and human rights.
THE BALLOT OR THE BULLET
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Meredith’s march from Memphis to Jackson-He set out from Memphis with a singular mission in mind. He planned to march 220 miles to the Mississippi state capital of Jackson, to prove that a black man could walk free in the South. The Voting Rights Act had been passed only the year before, and his goal was to inspire African-Americans to register and go
to the polls. "I was at war against fear,“ Shot on 2nd day in Hernando
Aubrey Norvell-sentenced to 5 years/serves 2Stokley Carmichael SNCC, McKissick CORE and MLK
JUNE 1966
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JAMES MEREDITH
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Greenwood, MSCarmichael’s rhetoric-On 16 June 1966, while
completing the march begun by James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) rallied a
crowd, with the cry, ‘‘We want Black Power!’’ Although SNCC members had used the term during informal conversations, this was
the first time Black Power was used as a public slogan.
SNCC would no longer recruit whites…
BLACK POWER
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was a black revolutionary socialist organization active in the US from
1966 until 1982. They wanted –
Control of African Am communitiesFull employmentDecent housing
Black military exemption
BLACK PANTHERS
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Raised money bySelling Mao Zedong’s writings
Inspired by Mao's advice to revolutionaries in The Little Red Book, Newton called on the Panthers to
"serve the people" and to make "survival programs" a priority within its branches. The most famous of their
programs was the Free Breakfast for Children Program.
Taught armed revoltTactics were questioned
4 Desires: equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights
Carmichael changed support from SNCC to Black Panthers
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Compared to the Black Panthers agenda that focuses on spirituality, leadership,
and sovereignty.Occupied Alcatraz and Wounded Knee-
activists marched across country on the "Trail of Broken Treaties" and took over the Bureau of
Indian Affairs (BIA), occupying it for several days and doing millions of dollars in damage
More militant approach to push for rights
AIM – AMERICAN INDIAN
MOVEMENT
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King ‘s speech in Memphis “Mountain Top”April 4, 1968James Earl RayRobert Kennedy – speechUrban RiotingJune of 1968 –Robert Kennedy is assassinated
APRIL 3, 1968
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Ray fled north to Canada, where he hid out for a month and acquired a Canadian passport
under a false name. On June 8, 1968, Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on the
false Canadian passport.Ray was convicted on March 10, 1969, after
entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He died
in prison of hepatitis C at the age of 70 in 1998.
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Banned discrimination in housing
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968
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De jure segregation- ended
De facto segregation-probably got worse in some areas
African American education-improved
African American prideTV shows-”The Jeffersons”, “Good Times”
Elected officialsAffirmative Action-reserving a certain # of spots for
traditionally discriminated groups
Reverse discrimination
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
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