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Ecosystems Chapter 21

Table of Contents

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems




Chapter 21

Objectives

• Identify the eight major biomes.

• Compare tundra with taiga.

• Compare the different kinds of forests.

• Compare the different kinds of grasslands.

• Describe the adaptations of desert organisms.




Chapter 21

The Major Biomes

• The major types of terrestrial ecosystems, known as

biomes, are tundra, tropical forest, temperate forest,

taiga, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, and

desert.



Chapter 21

Earth’s Major Biomes





Chapter 21

Tundra

• Tundra is a cold biome characterized by permafrost

under the surface of the ground.



Chapter 21

Tundra





Chapter 21

Forests

• Tropical Forests

– Tropical forests receive abundant rainfall and

have stable temperatures.

– They have a greater species richness than any

other biome.



Chapter 21

Tropical Rain Forest





Chapter 21

Forests, continued

• Temperate Forests

– Temperate forests have coniferous trees, which

bear seeds in cones, or deciduous trees, which

shed their leaves each year.




Chapter 21

Forests, continued

• Temperate Deciduous Forests

– The trees in temperate deciduous forests shed

all of their leaves in the fall.



Chapter 21

Temperate Deciduous Forest





Chapter 21

Forests, continued

• Taiga

– Taiga is cold but is warmer than tundra and

receives more precipitation.

– Taiga is dominated by coniferous forests.



Chapter 21

Taiga





Chapter 21

Grasslands

• Temperate Grasslands

– Temperate grasslands occur in areas with cold

winters and hot summers.

– They are dominated by grasses and herds of

grazing animals.




Chapter 21

Grasslands, continued

• Savanna

– Savannas are tropical grasslands with alternating

wet and dry seasons.

– They are dominated by herds of grazing animals.



Chapter 21

Savanna





Chapter 21

Grasslands, continued

• Chaparral

– Chaparral is found in coastal regions with warm,

dry summers and mild winters.

– It is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.



Chapter 21

Grassland





Chapter 21

Deserts

• Deserts receive less than 25 cm (9.9 in.) of

precipitation per year.

• Desert inhabitants have adaptations for conserving

water.



Chapter 21

Desert





Chapter 21

Objectives

• Identify the major ocean zones.

• Compare the aphotic zone with the photic zone.

• Compare the neritic zone with the oceanic zone.

• Describe estuaries.

• Compare eutrophic lakes with oligotrophic lakes.

• Explain the significance of gradient in rivers and streams.

• Describe freshwater wetlands.




Chapter 21

Ocean Zones

• The photic zone in the ocean receives light, but the

aphotic zone does not.

• Other zones of the ocean are defined based on their

relative locations.




Chapter 21

Ocean Zones, continued

• The Intertidal Zone

– In the intertidal zone, organisms must be able to

tolerate drying and pounding by waves.



Chapter 21

Intertidal Zone





Chapter 21


• The Neritic Zone

– The neritic zone receives nutrients from the

bottom of the ocean and from land. It is the

ocean’s richest zone in terms of the number of

species and individuals.



Chapter 21

Neritic Zone





Chapter 21


• The Oceanic Zone

– Production in the oceanic zone is limited by a

shortage of nutrients.



Chapter 21

Oceanic Zone





Chapter 21


• Estuaries

– Estuaries are very productive areas where rivers

and streams flow into the sea.




Chapter 21

Freshwater Zones

• Lakes and Ponds

– Oligotrophic lakes are clear and lacking in

nutrients.

– Eutrophic lakes are rich in nutrients and are often

murky.



Chapter 21

Three Lake Zones





Chapter 21

Freshwater Zones, continued

• Rivers and Streams

– Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow

down an elevation gradient within a watershed.




Chapter 21

Freshwater Zones, continued

• Freshwater Wetlands

– Freshwater wetlands are areas of land, such as

marshes and swamps, that are covered with fresh

water for at least part of each year.



Chapter 21

Freshwater Biomes




Multiple Choice

1. Why are estuaries more productive than most other

biomes?

A. Estuaries contain vast coniferous forests.

B. Estuaries have shallow, nutrient-laden water.

C. Estuaries get more sunlight than other biomes.

D. The majority of land on Earth is covered by

estuaries.

Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21



Multiple Choice, continued

1. Why are estuaries more productive than most other

biomes?

A. Estuaries contain vast coniferous forests.

B. Estuaries have shallow, nutrient-laden water.

C. Estuaries get more sunlight than other biomes.

D. The majority of land on Earth is covered by

estuaries.





2. Which of the following characterizes the neritic zone

of the ocean?

F. It receives little sunlight.

G. It supports very few species.

H. It is exposed to the air by low tide.

J. It receives nutrients washed from land.





3. Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous

forests?

A. They are found near the equator.

B. They have the lowest rainfall of any biome.

C. They undergo seasonal changes in temperature.

D. They have the highest species richness of any

biome.





4. Which of the following best describes the water of all

eutrophic lakes?

F. cold

G. salty

H. murky

J. lifeless





Use the graph below to answer question 5. The

graph shows the relative temperature,

precipitation, and soil nutrient content in a

specific biome.





5. Which of the following biomes is best represented by

this graph?

A. tundra

B. desert

C. tropical rain forest

D. temperate grassland





Complete the following analogy:

6. grasses : savanna :: coniferous trees :

F. taiga

G. tundra

H. desert

J. temperate deciduous forest





Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph

ranks several types of biomes in terms of their

relative productivity.





7. If a scientist needed to add a bar representing the

temperate grassland biome to this graph, where

should the bar be placed?

A. to the left of desert

B. between savanna and estuary

C. between estuary and tropical rain forest

D. to the right of tropical rain forest




Short Response

Biomes are very large terrestrial ecosystems that

contain a number of smaller but related

ecosystems.

Describe how the major biomes are characterized.




Short Response, continued

Biomes are very large terrestrial ecosystems that

contain a number of smaller but related

ecosystems.

Describe how the major biomes are characterized.

Answer: The major biomes are distinguished by

abiotic factors and by the presence of

characteristic plants and animals.





Extended Response

Base your answers to parts A & B on the information

below.

Ecologists recognize the following ecological zones in the

ocean: photic, aphotic, intertidal, neritic, oceanic,

pelagic, and benthic.

Part A Describe the factors used as a basis for

distinguishing the zones.

Part B Relate these factors to the types of organisms that

inhabit each zone.




Extended Response, continued

Answer:

Part A Factors used as a basis for distinguishing the

ecological zones of the ocean are depth, distance from

shore, and penetration of sunlight.

Part B Student responses should explain that the ocean

can be divided into zones along a vertical axis on the

basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones) or

nearness to the bottom (benthic and pelagic zones), or

along a horizontal axis on the basis of distance from

shorelines (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones).

Responses should also describe typical organisms and

adaptations for each of these zones.

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