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Section 1: Postwar Section 1: Postwar Social ChangesSocial Changes
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After World War IAfter World War I
End of WWI causes chaos
Europe felt like they were in despair
Seemed like a whole generation was lost in the battlefield
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Changes in SocietyChanges in Society
Technology- affordable cars, improved telephones, new forms of media (motion picture and radio)
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Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties
New sounds of jazz
African Americans created their own forms of jazz
Europeans embraced American culture
Flappers- rebellious young women during the jazz age
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WomenWomen’’s Livess Lives
Most women saw a negative affect on their lives after war.
Women were forced back into the home when the men came back from war
Women did get the right to vote
A few women were elected to public office: Mirian Ferguson
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Reactions to the Jazz Reactions to the Jazz Age Age
Not everyone approved of the lifestyle led by the Jazz Age
Prohibition- ban on the manufacturing and the sale of alcoholic beverages
Eighteenth Amendment- 1919- Prohibition began
Speakeasies- illegal bars
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Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance
1920s- call for cultural awakening
African Americans had pride in their unique culture
2 famous African American leaders of the Harlem Renaissance: Claude McKay and Langston Hughes
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Scientific Inventions Scientific Inventions and Theoriesand Theories
Marie Curie- found elements like radium and uranium
Einstein’s theory of relativity
1928- Penicillin would found
Freud- Psychoanalysis- method of studying how the brain works and treatment of mental illnesses
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Modern Art and Modern Art and ArchitectureArchitecture
Henri Matisse
Pablo Picasso
Abstract- composed only of lines, colors, and shapes
Dada- rejected all traditional conventions and believed that there was no sense or truth in the world
Surrealism- movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind
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Section 2: The Western Section 2: The Western Democracies StumbleDemocracies Stumble
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Party Struggles in Party Struggles in BritainBritain
1920s- Labour Party surpassed the liberal party
Labour Party was moving towards socialism
Middle class began to back conservatives who were from the upper class People began to strike Striking then became outlawed
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Irish IndependenceIrish Independence
1914- Parliament passed “home-rule” for the Irish
1919- IRA (Irish Nationalist Army)- used guerilla warfare against British forces
1922- British and Irish reached an agreement Most of Ireland was to
become self-governing
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““Red ScareRed Scare”” and and Isolation in the USIsolation in the US
US feared that Communism would take over in America
Police arrested those who tried to emphasize Communism in America
US also limited immigration
Excluded Chinese and Japanese from the US
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Postwar Foreign PolicyPostwar Foreign Policy
France wanted to secure borders from Germany
France built Maginot Line- along the border of Germany
France strengthened securing with the military and asked for protection from its allies
France wanted strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles
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Search for PeaceSearch for Peace
New treaties settled Germany’s dispute over Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
Kellogg-Briand Pact- sponsored by the US in 1928 Renounced war as an instrument of national
policy
Disarmament- reduction of armed forces and weapons
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Postwar Economics
Britain and France had huge war debts
Both owed the United States for being an ally
Reparations damaged Germany’s economy
Britain and France’s factories were outdated
Unemployment was severe
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The Great Depression
Wealth created during 1920s in US was not shared evenly
Farmers and unskilled workers were losing money
Demand for raw materials skyrocketed
Prices fell
Farmers and miners suffered
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How the Great How the Great Depression Started Depression Started
In the 1920s, prices at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) were high
The Federal Reserve raised interest rates
Ordinary people then became concerned about borrowing money
October 1929- Stock market crashed Sparked the Great Depression
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Issues in 1931Issues in 1931
Federal Reserves increased interest rate
People invested less and less
Businesses closed
Banks failed
Jobless couldn’t afford shelter or food
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Great Depression Great Depression SpreadSpread
American banks stopped making loans
Germany suffered: Germany took out loans from the US to pay for reparations
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Democracies React to Democracies React to the Depressionthe Depression
How Britain reacted: Britain set up a coalition government made up
of a representative from all 3 of the major political parties
Britain provided unemployment benefits
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Pres. Roosevelt and the Pres. Roosevelt and the New DealNew Deal
Franklin Delano Roosevelt argued that government should take action
Introduced the New Deal Goal: government became involved in people’s
everyday lives New laws regulated the stock exchange and
bank deposits
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Section 3: Fascism in Section 3: Fascism in ItalyItaly
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Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to PowerPower
Italy joined Allies in 1915
Italy was promised some Austro-Hungarian territories
Disorder multiplied in Italy Returning veterans
faced unemployment Trade declined Taxes increased
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Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini
Son of a socialist blacksmith
1919- organized veterans and other discontented Italians
Mussolini’s nickname was “Il Duce” meaning “The Leader”
Formed Fascist group Name comes from ancient
Rome – fasces- means unity
Promised to end corruption
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Gains ControlGains Control
Organized “combat squads”
Squads wore black shirts
Black Shirts- a party that rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action
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Fascists Take ActionFascists Take Action
1922- Fascists went to Rome and demanded government changes
Known as the March on Rome
Tens of thousands attended
Went to King Victor Emmanuel III
King Victor Emmanuel asked Mussolini to be Prime Minister
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Mussolini Takes ControlMussolini Takes Control
In the beginning, Fascists only had a few spots in the cabinet. By 1925, Fascists and Mussolini took over the government
Fascism is the first totalitarian state
One party dictatorship
Fascism glorifies the state, destructive to basic human rights
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Changes Under Changes Under FascismFascism
Pope Pius XI supported Fascism because Fascism made the Vatican its own individual state
Italy kept a parliamentary monarchy under Fascism
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Economy Under Economy Under FascismFascism
Fascism brought the economy under state control
Preserved capitalism
Fascism economy favored the upper class
Production of goods (industrial goods) increased
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Society Under FascismSociety Under Fascism
The Fascists suppressed rival parties, censored the press, rigged elections, replaced elected officials with Fascists
Anyone who was against Fascism was arrested and put in prison
Fascists used secret police and propaganda
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Society Under FascismSociety Under Fascism
State (country) is important, each individual is not
Men were taught to be harsh warriors
Women were not allowed to have paying jobs
Had youth groups to prepare children for the military
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Section 4: The Soviet Section 4: The Soviet Union Under StalinUnion Under Stalin
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Government Under Government Under CommunismCommunism
Russia (Soviet Union) is know a totalitarian state
Totalitarian state- government controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy
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Economics Under Economics Under CommunismCommunism
Stalin’s Five Year Plan Aim/Goal: Build heavy industry, improve
transportation, and increased farm output Brought economic activity under the control of
the government The government owned all business and
resources Command economy- government made all
economic activities
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Economics Under Economics Under CommunismCommunism
Plan was to increase production
Between 1928 and 1939- large factories and hydroelectric power stations began in the Soviet Union
Oil, coal, and steel production increased
Mining grew
Railroads were built
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Economics Under Economics Under CommunismCommunism
Agriculture (farming) was under the control of the government
Stalin forced peasants to farm on government owned farms
Set prices and controlled prices
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Society Under Society Under CommunismCommunism
Peasants revolted- they did not want to give up land
When peasants revolted, Stalin blamed the Kulaks. Kulaks- wealthy farmers
Government confiscated kulak’s land and sent them to labor camps
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Society Under Society Under CommunismCommunism
Used secret police, torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience
Controlled every aspect of life
Violated people’s individual rights
Censored all work
Gulag- system of brutal labor camps