SECRETARY OF THE GLOBAL RINDERPEST ERADICATION … · 2019. 7. 9. · Algeria and Morocco 19...
Transcript of SECRETARY OF THE GLOBAL RINDERPEST ERADICATION … · 2019. 7. 9. · Algeria and Morocco 19...
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
1
INSIDE
RINDERPEST
Rinderpest surveillance
in West Asia 2
OIE declarations 3
Peter Roeder appointed
GREP Secretary 5
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER
African swine fever in Ghana 6
BLUETONGUE
Bluetongue in Tunisia 8
RIFT VALLEY FEVER
Rift Valley fever in Mauritania 9
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
FMD in the Near East and CIS,
new FMD virus in Turkey
and Iran 10
TADINFO
TADinfo news 12
NEWS
Publications 13
CBPP training course 15
Molecular Diagnostic
Techniques Overview program 15
New staff 16
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FAO
REFERENCE LABORATORIES/
COLLABORATING CENTRES 17
News@RADISCON
Sheep pox surveillance
in the Maghreb 18
FMD surveillance in Algeria 18
TADinfo implemented in
Algeria and Morocco 19
Brucellosis Eradication
Programme in Libya 19
EMPRES address list 20
FAO Regional Officers 20
Joint FAO/IAEA Division 20
RADISCON address list 20
EMPRES e-mail: [email protected] � Web site: www.fao.org/empres NO. 12 - DECEMBER 1999
SECRETARY OF THE GLOBAL RINDERPESTERADICATION PROGRAMME (GREP)The Director-General has appointed Peter Roeder as Animal Health Officer (Virology), a
post which carries with it the responsibility of being the GREP Secretary, with effect from
1 January 2000 (see page 5).
RINDERPEST SURVEILLANCE IN WEST ASIAThe Fifth Coordination Meeting of the IAEA Regional Model Project RAW/5/004 � Support
for Rinderpest Surveillance in West Asia was held in Damascus from 9 to 15 October 1999.
Livestock production is of great importance for the well-being of the inhabitants of this
region and livestock trading contributes very significantly to national economies. Hence
rinderpest eradication is a major concern for the countries participating at this meeting. The
1999 meeting provided the opportunity for veterinary scientists engaged in rinderpest
diagnosis, surveillance and control to review progress in rinderpest eradication and consider
strategy options (see page 2).
BLUETONGUE IN TUNISIAIn December 1999, an outbreak of bluetongue was reported in Tunisia for the first time after
detection of antibodies and the observation of clinical signs in sheep. The outbreaks were
located in seven districts (Ouardanine, Jemmel, Bembla, Zeramdine, El Djem, Sousse and
Sfax south) in the governorates of Monastir, Mahdia and Sfax, and involved 8 924 small
ruminants. A total of 829 cases were seen, of which 325 animals died (see page 8).
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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RINDERPEST
Fifth Coordination Meeting of the IAEA Regional Model Project RAW/5/004 � Support for Rinderpest Surveillance in West Asia, 9-15 October1999Livestock production is of great importance for the well-being of the inhabitants of this
region and livestock trading contributes very significantly to national economies. Hence
rinderpest eradication is a major concern for the countries participating at this meeting.
The 1999 meeting was held in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic and provided the
opportunity for veterinary scientists engaged in rinderpest diagnosis, surveillance and
control to review progress in rinderpest eradication and consider strategy options.
The project has been an outstanding example of the value of the close working
relationship that exists between the countries, IAEA, the Joint FAO/IAEA Division and
FAO EMPRES. It has made a very significant contribution to the Global Rinderpest
Eradication Programme (GREP) in West Asia through its activities extending from Turkey
to the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics.
In addition to transferring diagnostic technology for rinderpest diagnosis and surveillance,
the project created an enabling environment for application of the technology in making
progress towards the final goal of verified freedom from rinderpest.
Participants this year were drawn from the Syrian Arab Republic, Jordan, Iran, Iraq,
Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Turkey, Yemen and Kazakhstan, with Pakistan an observer as in
earlier meetings. The contribution of the participants from the SRAI Laboratory in
Kazakhstan was particularly valuable as the laboratory provides advice on rinderpest
strategy to the Central Asian countries. Formerly this laboratory was designated as the
prime rinderpest laboratory for the USSR.
The project area covers what are almost certainly the last two strongholds of Asian
lineage rinderpest virus � Pakistan and Afghanistan and Yemen. Despite this and accruing
evidence of rinderpest absence in most areas, progress in reflecting rinderpest freedom in
official OIE declarations is slow and many countries continue with routine blanket
vaccination programmes. Primarily this is because of lack of confidence on the part of
senior veterinary managers in some countries that the disease has indeed been eradicated
from most of the area. However, progress is being made, as is illustrated by the OIE
Declarations of Provisional Freedom from Rinderpest from Turkey and Jordan, with other
countries expected to follow suit in the near future.
During the meeting, there was considerable discussion on the need to rely for safety on
strengthening surveillance and emergency preparedness, rather than to attempt mass
vaccination, while focusing eradication by intensive vaccination in areas of virus persistence
defined by active disease surveillance. This strategy recognizes that routine vaccination
programmes that achieve suboptimal herd immunity levels cannot be relied on to eradicate
rinderpest from areas of endemic persistence. In rinderpest-free areas, such low immunity
levels do not prevent the spread of rinderpest but serve to slow down its spread and make
the disease more difficult to detect. This results in a false sense of security.
Two areas of uncertainty, in particular, inhibit progress in abandoning reliance on mass
vaccination programmes. The first is seen by some countries (notably the Syrian Arab Republic,
Iraq and Iran) to be the unproved freedom from rinderpest of the countries involved in the
�Kurdish triangle� where infection is thought to have persisted until 1996. The second involves
the long-held suspicion by the Central Asian countries (and the Russian Federation) that a
reservoir of rinderpest infection still persists in Mongolia and northern China. Both issues
need resolving if progress towards verified freedom is to be achieved in a timely manner.
All countries expressed the urgent need to redouble efforts to eradicate the last
Rinderpestsurveillancein West Asia
Routine vaccination
programmes that achieve
suboptimal herd immunity
levels cannot be relied on
to eradicate rinderpest from
areas of endemic persis-
tence. In rinderpest-free
areas, such low immunity
levels do not prevent the
spread of rinderpest but
serve to slow down its
spread and make the
disease more difficult to
detect. This results in a
false sense of security.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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remaining foci of endemic rinderpest persistence in Asia which constitute a threat to all
countries in the region, several of which have been free from the disease for many
years. In the last five years the project has been a most valuable mechanism for dis-
semination of information and coordination of activities in rinderpest eradication. It has
provided virtually the only coordinating forum for the region since the West Asian Rinder-
pest Eradication Campaign (WAREC) ended in 1994. Unfortunately, this was probably
the last meeting of the project and its termination leaves a void in the region. For GREP
to progress satisfactorily, a means must be found to enhance technology transfer, tech-
nical support and coordination activities to build on the achievements of what was truly
a �model� project.
Declaration of NigeriaA representative from the Ministry of Agriculture declares the country �provisionally free�
from the disease.
(Summary of two communications received by OIE on 2 August and 22 November 1999
from Dr T.O. Abedunge, Department of Livestock and Pest Control Services, Federal
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Abuja)
� At its meeting held in Sokoto from 26 to 31 March 1998, the National Council for
Agriculture, the highest national policy-making body on agriculture in Nigeria,
approved the recommendation that Nigeria be declared provisionally free from
rinderpest with effect from 1 April 1998.
� The vaccination figures contained in Nigeria�s country report to the OIE for 1998
(see the OIE publication World Animal Health in 1998, p. 264) were recorded before
the meeting of the National Council for Agriculture in March 1998.
� The necessary strategies for surveillance for rinderpest and rinderpest-like diseases
have already been put in place according to the relevant OIE guidelines.
� Extra surveillance is being maintained along the international borders with Cameroon
and Chad.
� Nigeria�s disease reporting system has been significantly improved together with the
setting up of four strike forces for the prompt investigation of all suspected cases of
�3Ds� (diarrhoea, ocular and nasal discharge, death).
Declaration of the NigerThe Niger confirms its status of country �provisionally free� from the disease.
(Text of a fax received by OIE on 22 October 1999 from Mr Aminou Tassiou, Minister of
Agriculture and Animal Production, Niamey)
In recent decades, the rinderpest control strategy in the Niger has been based mainly on
immunization of cattle during the annual mass vaccination campaigns throughout the
country. Since 1990, control has been conducted within the framework of the Pan African
Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) financed by the European Development Fund (EDF). The
PARC has, in addition, enabled serological surveys to be carried out and, more generally,
the intervention capacities of the Veterinary Services to be strengthened.
No cases of rinderpest have been recorded in the Niger since 1986, and the risk of the
disease occurring is now low. This is due in particular to:
� the epidemiological status of the country;
� the epidemiological status of the countries of western and central Africa;
� the existence of a specific sanitary cordon in central Africa; and
� the availability of an emergency vaccination scheme and an emergency fund against
the disease on a continental scale.
OIE declarations
In November 1997, the
Niger declared itself
provisionally free from
rinderpest, with a cessa-
tion of vaccination
throughout the country
with the exception of the
department of Diffa. Given
its epidemiological
situation, the Niger has
decided to extend the
cessation of rinderpest
vaccination to the entire
country with effect from 1
November 1999 and
confirms its declaration as
a country provisionally
free from rinderpest.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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In November 1997, the Niger declared itself provisionally free from rinderpest, with
a cessation of vaccination throughout the country with the exception of the department
of Diffa (see Disease Information, 10 [44]: 156, 7 November 1997). Given the
epidemiological situation referred to above and in accordance with the relevant provisions
of the International Animal Health Code, the Niger has decided to extend the cessation
of rinderpest vaccination to the entire country with effect from 1 November 1999 and
hereby confirms its declaration as a country provisionally free from rinderpest.
The measures accompanying this decision are as follows:
� Vaccination of sheep and goats against peste des petits ruminants with the exclusive
use of a homologous vaccine.
� Organization of the Veterinary Services by means of networks to provide
epidemiological surveillance for rinderpest and other major epizootic diseases (foot-
and-mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants,
etc.). The main types of epidemiological surveillance will be carried out (active
surveillance, passive surveillance, targeted surveillance).
� Setting up of an emergency intervention plan.
Declaration of Sri LankaThe delegate declares the country �provisionally free� from the disease.
(Text of a communication received by OIE on 16 November 1999 from Dr S.S.E.
Ranawana, Director General, Department of Animal Production and Health (DAP&H),
Peradeniya)
After 40 years of freedom from rinderpest, Sri Lanka became infected in 1987. This
infection affected most parts of the island. Enzootic infection became established in
North-and-East Province (NEP) up to February 1994. Sporadic outbreaks in other parts
of the country were observed only up to 1992. The disease situation was reviewed by a
joint FAO/EU mission in 1994. This mission suggested the need for a short-term
containment, subsequently approved for implementation under the FAO-funded Technical
Cooperation Programme (TCP) project TCP/SRL/4554. This project was designed to
contain rinderpest in NEP and to strengthen rinderpest control nationwide, laying the
foundation for progress towards eradication within the context of OIE guidelines.
The conditions stipulated in section 3a (ii-iv) of the recommended standards for
epidemiological surveillance systems for rinderpest (see International Animal Health
Code, Appendix 4.5.1.1) cannot be strictly observed in NEP owing to the ongoing civil
war. Intensive surveillance was conducted in NEP for six months (from April to September
1999) and DAP&H is confident that the existing veterinary service � through 31
Government Veterinary Offices (GVOs) � would have detected any outbreak of disease
if it occurred. Therefore DAP&H feels confident that no clinical case of rinderpest has
occurred since February 1994.
A serosurveillance programme, which has already been conducted in the rest of the
country, has commenced in NEP.
The requirements laid down by OIE in order to justify the declaration of provisional
freedom from disease have already been fulfilled in seven provinces, namely North-
Central, North-Western, Central, Western, Uva, Sabaragamuwa and South, as indicated
below:
� The last clinical case in these zones was detected in November 1992.
� There are 163 GVOs in these zones, each staffed by a qualified veterinarian and
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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three to six Livestock Development Instructors. Furthermore, these areas are
supported by five Veterinary Investigation Centres for monitoring the health situation.
� The field veterinarians in the above areas investigate all clinical cases of ocular/
nasal discharges, diarrhoea and death.
� Rinderpest is a notifiable disease in Sri Lanka. The field veterinarians report the
occurrence of any notifiable disease in a Preliminary Report format, followed by a
weekly disease return to the Division of Animal Health at the DAP&H. Furthermore,
information on the animal disease situation is submitted by the field veterinarians in
the monthly progress report to the DAP&H. These data from the field are compiled
Peter Roederappointed GREPSecretary
in a monthly disease situation report at the Division
of Animal Health and circulated within the country.
The Director of the DAP&H reports the disease situ-
ation to OIE in the monthly animal health status re-
port.
� Being an island, Sri Lanka has no international borders.
Moreover, the health requirements stipulated for
importation of bovines and goats into the country do
not permit the importation of these animals from
countries infected with rinderpest.
� Vaccination against rinderpest in these seven provinces
has been stopped since March 1993. As from
December 1998, vaccination also ceased in NEP.
Sri Lanka now declares itself provisionally free from
rinderpest.
Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP)I am pleased to announce the following key appointment within the Infectious Diseases-
EMPRES Group.
The Director-General has appointed Peter Roeder as Animal Health Officer (Virology),
a post which carries with it the responsibility of being the GREP Secretary, with effect
from 1 January 2000.
Until his new assignment, Peter was responsible for infectious disease emergencies
within the EMPRES Group. He joined FAO in 1993 as Chief Technical Advisor to the
Philippines Animal Health Center project before transferring to FAO headquarters in
Rome in September 1994 to join the newly constituted Infectious Diseases-EMPRES Group.
Since joining the team in Rome, Peter has visited more than 50 countries in the course of
his work, so I am sure that he is well known to many of you.
Peter is a graduate of the Royal Veterinary College, London, with a master�s degree in
Tropical Veterinary Science from the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine of Edinburgh
University and a Ph.D. in Veterinary Virology from London University. Before joining
FAO, he undertook several long-term overseas assignments working in disease
investigation in Botswana, Ethiopia and Nigeria for ten years and also spent ten years in
applied research at the Central Veterinary Laboratory and at the Pirbright Laboratory in
the United Kingdom.
This appointment gives added emphasis to the importance of the Global Rinderpest
Eradication Programme and highlights the final thrust to eradication which is under way.
Mark Rweyemamu
Senior Officer, Infectious Diseases-EMPRES Group
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER
The epidemiological situation appeared to be stable, with no reports of further outbreaks
since October 1999. However, on 15 December a suspicion was reported from Burma Camp,
a military camp within an infected district of Greater Accra. Two pigs were presented to the
laboratory for necropsy and tests carried out with FITC reagents and microscope suggested
that the samples were positive for ASF (Dr G. Opoku-Pare, personal communication). For
confirmatory diagnosis, the samples were sent to the Exotic Diseases Division of ARC-
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute for confirmation by PCR and bone marrow culture.
There were no reports of infection from previously unaffected areas.
Following the outbreak of ASF in Ghana, a TCP project was implemented to control
the spread of the disease. The major training activity of the project was a workshop
which was held at Kumasi on 21 December, attended by two representatives from each
region. The workshop was opened by Dr Agyen-Frempong, who stressed the economic
importance of ASF. The programme was divided into three parts.
The first part consisted of lectures on ASF � its epidemiology, diagnosis and control �
followed by the viewing of a video on ASF produced by FAO. Participants were then
divided into four groups to develop action plans on field recognition and diagnosis of
ASF, tracking the origin and spread of outbreaks, control and eradication, and early warning
and emergency preparedness. The results were presented at a plenary session by the
rapporteurs. The third part of the programme consisted of the presentation of the
questionnaire and information material. The questionnaire was discussed in detail.
Questionnaires and material were then distributed to the representatives of each region.
The information material consisted of a poster, an illustrated brochure, a handbill and
a pamphlet produced by consultant Dr Mary-Lou Penrith to accompany the brochure.
Farmers will receive brochures, pamphlets and handbills when they are interviewed for
completion of the questionnaire. The proceedings of the workshop are to be collated and
circulated by the National Coordinator.
A questionnaire designed to collect as much information as possible about the pig
industry was distributed to all regions in the country. Training in the use of the questionnaire
was carried out during farm visits in Greater Accra, Sekondi-Takoradi and Ho.
In summary:
� The ASF situation in Ghana appears to be fairly stable. No new areas have become
infected since October 1999. There may still be some disease activity within at least
one of the infected areas.
� Visits to a limited number of farms in the Western, Ashanti and Eastern regions did
not reveal that any problems had been experienced or reported in those regions.
� Pig farmers in the formal sector are generally well aware of the dangers of ASF and
have protected their herds successfully. Outside Accra, there is a need for the
consolidation of the industry by the formation of farmers� organizations.
� Informal pig production poses a threat to the safety of pigs in Ghana since the existence
of small-scale pig farms, and the presence of ASF on those farms, may not be known
to the Veterinary Services. It is hoped that the questionnaire survey will assist in
addressing this problem.
� The stamping out of pigs in infected foci is progressing satisfactorily, but problems
are experienced in catching and eliminating free-ranging pigs.
� The number of pigs in a prescribed radius around the infected foci was seriously
underestimated, and the compensation allocated would not cover the compulsory
slaughter of all of the pigs. There was no evidence that infection of the commercial
African swinefever in Ghana
The ASF situation in Ghana
appears to be fairly stable.
No new areas have become
infected since October.
There may still be some
disease activity within at
least one of the infected
areas. To date a total of
6 451 pigs have been
destroyed with the payment
of US$185 000 in compen-
sation to the pig farmers.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
7
farms inspected had occurred, and it was therefore
recommended that the pigs on those farms, if well
isolated and protected, should not be subjected to
compulsory slaughter and destruction.
� Illegal trade in pork is believed to be widespread, and
was exacerbated by the approach of the festive season
and the fact that Accra is the preferred market. A
protocol for controlled slaughter and sale of pork in
the affected zones was therefore produced for
consideration by the veterinary authorities, to alleviate
the plight of the farmers and to provide competition
for the illegal trade. The only alternative to permitting
controlled sale would be to divert some of the funds
earmarked for compensation to subsidize feed for the farmers affected.
� Poor farmers (in particular women and youths raising pigs on a small scale) will
require some form of assistance to recommence pig production, as most of them are
not liable for compensation, or have only one or two pigs which will be slaughtered
and destroyed. Their plight after the epizootic is pitiable.
� Road blocks were evaluated and it was concluded that their efficacy in preventing
illegal movement of pigs and pork would be very limited.
� The circumstances in West Africa are such that early warning and emergency
preparedness will be a prerequisite in all countries in the subregion, even those that
remain free or have achieved eradication.
Number of pigs destroyed during the period under reviewBy the end of 1999 a total of 6 451 pigs have been destroyed with the payment of
US$185 000 in compensation to the pig farmers.
A SUSPECTED NEW CASE OF ASF
Deaths of pigs were recorded at Burma Camp within the Accra MetropolitanAssembly area. Samples were collected and preliminary findings from the AccraVeterinary Laboratory showed the cause of deaths to be African swine fever.
Details of the ASF outbreak at Burma CampNumber of pigs affected: 86Date of detection: 14-12-99Date of confirmation: 16-12-99Number of natural deaths: 2Number destroyed: 84Date of destruction: 17-12-99
Samples collected from dead pigs were sent to the laboratory at theOnderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa through the internationalconsultant on ASF eradication, Dr Mary-Lou Penrith, for sequencing of thevirus.
All of the pigs (a total of 84) on the affected farm at Burma Camp weredestroyed on 17 December 1999.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
8
BLUETONGUE
In July-August 1999, bluetongue was reported in Bulgaria where serotype 9 was isolated
by the OIE Reference Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Pirbright (see EMPRES Bulletin
No. 11).
More recently, in December 1999, an outbreak of bluetongue was reported in Tunisia
for the first time after detection of antibodies and the observation of clinical signs in
sheep. The outbreaks were located in seven districts (Ouardanine, Jemmel, Bembla,
Zeramdine, El Djem, Sousse and Sfax south) in the governorates of Monastir, Mahdia
and Sfax (see map) and involved 8 924 small ruminants. A total of 829 cases were seen,
of which 325 animals died.
Bluetongue inTunisia
A thorough epidemiological investigation will be
necessary to determine the full extent of the outbreak,
its origin and the distribution of the vector responsible
for the transmission of the disease. Furthermore, the
serotype responsible for the disease must be identified
before considering the implementation of any
vaccination campaign. So far, the following control
measures have been taken.
In the outbreaks:
� Imposition of quarantine in the affected farms;
� Identification of animals by ear-tagging;
� Burial of carcasses;
� Cleansing and disinfection;
� Insecticide applied on animals and premises.
Around the outbreaks:
� Clinical surveillance of the farms;
� Periodical inspection of flocks;
� Clinical examination of animals.
BLUETONGUE
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral diseaseof ruminants. The disease is of variable clinicalseverity and is characterized by catarrhalinflammation of mucous membranes withwidespread haemorrhaging and oedema. Allruminants are susceptible (sheep, goats, cattle,buffaloes, antelopes and deer), but amongdomestic animals sheep are the most severelyaffected. In acute cases, the lips and tonguebecome very swollen and oedema may extendover the face to include the ears and theintermandibular space. The clinical feature thatgives the disease its name � a deeply cyanotictongue � occurs only in a small percentage ofcases.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
9
RIFT VALLEY FEVER
Following the outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Mauritania in September 1998 (see EMPRES
Bulletin No. 9, p. 6), a joint FAO-OIE mission visited Mali, Mauritania and Senegal to
assess the situation in the region and help those countries control the disease more
effectively.
In accordance with the mission�s recommendations, FAO decided to finance an
emergency TCP project in Mauritania, starting in May 1999 (TCP/MAU/8923 � Mise en
place d�un système d�alerte et de contrôle de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift et de certaines
maladies transfrontalières). The main objective of the project is to strengthen the capability
of the Veterinary Services to detect the early signs of the disease in order to react promptly
and implement appropriate control measures.
All project activities are being implemented within the framework of the newly
established network of animal diseases surveillance, REMEMA (Réseau Mauritanien
d�Épidémiosurveillance des Maladies Animales), and in close collaboration with
institutions involved in Rift Valley fever surveillance and research-related activities such
as the Institut Pasteur in Dakar, the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), IAEA
and French Cooperation.
Three international consultants� missions were carried out between July and November
1999:
Pierre Formenty, an epidemiologist at WHO, participated actively in the elaboration of a
sensitization campaign against Rift Valley fever, carried out a field mission to visit sentinel
herds in high-risk areas and finally assessed the feasibility of implementing a vaccination
trial with vaccine strains currently available.
Yaya Thiongane, a virologist and Head of the Virology Section of the Central Veterinary
Laboratory of Senegal (LNERV), undertook the training of laboratory staff in the various
diagnostic techniques of RVF.
Bernard Mondet, an entomologist at IRD, Montpellier, France, assessed the relevance of
using vector control to reduce viral amplification in domestic animals and consequently
prevent the spread of the disease to humans.
These consultancies were successful in obtaining a better understanding of the current
situation and highlighted the major constraints of Rift Valley surveillance in Mauritania.
Indeed, even if the surveillance of the disease can be considerably improved through the
support of REMEMA activities (staff training in disease recognition, sampling procedures,
disease reporting and database management), defining a control strategy remains a major
problem with the means currently available.
In fact, the relatively low safety of the live Smithburn vaccine, which can cause
abortions in pregnant animals, does not allow the establishment of a massive vaccination
campaign in rural areas where the individual status of each animal is not known precisely.
The Smithburn strain of RVF modified live virus vaccine (MLVV) has been modified in
virulence by serial passage in infant mouse brain and is widely used as a vaccine for
African livestock. The vaccine is protective against disease and abortion in cattle, sheep
and goats, it is extremely cheap to produce and protection is attained within a few days
of vaccination. It has the disadvantage, however, that it can cause foetal death and
abnormalities following vaccination of pregnant, susceptible breeds of sheep. This may
be an acceptable hazard to livestock owners, who have experienced the total loss of
neonatal lambs and abortions which follow infection with RVF virus. Many sheep owners
routinely vaccinate breeding ewes after weaning to avoid this problem. The vaccine has
not been shown to revert to virulence in the field or to be associated with any RVF virus
Rift Valley fever inMauritania
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
10
activity when used in interepidemic periods. However, this possibility cannot be totally
discounted and vaccine should not be used in livestock to be exported to an RVF-free
country. Several candidate vaccine strains have been tested for use as alternatives to the
Smithburn strain but so far they appear to be poorly immunogenic or suffer other
disadvantages.
Furthermore, validated predictive epidemiology could allow early warning so that
mosquito control and vaccination of humans or livestock could be carried out in advance
of RVF epidemics. However, the biology of the vector responsible for RVF transmission
in Mauritania is not well enough known to establish a vector control strategy. Ongoing
research activities carried out jointly by the Institut Pasteur in Dakar and IRD should
considerably improve our knowledge in this field.
All of these issues will be more specifically addressed in a regional TCP project on Rift
Valley fever that FAO has decided to finance (TCP/RAF/8931 � Mise en place d�un système
de surveillance et de contrôle de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift et des autres maladies
transfrontalières). This project, to commence shortly, will focus mainly on coordinated
activities to be carried out at the regional level and will try to establish a strategic plan for
controlling the disease.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
In 1999, FMD type O outbreaks were reported from Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,
Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, the United Arab
Emirates and Yemen.
FMD type A outbreaks were reported from Georgia, Iran and Turkey. The WRL has reported
that a new type A strain (A/Iran/99) has been identified in Iran. Its characterization by
nucleotide sequencing indicated a significant difference in the sequence of the gene
FMD in the NearEast and CIS, newFMD virus inTurkey and Iran
FAO and the European
Commission for the Control
of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
have taken action to
prevent further extension of
the new virus westwards
and northwards. A
US$340 000 joint TCP
project for Iran and Turkey
was started in December
1999 to reinforce and
coordinate measures for
the control of FMD by
improving surveillance,
vaccine quality and global
control strategy.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
11
coding for the structural protein, VP1, in comparison with
previous isolates, including A/Iran/96. The new type A (A/
Iran/99) outbreaks in Turkey were located close to the
borders with Iran and Georgia and were significantly
different from the A/Iran/96 virus which is still causing
outbreaks in Turkey and the standard vaccine strain (A
Mahmatli) that is used in Turkey. The All-Russian Research
Institute for Animal Health (ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russian
Federation reported that the A virus responsible for the
outbreaks in Georgia was analogous to A/Iran/96.
FMD type Asia 1 outbreaks were reported in Iran in
September. This is the first report of Asia 1 in Iran since
1991. Asia 1 has also been reported in Turkey: first in Agri
Province close to Iran in November and two outbreaks in
Ankara Province in December.
FAO and the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease have
taken action to prevent further extension of the new virus westwards and northwards. A
US$340 000 joint TCP project for Iran and Turkey was started in December 1999 to
reinforce and coordinate measures for the control of FMD in the two countries by
improving surveillance, vaccine quality and global control strategy.
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and the EC are
providing financial support (US$340 000) to ARRIAH for the establishment of a buffer
zone in the Caucasian region. Preventive vaccination zones against types O and A were
established in 1999 in the Caucasian republics of the Russian Federation and in the
districts of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia along the borders with Turkey and Iran.
Vaccination against Asia 1 should also be carried out in the spring of 2000. Activities in
the region are coordinated under the FAO/EC/OIE tripartite group, as shown in the figure
above. (Source: EUFMD.)
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
12
TADINFO
In EMPRES Bulletin No. 11, readers were introduced to the new TADinfo software of
EMPRES. As was mentioned in that issue, TADinfo has to be specifically customized for
a country wishing to use it, as it is GIS-based and uses an underlying geographic database
specific to the user country. FAO will be able to provide a customized and ready-to-use
version of TADinfo on official request from the national Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO).
However, before installing TADinfo, there are some issues of which Veterinary Services
should take note.
Before attempting to install TADinfo, potential users must know that . ..TADinfo is used to record individual disease events, meaning that an event-based or
observation-based reporting system must be in use in the country. The reporting
system must be structured, and each event must be reported separately, giving details
of the date of observation, species affected, tentative diagnosis and geographical
location. TADinfo cannot be used for recording monthly summaries of information
given per district, for example, nor can it be used to record narrative reports of
disease problems.
TADinfo is currently a Windows-based program, and it requires users to have a good
knowledge of the Windows 95/98/NT mouse-driven interface and file management. In
other words, the program operator should have extensive experience in using the latest
Windows technology, and experience in the DOS or Windows 3 environment will
probably not be very useful. Inexperienced computer users will not be able to install
and configure the software for use.
TADinfo needs to be under the supervision of an
experienced epidemiologist who understands the issues
related to data collection, input and analysis, and there
must be an identified staff member (data input clerk or
technician) who can handle the data input.
The current version of TADinfo requires, in addition
to MS Windows 95/98/NT, the installation of two
ancillary pieces of software: MS Access (specifically
version 97) and ArcView 3.0 or higher. MS Access is
needed for the data input, storage and analysis functions
of TADinfo, while ArcView is required for the mapping
functions. (FAO is currently working on the creation of
a simple map viewer to replace ArcView; and eventually
Access will also be replaced with a built-in database
system.) All of this implies a fairly powerful computer
system with high hardware specifications (100-200 MB
free hard drive space; a minimum of 32 MB RAM,
preferably 200 MHz or faster CPU and 17-inch SVGA
monitor).
In order to create maps of disease distribution, TADinfo also requires electronic/
digital maps of the country with its internal administrative boundaries in ArcView (�shape
files�) format. FAO/EMPRES does have these maps for some countries, but many of them
are outdated. Countries requesting TADinfo may have to find these maps (usually kept
by university Geography Departments or Transport Ministries) and send them to FAO
TADinfo news
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
13
together with their software requests.
The current version of TADinfo is also not a network application. It is a single-user
system that must be installed on a single PC in the national epidemiology unit. Although
FAO hopes to have a network version available by the end of the year, users must realize
the limitations of the present software. TADinfo has an �installation ID� for each version,
which means that users can only install one version per country. These installation IDs
are centrally recorded by FAO.
So, if requesting TADinfo . . .Potential users must send FAO details of their country surveillance system (a small dossier
of two or three pages) and examples of the field reporting forms that will be fed into
TADinfo.
FAO will also need the name and contact address of the person designated by the
CVO to operate TADinfo, together with details of that person�s computing experience.
Users should indicate whether an updated electronic map (in ArcView format) is
available for the country, and, if possible, send it to FAO/EMPRES on diskette.
Having this information will enable FAO/EMPRES to give any additional advice, training
materials or follow-up that might be needed in order to install TADinfo successfully in
the country concerned. It is very likely that some countries may have to change the
manner in which they report diseases to their national epidemiology units in order to use
TADinfo; EMPRES will be able to give guidance in such circumstances.
NEWS
There has been a scarcity of literature in the fields of Early Warning and Early Reaction of
transboundary animal diseases. FAO EMPRES wishes to contribute to filling this gap, and
invited top international professionals with prime experience in the respective fields to
collaborate in the preparation of a series of reference manuals. The target groups are
planners, managers, coordinators and technical staff in the field of animal disease
surveillance and control. We are pleased to announce that the first three results of this
effort are now available:
� Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans.
FAO Animal Health Manual No. 6. 1999 (in English). ISBN 925104290X. US$22.00.
Animal disease emergency preparedness measures are plans drawn up in advance to
ensure that capabilities and mechanisms are in place for rapid and effective response to
animal disease emergencies when they occur. Prevention of transboundary animal
epidemics depends on the development of early warning systems that enable early
detection of a disease before it can spread, as well as rapid reaction capability to contain
the disease at its source.
This manual provides valuable information on the principles and coordination of animal
disease emergency preparedness planning, organization of veterinary services during animal
disease emergencies, early warning and early reaction contingency planning strategies,
and guidelines for the preparation of support and disease-specific contingency plans.
Essentially generic in concept, the manual provides guidelines for the preparation of
national animal disease emergency plans, to which modifications can be made, as
required, to suit the material and human resources, individual requirements and prevailing
conditions of each country.
Publications
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
14
� Manual on the preparation of rinderpest contingency plans. FAO Animal Health
Manual No. 7. 1999 (in English). ISBN 9251043140. US$14.00.
This manual provides information on the nature of rinderpest, the principles and strategic
options for the control and elimination of rinderpest in the event of reintroduction into
a disease- and infection-free zone or country. It provides guidelines for individual
countries to formulate their overall national policy on rinderpest control and eradication.
The manual identifies personnel as well as equipment and other facilities that are needed
in a national rinderpest contingency plan. An outline of the suggested format and content
of a national rinderpest contingency plan is also provided as a guide and should be
modified to suit the needs of and circumstances that exist in individual countries. Due
consideration has been given to the provisions in the OIE International Animal Health
Code in the preparation of the manual. It is suggested that this manual, which is based
on the format of the Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN) with some
modifications, should be used together with the Manual on the preparation of national
animal disease emergency preparedness plans, FAO, Rome, 1999 (described above).
� Manual on livestock disease surveillance and information systems. FAO Animal
Health Manual No. 8. 1999 (in English). ISBN 9251043310. US$14.00.
Surveillance for diseases is the key to early detection and, hence, early warning of a
change in the health status of any livestock population. It is also essential to prove the
absence of disease or to determine the extent of a disease that is known to be present.
All of this information is essential for disease management. The purpose of this manual
is to describe how surveillance systems are assembled and managed; it also provides
guidelines on how to manage the flow of information from surveillance systems. It is
hoped that this publication will fill an important gap in the literature on veterinary
epidemiology and provide veterinary managers with a valuable tool to support their
work.
Please note that the prices listed are subject to change.
The texts of these manuals can also be downloaded from the Internet at the EMPRES
home page (under �Manuals�: www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/aga/agah/empres/
info/Archive.htm).
EMPRES is planning to continue publishing information resources on related subjects
in the near future, and we also aim to make these manuals available in other languages,
as funding allows. To help us, we would warmly welcome your comments and opinions
on the content, format and usefulness of these manuals.
FAO Animal Health Manuals (availability January 2000)
1. Manual on the diagnosis of rinderpest, 19962. Manual on bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 19983. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of helminth parasites of swine, 19984. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of poultry parasites, 19985. Recognizing peste des petits ruminants � a field manual, 19996. Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergencypreparedness plans, 19997. Manual on the preparation of rinderpest contingency plans, 19998. Manual on livestock disease surveillance and information systems, 1999
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
15
Training course for veterinarians and technicians on contagious bovinepleuropneumonia (CBPP) and other important mycoplasma diseases, ILRI,Nairobi, Kenya, 11-21 September 2000This ten-day course will cover many aspects of CBPP, the most serious disease of cattle
in Africa. It will focus mainly on recognition of CBPP in the field and abattoir, laboratory
diagnosis and the latest developments in rapid field tests.
The course will also include:
� the properties of the disease-causing mycoplasmas, epidemiology and control,
vaccine production, surveillance and mapping, economics and socio-economics;
� other important diseases caused by mycoplasmas such as contagious caprine
pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia;
� video presentations of field cases and hands-on experience of many laboratory
procedures including growth and identification of mycoplasmas and PCR.
The number of participants will be limited to 20 and we encourage early applications.
Lectures and practical sessions will be given by internationally recognized experts. The
cost of the course, including accommodation, meals and course booklet, will be
approximately US$1 200.
All enquiries concerning the course should be addressed to:
Dr Robin Nicholas, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone,
Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Tel.: +44 1932 357379; Fax: +44 1932 357423; E-mail:
or:
Mr Ian Gumm, VEERU, Department of Agriculture, Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading
RG6 6AT, UK. Tel.: +44 118 926 4888; Fax: +44 118 926 2431; E-mail:
AVIS Consortium Molecular Diagnostic Techniques OverviewWe are pleased to announce the release of the Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Overview. This is the first program in a series designed to support animal health
professionals in the laboratory sector.
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques (MDT) Overview, edited by Dr John Anderson of
the Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Pirbright, United Kingdom, and bringing together
a distinguished panel of scientific experts in the field of diagnostics, addresses three
groups of users:
� those unfamiliar with modern developments in molecular biology who need a
CBPP trainingcourse
Release of theAVIS MolecularDiagnosticTechniquesOverview tutorialmultimediacomputerprogram
These and other FAO documents can be purchased through the FAO salesagents. For a complete list of publications, prices and agents, please see:www.fao.org/catalog/giphome.htm
or contact:Sales and Marketing Group, FAOViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, ItalyTel.: +39 06 5705 5727Fax: +39 06 5705 3360E-mail: [email protected]
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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simple introduction or rapid update on the key points;
� those familiar with the scientific fundamentals who now wish to use the tech-
niques in their diagnostic work; and
� those in supervisory functions who need a good understanding of the techniques
now likely to be used by their staff in veterinary diagnostics.
Easy to install and use
The MDT Overview is easy to install from diskette and key components may also be
downloaded through the Internet (see the EMPRES Web site under �Download�:
www.fao.org/empres). The minimum requirement is Windows 3.1 or higher, although
Windows �95 or higher is advised. The MDT Overview is richly illustrated with diagrams
and structured animations, which take a step-by-step approach to processes and
techniques, making it an ideal reference and training resource.
Decision support and reference
For the user, the MDT Overview helps to bring practitioners up to date with diagnostic
techniques, and helps them to stay there. For the laboratory specialist, an array of tools
and techniques, such as diagnostic checklists, is available by clicking on the mouse.
Students have a modern and attractive way of learning about the techniques in the context
of an efficient approach to livestock production. In this age of the portable laptop computer,
the programs are available both in the office and on the move.
THE AVIS CONSORTIUM
The AVIS Consortium was founded in 1992 to create a unique multimediaapproach to understanding and managing key challenges in animal health,especially those caused by the OIE List A diseases. Members are FAO, OIE,IAH Pirbright and Compton, and Telos ALEFF Ltd. AVIS has alreadyreleased major programs on Rinderpest and Newcastle disease; CBPP andRabies will be released in the coming year.For further information about the programs and to purchase, please contact:Telos ALEFF LtdMain Office: 53/54 Skylines, LimeharbourLondon E14 9TSUnited KingdomTel.: +44 (0)207 515 9009Fax: +44 (0)207 515 5465E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Dr Ledi Pite joined FAO in October 1999 as Associate Professional Officer (Albania) to
work on infectious zoonotic diseases.
Dr Pite graduated in 1994 from the faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Tirana, Albania
and from the faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Perugia, Italy in 1999. From 1994 to
1996, she worked in the Bacteriology Department of the Institute of Veterinary Research,
Tirana, where she was in charge of the diagnostics of bacterial diseases as well as research
projects on vaccine production.
Introduction ofnew staff
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FAOREFERENCE LABORATORIESAND COLLABORATING CENTRES
FAO/OIE World Reference Laboratory for FMD, Pirbright, UKFMD report for September to December 1999
COUNTRY SPECIES TYPE
China, Hong Kong SAR Porcine O
Iran ? O, ASIA 1
New Caledonia Equine NVD
Philippines Porcine OBovine O
Saudi Arabia Bovine O
United Republic of Tanzania Bovine SAT 1
Turkey Bovine ASIA 1
Uganda Unknown SAT 1
Jordan Bovine OOvine OCaprine NVD
Viet Nam Porcine OBovine OBuffalo NVD
Note: NVD = no virus detected.
FAO World Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest, Pirbright,UK
Rinderpest and PPR report for September to December 1999
COUNTRY SPECIES DISEASE DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE RESULT
Kenya Wildlife Rinderpest/PPR C-ELISA 6 RP+; 7 PPR+
Greece Cattle Rinderpest PCR, C-ELISA -ve
Malaysia Cattle Rinderpest C-ELISA -ve
Turkey Sheep and goats PPR PCR, C-ELISA 5/8 PCR +ve10/10 C-ELISA+ve
Uganda Cattle, sheep and goats Rinderpest PCR, C-ELISA PCR -ve4/24 C-ELISA +ve
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
18
Surveillance for the eradication of sheep pox from the Mediterranean MaghrebRADISCON has organized the Second Annual Coordination Meeting on Surveillance for the
Eradication of Sheep Pox from the Mediterranean Maghreb, 17-18 February 2000, in Tunis.
In view of the recent epizootic of foot-and-mouth disease in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia
and the first occurrence of clinical bluetongue in Tunisia, the scope of the meeting has been
extended to include these two other transboundary animal diseases.
A �journée� during which the problems encountered with regard to the three diseases will
be debated in front of an open audience will precede the actual meeting. The four Chief
Veterinary Officers (CVOs) and four RADISCON National Liaison Officers (NLOs) of Algeria,
the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco and Tunisia will attend the meeting which will be held
on the second day. The meeting�s objectives are to:
� review progress made in the implementation of the RADISCON sheep pox programme
and suggest ways and means of tightening the harmonization of the efforts of individual
countries participating in the programme;
� report on the current situation of FMD and discuss future national and regional strategies
and the benefits of adopting an approach towards this disease which is similar to that of
sheep pox; and
� assess the risk of bluetongue spread in Tunisia and its possible extension to neighbouring
countries.
Communication/extension materials for sheep pox� Posters have been produced in Arabic to sensitize breeders on the importance of mass
vaccination against sheep pox during the spring and of reporting any sheep pox suspicion
to the relevant veterinary authorities. These posters will be widely distributed in the four
countries before the start of the next sheep pox vaccination campaigns in the spring.
� A field manual on sheep pox recognition has been produced in French and Arabic
versions which, it is hoped, will be extensively used by veterinarians and animal health
technicians in order to increase their knowledge and awareness of the disease.
Strengthening the regional components of the Algerian Animal Disease Surveil-lance System with special emphasis on foot-and-mouth diseaseTwo training workshops dedicated to the Southern and Eastern components of the Algerian
Animal Disease Surveillance System were organized in November 1999 in Algiers under
FAO TCP project TCP/ALG/8922 � Assistance to Algeria in foot-and-mouth disease control,
following the incursion of the disease in February 1999. Two additional workshops are being
organized for the central and western regions of the national surveillance system.
The workshops were attended by 28 veterinarians. The main areas covered were: principles
of epidemiology and epidemiological indicators; general concepts of disease surveillance;
the national component of RADISCON Reporting System; and the Animal Disease Database,
TADinfo-Algeria. Sessions on FMD diagnosis, epidemiology and control were also given as
well as a complete analysis of the disease situation, from a regional point of view. FMD
Sheep poxsurveillance inthe Maghreb
FMD surveillancein Algeria
NEWS@RADISCON
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
19
outbreak simulation exercises were organized in the field and working groups were consti-
tuted to improve the disease reporting forms used, the sanitary certificates for animal trans-
portation and to study animal movements and propose ways for an effective integration of
the private veterinarians into the national surveillance system.
Missions undertaken to implement TADinfo in the MaghrebTwo RADISCON missions were undertaken to Morocco and Algeria in October and November
1999 in order to implement their national TADinfo databases prepared by RADISCON and to
review their reporting forms. The nominated operators of the databases have received training
on the use of National TADinfo and on its customization in order to adapt it to the needs of
their National Animal Disease Surveillance Systems. A work plan for the effective
implementation of these databases was proposed, mainly for recording sheep pox and foot-
and-mouth disease. Two missions are being undertaken in February 2000 to implement TADinfo
in Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to review their reporting forms and systems.
Strategy for the Brucellosis Eradication Programme in LibyaSince mid-1997, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has been conducting a National Bovine Brucellosis
Eradication Programme in order to prevent the transmission of the disease to humans.
A Central Committee for the Eradication of Bovine Brucellosis has been established to
coordinate the Eradication Programme activities and to supervise the work of the field units
distributed throughout the country. The bovine population in Libya is estimated at 153 000
head, mainly concentrated in the north because of its mild Mediterranean climate. The field
units are responsible for running screening tests at the farm level, using Rose Bengal test on
bovines aged six months and more. Blood samples of animals positive to the screening test
are collected and sent to the laboratory for confirmation, using the Serum Agglutination Test
followed by the Complement Fixation Test. Positive animals are slaughtered and farmers are
immediately compensated. For herds where positive animals were detected, a second screening
test is repeated 21 days after the first visit in order to detect any other positive animals which
should be slaughtered. If other positive animals are detected, the herds are cleaned and retested
three months later and the procedure is repeated as often as necessary until all the animals of
the herd test negative. The serology is then repeated six months later and, if no animals are
detected positive, the farm is considered brucellosis free. All of the farms are tested every six
months in order to maintain their disease-free status. Results for 1999 are encouraging; out of
a total of 166 388 animals tested, only 215 were positive.
The programme is reinforced by sensitization campaigns addressed to farmers as well as to
the general public, using different communication channels such as television and radio.
(Source: The Libyan Animal Disease Surveillance Network.)
Publication announcementWe are pleased to announce that the epidemiology book Épidémiologie appliquée à la
lutte collective contre les maladies animales transmissibles majeures, by B. Toma et al.,
published in 1996, is now available in English under the title Applied veterinary
epidemiology and the control of disease in populations.
RADISCON contributed to the production of this valuable epidemiology reference
book in order to make it available to the anglophone RADISCON participating countries
as well as to other veterinary epidemiologists worldwide. Copies of the book will be sent
shortly to RADISCON CVOs and NLOs in RADISCON English-speaking countries.
The book may be purchased by contacting the author direct, Prof. B. Toma at the
Association pour l�Étude de l�Épidémiologie des Maladies animales, 7 Avenue du Général
de Gaulle, 94 704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France (e-mail: [email protected]).
Tadinfoimplemented inAlgeria andMorocco
BrucellosisEradicationProgramme inLibya
Erratum
In the map on p. 19 of
EMPRES Bulletin No. 11,
Foot-and-mouth disease
serotypes that have been
circulating in the Mediter-
ranean Maghreb, �A, 1997�
(in Algeria) should read �A,
1977�. The title of the
paragraph above the map
should read �FMD situation
before February 1999�
instead of �FMD situation
during the epizootic of
1999�.
We apologize for any
incon-venience caused by
these errors.
EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12
20
EMPRES ADDRESS LIST
Communication with
FAO-EMPRES, Rome
fax: +39 06 57053023
e-mail: [email protected]
Mark Rweyemamu
Senior Officer, Infectious Diseases/EMPRES
tel.: +39 06 57056772
e-mail: [email protected]
Peter Roeder
GREP Secretary
tel.: +39 06 57054637
e-mail: [email protected]
Abdelali Benkirane
Animal Health Officer (Bacteriology)
tel.: +39 06 57052681
e-mail: [email protected]
Roger Paskin
Animal Health Officer (Epidemiology)
tel. : +39 06 57054747
e-mail: [email protected]
Karim Ben Jebara
Radiscon Technical Support Officer
tel.: +39 06 57053135
e-mail: [email protected]
Anita von Krogh
Associate Professional Officer (Norway)
tel.: +39 06 57053762
e-mail: [email protected]
Vincent Martin
Associate Professional Officer (France)
tel.: +39 06 57055428
e-mail: [email protected]
Preben Boysen
Associate Professional Officer (Norway)
tel.: +39 06 57053712
e-mail: [email protected]
Ledi Pite
Associate Professional Officer (Albania)
tel.: +39 06 57054848
e-mail: [email protected]
David Nyakahuma
Associate Professional Officer (Netherlands)
tel.: +39 06 57056636
e-mail: [email protected]
FAO REGIONAL OFFICERS
Denis Hoffmann
Senior APH Officer, Asia & the Pacific �
Bangkok, Thailand
tel.: +66 2 281 7844 Ext. 308
e-mail: [email protected]
Talib Ali
Senior APH Officer, Near East � Cairo, Egypt
tel.: +202 3610000
e-mail: [email protected]
C. Arellano Sota
Senior APH Officer, Latin America &
Caribbean � Santiago, Chile
tel.: +56 2 3372221
e-mail: [email protected]
Moises Vargas
Regional EMPRES Epidemiologist
tel.: +56 2 337 2222
e-mail: [email protected]
Julio de Castro
APH Officer, Southern & East Africa � Harare,
Zimbabwe
e-mail: [email protected]
JOINT FAO/IAEADIVISION
PO Box 100, Vienna, Austria
fax: +43 1 20607
Martyn Jeggo
Head, Animal Production and Health Section
tel.: +43 1 2060 26053;
e-mail: [email protected]
John Crowther
Technical Officer, Near East
tel.: +43 1 2060 26054;
e-mail: [email protected]
Andrea Gervelmeyer
Associate Professional Officer
tel.: +43 1 2600 21606;
e-mail: [email protected]
RADISCON ADDRESS LIST
RADISCON Coordinating Unit (RCU)
FAO Headquarters
Abdelali Benkirane, RADISCON Coordinator
e-mail: [email protected]
Karim Ben Jebara, RADISCON Support Officer
e-mail: [email protected]
IFAD
Ahmed Sidahmed, Technical Adviser
e-mail: [email protected]
FAO Regional Office for the Near East
Pal Hajas, Senior Country Project Officer
e-mail: [email protected]
Ali Talib, Animal Production and Health Officer
e-mail: [email protected]
RADISCONe-mail-connected National
Liaison Officers (NLOs)
Algeria: Abdelmalek Bouhbal
e-mail: [email protected]
Bahrain: Fareeda Razaq Mohd
e-mail: [email protected]
Chad: Angaya Maho
e-mail: [email protected]
Egypt: Shoukry Guirguis
e-mail: [email protected]
Eritrea: Ghebremicael Aradom
e-mail: [email protected]
Ethiopia: Wondwosen Asfaw
e-mail: [email protected]
Iran: Nader Afshar Mazandaran
e-mail: [email protected]
Israel: Michael Van Ham
e-mail: [email protected]
Jordan: Fuad Aldomy
e-mail: [email protected]
Kuwait: Wario Godana
e-mail: [email protected]
Lebanon: Mustapha Mestom
e-mail: [email protected]
Mali: Mamadou Kané
e-mail: [email protected]
Mauritania: Lemrabott Ould Mekhalla
e-mail: [email protected]
Morocco: Kamal Laghzaoui
e-mail: [email protected]
Niger: Salifou Sama
e-mail: [email protected]
Oman: Sultan Al-Ismaily
e-mail: [email protected]
Palest. N.A.: Ayman Shuaibi
e-mail: [email protected]
Qatar: Abdul Hakeem Al-Khaldi
e-mail: [email protected]
Saudi Arabia: Mohamed Al-Ogeely
tel.: +966 1 404 4265; fax: 966 1 404 4555
Somalia: Mohamed Ahmed Sheikh Ali
tel.: +2521 216064; fax: +2521 215040
Sudan: Ahmed Mustafa Hassan
e-mail: [email protected]
Tunisia: Mohamed Bahirini
e-mail: [email protected]
Turkey: Necdet Akkoca
e-mail: [email protected]
Yemen: Najib Al-Hammadi
e-mail: [email protected]