Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph...
Transcript of Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph...
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Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder;Second-Order Axiomatized Arithmetic;
Gödel’s “God Theorem” & Speedup Theorem
Rensselaer AI & Reasoning (RAIR) LabDepartment of Cognitive ScienceDepartment of Computer Science
Lally School of Management & TechnologyRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
Troy, New York 12180 USA
Intro to Logic3/28/2019
Selmer Bringsjord
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FOL
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FOL√
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FOL√Epistemic + FOL
BdBvBdV v
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FOL√Epistemic + FOL
BdBvBdV v
(for coverage of “killer” robots)
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FOL√Epistemic + FOL
BdBvBdV v√ (for coverage of “killer” robots)
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FOL√Epistemic + FOL
BdBvBdV v√
TOL9X[X(j) ^ ¬X(m) ^ S(X)]
(for coverage of “killer” robots)
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FOL√Epistemic + FOL
BdBvBdV v√
TOL9X[X(j) ^ ¬X(m) ^ S(X)]
(for coverage of “killer” robots)
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FOL√Epistemic + FOL
BdBvBdV v√
?TOL
9X[X(j) ^ ¬X(m) ^ S(X)]
(for coverage of “killer” robots)
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
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Double-Minded Man
9X[X(joseph) ^ ¬X(m(harriet , joseph)) ^ Sleazy(X)]
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Double-Minded Man
9X[X(joseph) ^ ¬X(m(harriet , joseph)) ^ Sleazy(X)]√
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
ZOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
ZOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
ZOL
FOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
9x9y9R[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ Likes(x, y) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
9x9y9R[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ Likes(x, y) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
SOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
9x9y9R[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ Likes(x, y) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
SOL
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property; and, x R2s y, where R2 is a positive property.
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
9x9y9R[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ Likes(x, y) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
SOL
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property; and, x R2s y, where R2 is a positive property.
9x, y 9R,R2[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ R2(x, y) ^ Positive(R2) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
9x9y9R[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ Likes(x, y) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
SOL
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property; and, x R2s y, where R2 is a positive property.
9x, y 9R,R2[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ R2(x, y) ^ Positive(R2) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]TOL
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Climbing the k-order Ladder
Llama(a) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(a, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (a))
a is a llama, as is b, a likes b, and the father of a is a llama as well.
There’s some thing which is a llama and likes b (which is also a llama), and whose father is a llama too.
9x[Llama(x) ^ Llama(b) ^ Likes(x, b) ^ Llama(fatherOf (x))]
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property (and x likes y).
9x9y9R[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ Likes(x, y) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]
ZOL
FOL
SOL
Things x and y, along with the father of x, share a certain property; and, x R2s y, where R2 is a positive property.
9x, y 9R,R2[R(x) ^ R(y) ^ R2(x, y) ^ Positive(R2) ^ R(fatherOf (x))]TOL
…
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“Leibniz was right that Descartes was right that … : God exists, necessarily.”
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Gödel’s “God Theorem”
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Gödel’s “God Theorem” (formalized, machine verified)
(1) 8P [Pos(¬P ) $ ¬Pos(P )] premise(2) 8P1 8P2 {Pos(P1) ^⇤8x [P1(x) ! P2(x)] ! Pos(P2)} premise
) (3) 8P [Pos(P ) ! ⌃9x P (x)] theorem(4) 8x [G(x) $ 8P [Pos(P ) ! P (x)] definition(5) Pos(G) premise
) (6) ⌃9x G(x) corollary(7) 8P [Pos(P ) ! ⇤Pos(P )] premise(8) 8x8P {Ess(P, x) $ [P (x) ^ 8P 0 (P 0(x) ! ⇤8y(P (y) ! P 0(y))} definition
) (9) 8x [G(x) ! Ess(G, x)] theorem(10) 8x {NE (x) $ 8P [Ess(P, x) ! ⇤9y P (y)]} definition(11) Pos(NE ) premise
) (12) ⇤9x G(x) (a.k.a. “Necessarily, God exists.) theorem<latexit sha1_base64="hUU4PNGXS59ajQJpc4+6CJe8DZI=">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</latexit>
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PA = Z1
A1 ⇥x(0 �= s(x))A2 ⇥x⇥y(s(x) = s(y)� x = y)A3 ⇤x(x ⇥= 0 � ⌅y(x = s(y))A4 �x(x + 0 = x)A5 �x�y(x + s(y) = s(x + y))A6 ⇥x(x� 0 = 0)A7 ⇥x⇥y(x� s(y) = (x� y) + x)
And, every sentence that is the universal closure of an instance of
([�(0) ⇤ ⇥x(�(x) � �(s(x))] � ⇥x�(x))where �(x) is open w� with variable x, and perhaps others, free.
![Page 40: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
PA = Z1
A1 ⇥x(0 �= s(x))A2 ⇥x⇥y(s(x) = s(y)� x = y)A3 ⇤x(x ⇥= 0 � ⌅y(x = s(y))A4 �x(x + 0 = x)A5 �x�y(x + s(y) = s(x + y))A6 ⇥x(x� 0 = 0)A7 ⇥x⇥y(x� s(y) = (x� y) + x)
And, every sentence that is the universal closure of an instance of
([�(0) ⇤ ⇥x(�(x) � �(s(x))] � ⇥x�(x))where �(x) is open w� with variable x, and perhaps others, free.
1
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PA = Z2A1 ⇥x(0 �= s(x))A2 ⇥x⇥y(s(x) = s(y)� x = y)A3 ⇤x(x ⇥= 0 � ⌅y(x = s(y))A4 �x(x + 0 = x)A5 �x�y(x + s(y) = s(x + y))A6 ⇥x(x� 0 = 0)A7 ⇥x⇥y(x� s(y) = (x� y) + x)
New!
![Page 42: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
PA = Z2A1 ⇥x(0 �= s(x))A2 ⇥x⇥y(s(x) = s(y)� x = y)A3 ⇤x(x ⇥= 0 � ⌅y(x = s(y))A4 �x(x + 0 = x)A5 �x�y(x + s(y) = s(x + y))A6 ⇥x(x� 0 = 0)A7 ⇥x⇥y(x� s(y) = (x� y) + x)
New!
8X([X(0) ^ 8x(X(x) ! X(s(x))] ! 8xX(x))Induction Axiom
![Page 43: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
PA = Z2A1 ⇥x(0 �= s(x))A2 ⇥x⇥y(s(x) = s(y)� x = y)A3 ⇤x(x ⇥= 0 � ⌅y(x = s(y))A4 �x(x + 0 = x)A5 �x�y(x + s(y) = s(x + y))A6 ⇥x(x� 0 = 0)A7 ⇥x⇥y(x� s(y) = (x� y) + x)
New!
8X([X(0) ^ 8x(X(x) ! X(s(x))] ! 8xX(x))Induction Axiom
9X(8xX(x) $ �(x)) where �(x) 2 CComprehension Schema
![Page 44: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
G1 G
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G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 46: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
G1 G
EA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 47: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 48: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 49: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Let i � 0, and let f be any recursive function.
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 50: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Let i � 0, and let f be any recursive function.
Then there is an infinite family F of ⇧01 formulae such that:
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 51: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Let i � 0, and let f be any recursive function.
Then there is an infinite family F of ⇧01 formulae such that:
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 52: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Let i � 0, and let f be any recursive function.
Then there is an infinite family F of ⇧01 formulae such that:
1. 8� 2 F , Zi ` �; and
2. 8� 2 F , if k is the least integer s.t. Zi+1 `k symbols �, then Zi 6`f(k) symbols �.
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 GEA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 53: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Let i � 0, and let f be any recursive function.
Then there is an infinite family F of ⇧01 formulae such that:
1. 8� 2 F , Zi ` �; and
2. 8� 2 F , if k is the least integer s.t. Zi+1 `k symbols �, then Zi 6`f(k) symbols �.
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 G
Can you build an AI that can prove this??
EA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?
![Page 54: Second-Order Logic and the k-order Ladder; Second-Order ...€¦ · Double-Minded Man 9X [X (joseph ) ^ ¬X (m(harriet , joseph )) ^ Sleazy (X )] Double-Minded Man √ 9X [X (joseph](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa30659ec57ac54ca5f2efb/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Let i � 0, and let f be any recursive function.
Then there is an infinite family F of ⇧01 formulae such that:
1. 8� 2 F , Zi ` �; and
2. 8� 2 F , if k is the least integer s.t. Zi+1 `k symbols �, then Zi 6`f(k) symbols �.
Gödel’s Speedup Theorem
G1 G
Can you build an AI that can prove this??
Yes. Somehow …
EA/BA`
EA/BA|=
Q`
Q|=
TRUEA/QTRUEA/BA
√√
PA`
PA|=
ACA0√
TRUEA/I
? G
?
…
? GT
PA`II
PA|=II= TRUEA/II
?