TelecommunicationSwitching Systemsand Networks

Thiagarajan ViswanathanManav Bhatnagar

Second Edition

TelecommunicaTion SwiTching SySTemS and neTworkS

TelecommunicaTion SwiTching SySTemS

and neTworkS

Delhi-1100922015

Thiagarajan ViswanathanFormer Director

Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre New Delhi

Former ProfessorDepartment of Electrical Communication Engineering and

Supercomputer Education and Research CentreIndian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Manav BhatnagarAssociate Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

SECOND EDITION

TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS, Second EditionT. Viswanathan and Manav Bhatnagar

© 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-5083-0

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Thirty-eighth Printing (Second Edition) … … … January, 2015

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.

To

vii

Contents

Preface xiii

Preface to the First Edition xv

Acknowledgements xix

1. INTRODUCTION 1–421.1 Evolution of Telecommunications 1

1.1.1 Switching Systems 21.1.2 Switching Networks 51.1.3 Communication Links 71.1.4 Service Specific Networks 9

1.2 Simple Telephone Communication 121.3 Basics of a Switching System 161.4 Switching System Parameters 191.5 Components of a Switching System 211.6 Manual Switching System 241.7 Trends in Telecommunications 281.8 Standardisation in Telecommunications 33Exercises 37Further Reading 38Appendix The decibel 39 Review Questions 41

2. STROWGER SWITCHING SYSTEMS 43–762.1 Rotary Dial Telephone 442.2 Signalling Tones 482.3 Strowger Switching Components 512.4 Step-by-Step Switching 562.5 Control in Strowger Switch 60

viii | Contents

2.6 100-line Folded Switch 632.6.1 Design 1: 100 US-10 + 10 US-10 642.6.2 Design 2: 100 US-10 + 1000 US-10 662.6.3 Design 3: 100 TMS 662.6.4 Design 4: 100 US-24 + 24 TMS 682.6.5 Design 5: 24 TMS + 24 TMS 69

2.7 1000-line Folded Switch 702.8 10,000-line Exchange 74Exercises 74Further Reading 76

3. CROSSBAR SWITCHING 77–1003.1 Principles of Common Control 773.2 Touch Tone Dial Telephone 82

3.2.1 Design Considerations 843.3 Principles of Crossbar Switching 893.4 Crossbar Switch Configurations 913.5 Crosspoint Technology 953.6 Crossbar Exchange Organisation 97Exercises 99Further Reading 100

4. ELECTRONIC SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING 101–1594.1 Stored Program Control 1014.2 Centralised SPC 103

4.2.1 Modes of Operation 1044.2.2 Availability of SPC Systems 1074.2.3 Control in Centralised SPC 111

4.3 Distributed SPC 1124.3.1 Level 3 Processing 1134.3.2 Level 2 Processing 1154.3.3 Level 1 Processing 116

4.4 Software Architecture 1184.4.1 Operating System Aspects 1184.4.2 Software Production 1224.4.3 Language Aspects 1264.4.4 Modular Design 128

4.5 Application Software 1294.5.1 Parameterised Design 1304.5.2 Exchange Environment Parameters 1304.5.3 Subscriber Line and Trunk Parameters 1314.5.4 Call Processing Parameters 1364.5.5 Processing Functions 136

4.6 Enhanced Services 137

Contents | ix

4.7 Multi-stage Switches 1434.7.1 Two-stage Switches 1464.7.2 Three-stage Switches 1494.7.3 n-stage Switches 156

Exercises 157Further Reading 159

5. SPEECH DIGITISATION AND TRANSMISSION 160–1985.1 Sampling 1615.2 Quantisation and Binary Coding 1635.3 Quantisation Noise 1665.4 Companding 1685.5 Differential Coding 1745.6 Vocoders 1775.7 Pulse Transmission 1795.8 Line Coding 1875.9 Time Division Multiplexing 192Exercises 196Further Reading 198

6. TIME DIVISION SWITCHING 199–2416.1 Basic Time Division Space Switching 2006.2 Basic Time Division Time Switching 2066.3 Time Multiplexed Space Switching 2156.4 Time Multiplexed Time Switching 2206.5 Combination Switching 2296.6 Three-stage Combination Switching 2326.7 n-stage Combination Switching 235Exercises 239Further Reading 241

7. OPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEMS 242–3007.1 Types of Optical Fibres 2437.2 Fibre Optic Transmission 2477.3 Optical Sources 252

7.3.1 Light Emitting Diodes 2557.3.2 Laser Diodes 259

7.4 Optical Detectors 2637.4.1 p-i-n Photodiode 2677.4.2 Avalanche Photodiode 270

7.5 Power Budget Analysis 2737.6 Telecommunication Applications 2787.7 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 281

7.7.1 SONET Signalling and Devices 2817.7.2 Payload Encapsulation and Frequency Justification 287

Telecommunication Switching SystemsAnd Networks

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120350830 Author : Gleaner Co., ManavBhatnagar

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