SECL - 1. LNG & Natural Gas General c

8/13/2019 SECL - 1. LNG & Natural Gas General c

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1

LNG & Natu ral Gas

1. Natural Gas as Fuel

2. Gas/LNG Characterist ics

3. Gas Produc t ion Sch eme

4. Gas/Energy Transpo rtation

5. LNG Chain

6. LNG Cost B reakdown


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1. Natural Gas as Fuel

Abundant

Physically Clean Burning

High EfficiencySimple Handling

Reliable Business


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2.2 Comparison of Emissions_2Plant Type Fuel

Consumed

(Tons)

Waste

Solid

(Tons)

SO2

Produced

(Tons)

NOx

Produced

(Tons

CO2

Produced

(Tons)

Coal (1% Sulphur)

Conventional

Gasification IGCC

Fuel Oil

(3.5% Sulphur)

Conventional

Natural Gas

Conventional

Combined Cycle

16500

14800

2000

1800

350

NIL

50-150

10-50

39000

35000

10200 5 750 40-75 33000

7800

6500

NIL

NIL

NIL

NIL15-75

10-50

21000

18000

Typical Average Daily Activity of 2000 MW Power Plant


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2.3 Natural Gas HazardSummary of Main Differences between Types of Fuels

Hazard LNG LPG Gasoline Fuel Oil

Toxic No No Yes YesCarcinogenic No No Yes Yes

Flammable Yes Yes Yes Yes

Uncontrolled FlameCharacteristic

Smokelessblue flame

Smoky BlackSmoke

BlackSmoke

Form Vapor Cloud Under special

condition

Yes Yes No

Asphyxiate Yes, inconfined space Yes, sameas LNG No No

Other health Hazard No No Eye irritant,

narcosis,nausea, others

Same as

Gasoline

Flash Point F -306 -156 -50 140

Boiling Point F -258 -44 90 400

Flammable Limit % 5 - 15 2.1 - 9.5 1.3 - 6 N/A

Vapor Cloud Explosion No Yes Yes N/AStored Pressure Ambient Ambient -

PressurizedAmbient Ambient

Behavior if spilled Evaporates,forming visible

cloud thatdisperses readily

Evaporates,forming explosive

vapor cloud

Form a flammablepool.

Environmentalcleanup required

Same asGasoline

Source Gastech 2002


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2.4 Raw Gas Properties_1H2S CO2Contents

10

8

6

4

2Percen

t

Middle East Asia Pacific

0

10

20

Percen

t


0

H2S Content CO2Content


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2.5 Raw Gas Properties_2Methane, Ethane Content

100

80

60

40

20Percen

t


Methane Content

0

100

80

60

40

20Percen

t


Ethane Content

0


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2.6 Raw Gas Properties_3Heavier Components

100

80

60

40

20Percen

t


Content of LPG Components

0

100

80

60

40

20Percen

t


C5+ Content

0


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4. Gas/Energy Transportation4.1 Energy Transportation Options

Gas Pipeline

LNG

GTL

GTW

CNG NGH


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4.2 Energy Transportation Scheme

Receiving

Terminal

GasField TreatmentProcessing

Compressor

Station

Liquefaction

GTL

Conversion

SimpleCompress.

Power Station

& Converter

GasPipeline

Grid

Receiving& Re-gas

Terminal

Inverter Electrical

Grid

Land &

Coastal

Transport

P/L

LNG

GTL

GTW

CNG

Power

Plant

Users


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4.3 Capacity Distance Diagram

Distance (km)

Capac

ity(

BCM)

100 1000 10000

10.0

1.0

0.1

PIPELINE LNG

GTLCNG GTW NGH

WGC 2003


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4.4 LNG vs. Pipeline

4

3

2

1

0

$/GJ

(exc

lude

fee

dgas

) Onshore

Pipeline33 BCMA

Onshore

Pipeline

LNG

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

km

2 X 4 MTPA LNG or

11 BCMA

WGC 2003


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5. LNG Chain5.1 LNG Chain Overall

UpstreamGas Production

Liquefaction

Marine

Transportation

Receiving

Terminal Power Plant

Town

Gas

Gate


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5.2 Overall Gas Balance

PipelineReceiving

Terminal

Marine

Transportation

LiquefactionPre-

-treatment

Gas

Gathering

Storage

Loading

Raw

Gas

BOG

Gas LNG

Fuel

Gas Heating MediumCompressor Driver

Power Generation

LNG

LNGGasGas

BOGBOG

Boiler

Fuel Gas(NNF)SCV

[100] [99] [91]

[88]

[86][86][86]

[10]

[2]

Heavy Components [2]

To Users

[ ] Index based on heating value : 100=Raw gas base


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6. LNG Cost Breakdown6.1 Key Factors on Gas Delivery Cost

Raw Gas Cost

Project Scale

Marine Transportation Distance

Seasonal Fluctuation in Gas Demand

LNG Ship Capacity

Gas Specification in End User

Distances of Distribution Pipeline

6 2 G C t i LNG Ch i 1


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6.2 Gas Cost in LNG Chain_1Typical Breakdown

Field Development 10-20 %

Liquefaction 25-35 %

Marine Transportation 15-25 %

Receiving Terminal 5-15 %

Gas Distribution/Marketing or Power Plant 25-35 %


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6.3 Gas Cost in LNG Chain_2From 1995 to 2000

Upstream Development

Liquefaction

Marine TransportationRe-gasification

Total

Early 1995s Early 2000s

0.5 - 0.8

1.3 - 1.4

1.2 - 1.30.5 - 0.6

3.5 - 4.1

0.5 - 0.8

1.0 - 1.1

0.9 - 1.00.4 - 0.5

2.8 - 3.4

Source WGC 2003


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6.4 Cost Breakdown_1Project Scale

BASE

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

10

12

64

79

17

17

6 MTPA

8 MTPA

4 MTPA

100

91

108Liquefaction

Marine Transportation

Re-gasification (Receiving Terminal)

Transportation Distance : 1700 Sea mile

Ratio of Total Cost per MMBTU

1772 1111


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6.5 Cost Breakdown_2Transportation distance

BASE

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

72 11

72

Distance

= 1700 sea mile

Distance

= 6500 sea mile1154

100

137

Liquefaction

Marine Transportation


Project Scale : 6 MTPA


11


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6.6 Cost Breakdown-3Seasonal Fluctuation

BASE

Seasonal Fluctuation

Factor X= 5 %

Seasonal FluctuationFactor X= 10 %

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

72 17 11

16

21

72

72

17

17

Seasonal FluctuationFactor X= 0 %

100

105

110

LiquefactionMarine Transportation


Project Scale : 6 MTPA

X= (Required Storage Volume due to Seasonal Gap in Gas Demand)(Annual Gas Consumption in Volume)

x 100


SECL - 1. LNG & Natural Gas General c

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