Sec. Sch. - HKUST Dual Program Level 1 Introductory ......5 The Gas Laws Avogadro’s law: At fixed...
Transcript of Sec. Sch. - HKUST Dual Program Level 1 Introductory ......5 The Gas Laws Avogadro’s law: At fixed...
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SEC. SCH. - HKUSTDUAL PROGRAM
LEVEL 1
INTRODUCTORY
CHEMISTRY
SAMPLE 02
Dept of Chemistry, HKUST
1
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Each subshell contains one or more orbitals.
s subshells have 1 orbital.
p subshells have 3 orbitals.
d subshells have 5 orbitals.
f subshells have 7 orbitals.
s orbital
p orbital
d orbital
THE QUANTUM MODEL: QUANTUM NUMBERS
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3
Energy levels of atomic orbitals of atoms
Orbitals with same n have the
same energy.
Orbitals in different subshell of
same n have different energy.
• The subshells in a shell of H all have the same energy, but
• but for many electron atoms the subshells have different energies. i.e. s < p < d < f.
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4
Molecular shape
No of
bonded
atoms
No of
NBP
No of
sets
Molecular
shape
e.g.
2 0 2 ? BeCl2, HgCl2, CO2, HCN
3 0 3 ? BF3, AlBr3, CH2O
4 0 4 ? CH4, CBr4, SiCl4
3 1 4 ? NH3, PH3
2 2 4 ? H2O, H2S, SCl2
2 1 3 ? SO2, O3
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5
The Gas Laws
Avogadro’s law:At fixed temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to the amount of gas (that is, to the
number of moles of gas, n, or to the number of molecules
of gas)
V n
Thus, V = c n
V/n = c
V1/n1 = V2/n2
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6
1 0 0 0 a tm
2 0 0 o
CC H 2 C H 2
n+ b r a n c h e d P E
lin e a r P E
T iC l4 /A lE t3
o r T iC l3 /A lE t2 C l
C H 2 C H 2n
lin e a r P E
R T /1 a tm
h e a t in gn o p o ly m e r
T iC l3 /A lE t3
H H H
M e M e M eM e
H
•An efficient catalytic
polymerization procedure was
developed by Karl Ziegler and
Giulio Natta in the 1950's.
•For this important discovery
these chemists received the 1963
Nobel Prize in chemistry.
•Currently more than 15 million
tones of polyethylene and
polypropylene are produced
annually through this process.
Co-ordination polymerization
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7
Hess’s law of constant heat summation
• Worked example: Determination of this enthalpy change of this reaction:
• The direct determination of H3 is very difficult, because once CO(g) forms it reacts further with O2 to yield CO2.
• H of combustion of CO(g) and C(graphite, s) can be easily measured experimentally:
2C(graphite) + O2(g) 2CO(g) H3
(1): 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) H1 = – 566 kJ mol-1
(2): C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) H2 = – 393.5 kJ mol-1
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Hess’s law of constant heat summation
Enthalpy diagram illustrating Hess’s law
The diagram shows two different ways to go from graphite and oxygen (reactants) to
carbon monoxide (products). Going by way of reactions 1 and 2 is equivalent to the
direct reaction 3.
(1): 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) H1 = – 566 kJ mol-1
(2): C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) H2 = – 393.5 kJ mol-1
?????
Solution:
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9
Rate equation and rate constant
F2 (g) + 2ClO2 (g) 2FClO2 (g)
rate = k [F2][ClO2]Rate laws are
experimentally.
Reaction order is
reactant (not product) concentrations.
The order of a reactant
the
the balanced chemical equation.
S2O82- (aq) + 3I- (aq) 2SO4
2- (aq) + I3- (aq)
rate = k [S2O82-][I-]
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10
Factors affecting Equilibrium Position
• Which of the following factors will affect chemical equilibrium?
1. Concentration change
2. Pressure change
3. Temp change
4. Involving a catalyst in reaction mixture
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11
Aluminum smelting
• From Bauxite :
Al(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq) NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2AlO2–(aq) + 2CO2(g) + (n+1)H2O(l)
2HCO3–(aq) +Al2O3•nH2O(s)
NaAlO2(aq) + 6HF(g) + Na2CO3(aq)
Na3AlF6(s) + 3H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
(cyrolite)
Bauxite
(from above process)