Seasonal variation of bioluminescence in the Mediterranean Sea Jessica Craig, Alan Jamieson, Phil...
Transcript of Seasonal variation of bioluminescence in the Mediterranean Sea Jessica Craig, Alan Jamieson, Phil...
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Seasonal variationof bioluminescence in the
Mediterranean Sea
Jessica Craig, Alan Jamieson, Jessica Craig, Alan Jamieson, Phil Bagley & Monty PriedePhil Bagley & Monty Priede
Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UKOceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UKwww.oceanlab.abdn.ac.ukwww.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk
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Bioluminescent sources (BL)Bioluminescent sources (BL)
Talk outline
Measurement techniqueMeasurement technique
BL Distribution in the Mediterranean SeaBL Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea
Seasonal variation at NEMO & NESTORSeasonal variation at NEMO & NESTOR
Differences between NEMO & NESTORDifferences between NEMO & NESTOR
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Bioluminescent sources
BACTERIA BACTERIA - Steady baseline source of light - Steady baseline source of light
MesoplanktonMesoplankton – 0.2-20 mm – 0.2-20 mm
(e.g. copepods)(e.g. copepods)
MacroplanktonMacroplankton – 20-200 mm – 20-200 mm
(e.g. euphausiids)(e.g. euphausiids)
MegaplanktonMegaplankton – 200-2000 mm – 200-2000 mm
(e.g. medusae & large colonial(e.g. medusae & large colonial
organisms (e.g. pyrosomes))organisms (e.g. pyrosomes))
ANIMALS ANIMALS - Non steady-state flashes- Non steady-state flashes
Two types:
(Dussart et al. 1965, Sieburth et al. 1978)(Dussart et al. 1965, Sieburth et al. 1978)
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Bioluminescent sources
Quantum emission (photons.flash-1)Quantum emission (photons.flash-1)
BL wavelength centred on 480nm
(Heger, 2007)(Heger, 2007)
BL requires a stimulusBL requires a stimulus
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Measurement method
ICDeep profilerCamera
Mesh
ICDeep - ICCD camera - Gain control- To 5 x 10-7 lux (min faceplate sens.)
Mesh - 500 x 400 mm
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ICDeep deployment sites in the MS
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BL in the Mediterranean Sea
Algerian Basin
W Ionian Sea (NEMO)
Mid Ionian SeaE Ionian Sea (NESTOR)
Depth Mean BL ± SD Mean BL ± SD Mean BL ± SD Mean BL ± SD
500-1000 25.27 ± 11.02 13.58 ± 5.53 8.71 ± 1.97 7.89 ± 5.79
1000-2000 10.39 ± 4.55 9.67 ± 7.22 1.32 ± 1.45
2000-3000 1.70 ± 1.88 0.33 ± 0.31
3000-end 0.30 ± 0.23 0.11 ± 0.15
June 09
May 09
May 09
Sept 08
Sept 08 May09
May 09
Oct 08
May 09
NEMO NESTOR
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BL analysis
1. Is there seasonal variation in BL at NEMO and NESTOR?
2. Is there a difference in BL between NEMO and NESTOR?
Generalised Additive Modelling (GAM)
- models non-linear relationships
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Seasonal variation
Table 2. GAM analysis results - difference between spring and autumn BL density in the E and W Ionian Sea.
W Ionian Sea (NEMO) E Ionian Sea (NESTOR)
p-value <0.001 0.07
NEMO NESTOR
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Seasonal variationNEMO
NE Atlantic Ocean- Observation of autumnal deep maxima
(Gillibrand et al. 2007)
Autumnal deep maxima attributed to enhanced biomass fed by export of spring surface primary productivity to deeper water
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Difference in BL between sites
Table 2. GAM analysis results - difference between BL density in the E and W Ionian Sea in the spring and autumn
Spring Autumn
p-value <0.001 <0.001
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Seasonal difference between sitesNEMO NESTOR
(Mean BL sources. m-3 )
Autumn 12.96 1.78
Spring 4.35 3.17
500 - 2500 m
2500 - 3500 mNEMO NESTOR
(Mean BL sources.m-3 )
Autumn 0.42 0.24
Spring 0.63 0.17
NEMO NESTORMean Flashes.hour-1
Autumn 4 2
Spring 6 2
2
animalsphere1
2
ø
2
ø.simpacts
Impacts with OM (Priede et al. 2008)
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Summary
Significant seasonal variation at the NEMO site- BL density 3x higher in autumn 500-2500 m cf. spring
- What is the fate of this deep peak?
BL decreases towards the East MS
- consistent with previous studies where ANTARES and NESTOR sites
were compared (Priede et al. 2008, Craig et al. 2009)
Significant difference in BL between NEMO & NESTOR- 2-3x higher at the NEMO site at depth 2500-3500 m
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Thanks to:
Harilaos Kontoyiannis (HCMR) and crew of the RV Aegaeo
Gian Pietro Gasparini (CNR-ISMAR) and crew of RV Urania
Francesc Sarda (ICM-CSIC) and crew of RV Sarmiento de Gamboa
KM3NeT Project
UK Natural Environment Research Council
Thank you!
Acknowledgements
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References
Craig J, Jamieson A, Heger A, Priede I G (2009) Distribution of bioluminescent organisms in the Mediterranean Sea and predicted effects on a deep-sea neutrino telescope, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 602(1):224-226 doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.043
Dussart B.H. , Les différentes catégories de plancton, Hydrobiologia 26 (1965), pp. 72–74.
Gillibrand E.J.V., Jamieson A.J., Bagley P.M., Zuur A.F., Priede I.G. (2007) Seasonal development of a deep pelagic bioluminescent layer in the temperate Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 341: 37-44
Heger, A. 2007. In situ observations of bioluminescence in the deep sea: benthic and pelagic measurements in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. PhD, University of Aberdeen
Priede I G, Jamieson A, Heger A, Craig J, Zuur A F (2008) The potential influence of bioluminescence from marine animals on a deep sea underwater neutrino telescope array in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Research Part I, 55:1474-1483. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.001
Sieburth J.McN. , V. Smetacek and J. Lenz, Pelagic ecosystem structure: heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relationship to plankton size fractions, Limnology and Oceanography 23 (1978), pp. 1256–1263.
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NEMO TS