Season in the World

8/13/2019 Season in the World

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4. WINTER

Winter is the coldest season of the year intemperate climates,between autumn and spring. At thewinter solstice,thedays are shortest and the nights are longest, with days lengthening as the season progresses after the solstice.

Animation of snow cover changing with the seasons.

METEOROLOGY

Some authorities attempt to define an astronomical winter, often offset, which is based solely on the position of the

Earth in its orbit around the sun. The start of an astronomical winter remains constant in each hemisphere regardless

of weather conditions, but varies with culture.

Meteorological winter is the method of measuring the winter season used bymeteorologists based on "sensible

weather patterns" for record keeping purposes, so the start of meteorological winter can change depending on how far

north one lives. Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average

temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in theNorthern Hemisphere,and

June, July and August in theSouthern Hemisphere.The coldest average temperatures of the season are typically

experienced in January in the Northern hemisphere and in June or July in the Southern hemisphere. Nighttime

predominates the winter season, and in some regions it has the highest rate ofprecipitation as well as prolongeddampness because of permanent snow cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures, precluding

evaporation.Blizzards often develop and cause many transportation delays. A rare meteorological phenomenon

encountered during winter isice fog,which comprisesice crystals suspended in the air; it occurs only at very low

temperatures, below 30 C (22 F).

Accumulations of snow and ice are commonly associated with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, due to the large land

masses there. In the Southern Hemisphere, the more maritime climate and the relative lack of land south of 40S

makes the winters milder; thus, snow and ice are less common in inhabited regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In

this region, snow occurs every year in elevated regions such as the Andes, the Great Dividing Range in Australia, and

the mountains of New Zealand, and also occurs in the southerlyPatagonia region of South America. Snow occurs

year-round inAntarctica.

PERIOD

Astronomically, thewinter solstice,being the day of the year which has fewest hours of daylight, ought to be the middle

of the season, butseasonal lag means that the coldest period normally follows the solstice by a few weeks. In the USA

(and sometimes in Britain) the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the followingequinoxin

theNorthern Hemisphere,depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 21 or 22 December and 20
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or 21 March. In the UK, meteorologists consider winter to be the three coldest months of December, January and

February. In Scandinavia, winter traditionally begins on 14 October and ends on the last day of February. In many

countries in theSouthern Hemisphere,including Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, winter begins on 1 June and

ends on 31 August. InCeltic nations such as Ireland (using theIrish calendar)and in Scandinavia, the winter solstice is

traditionally considered as midwinter, with the winter season beginning 1 November, onAll Hallows,orSamhain.Winter

ends and spring begins onImbolc,orCandlemas,which is 1 or 2 February . This system of seasons is based on the

length of days exclusively. (The three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar radiation occurs during

November, December, and January in the Northern Hemisphere and May through July in theSouthern Hemisphere.)Also, many mainland European countries tend to recognizeMartinmas orSt. Martin's Day(11 November), as the first

calendar day of winter. The day falls at midpoint between the old Julianequinoxandsolstice dates. Also,Valentine's

Day (14 February) is recognized by some countries as heralding the first rites of spring, such as flowers blooming.

InChinese astronomy and other East Asiancalendars,winter is taken to commence on or around 7 November, with

theJiq(known asl dngliterally, "establishment of winter").

A morning after a cold night in the US.

The three-month period associated with the coldest average temperatures typically begins somewhere in late

November or early December in the Northern Hemisphere and lasts through late February or early March. This

"thermological winter" is earlier than the solstice delimited definition, but later than the daylight (Celtic) definition.Depending onseasonal lag,this period will vary between climatic regions.

Cultural influences such asChristmas creep may have led to the winter season being perceived as beginning earlier in

recent years, although high latitude countries like Canada and Russia are usually well into their real winters before the

December solstice.
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1. SPRING

Springis one of the fourtemperateseasons,the transition period betweenwinter andsummer.Spring and

"springtime" refer to the season, and broadly to ideas of rebirth, renewal and regrowth. The specific definition of the

exact timing of "spring" varies according to local climate, cultures and customs. At the springequinox,days are close to

12 hours long with day length increasing as the season progresses.

DEFINITION

Meteorologists generally define four seasons in many climatic areas: spring,summer,autumn (or fall) andwinter.

These are demarcated by the values of their average temperatures on a monthly basis, with each season lasting three

months. The three warmest months are by definition summer, the three coldest months are winter, and the intervening

gaps are spring and autumn. Spring, when defined in this manner, can start on different dates in different regions. In

terms of complete months, in most North Temperate Zone locations, spring months areMarch,April andMay although

differences exist from country to country. (Summer is June, July, August; autumn is September, October, November;

winter is December, January, February). The vast majority of South Temperate Zone locations will have opposingseasons with spring in September, October and November.

In the USA and some other regions in the Northern Hemisphere, the astronomicalvernal equinox(currently around 20

or 21 March) is often taken to mark the first day of spring, and the summer solstice is sometimes taken as the first day

of summer (usually 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere). In another US tradition, 2 February,Candlemas,can be

regarded as the start of spring if it is mild. In South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, spring begins on 1 September,

and has no relation to the vernal equinox. In Ireland spring traditionally starts on 1 February, St Brigid's Day.

In South America, theTupi-Guarani calendar, from the former inhabitants of what is presently Brazil, Northern

Argentina and Paraguay, counted 365 days, plus a fourth part of a day, needing no extra day every four years. The

beginning of the solar year was marked by the rising of the M25 Constellation in the horizon, which occurs between

June 5 and June 11 in this part of the world. For these native people, the four seasons were clearly identified by thesolstices and equinoxes. The trajectory of the Sun throughout the year was divided into "The New Age" (Ara Pyau) and

"The Old Age" (Ara Ym). Ara Pyau was spring and summer, and Ara Ym was autumn and winter. This calendar,

which had no graphed or written form, marked activities such as hunting, fishing, planting, harvesting and religious

rituals.

In East AsianSolar term,spring begins on 4 February and ends on 5 May. Similarly, according to the Celtic tradition,

which is based solely on daylight and the strength of the noon sun, spring begins in early February

(nearImbolc orCandlemas)and continues until early May (Beltane).

Swedish meteorologists define the beginning of spring as the first occasion on which the average daytime temperature

exceeds zero degrees Celsius for seven consecutive days, thus the date varies with latitude and elevation.

The phenological definition of spring relates to indicators, the blossoming of a range of plant species, and the activities

of animals, or the special smell of soil that has reached the temperature for microflora to flourish. It therefore varies

according to theclimate and according to the specificweather of a particular year.
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EVENTS

In spring, the axis of the Earth is increasing its tilt toward the Sun and the length of daylight rapidly increases for the

relevant hemisphere. The hemisphere begins to warm significantly causing new plant growth to "spring forth," giving

the season its name. Snow, if a normal part of winter, begins to melt, and streams swell with runoff. Frosts, if a normal

part of winter, become less severe. In climates that have no snow and rare frosts, the air and ground temperature

increases more rapidly. Many flowering plants bloom this time of year, in a long succession sometimes beginning evenif snow is still on the ground, continuing into early summer. In normally snowless areas "spring" may begin as early as

February (Northern Hemisphere) heralded by the blooming of deciduous magnolias, cherries, and quince, or August

(Southern Hemisphere) in the same way.Subtropical andtropical areas have climates better described in terms of

other seasons, e.g. dry or wet, or monsoonal, or cyclonic. Often the cultures have locally defined names for seasons

which have little equivalence to the terms originating in Europe. Many temperate areas have a dry spring, and wet

autumn (fall), which brings about flowering in this season more consistent with the need for water as well as

warmth.Subarctic areas may not experience "spring" at all until May or even June, or December in the outerAntarctic.

While spring is a result of the warmth caused by the turning of the Earth's axis, the weather in many parts of the world

is overlain by events which appear very erratic taken on a year-to-year basis. The rainfall in spring (or any season)

follows trends more related to longer cycles or events created by ocean currents and ocean temperatures. Good andwell-researched examples are theEl Nio effect and theSouthern Oscillation Index.

Unstable weather may more often occur during spring, when warm air begins on occasions to invade from

lowerlatitudes,while cold air is still pushing on occasions from thePolar regions.Flooding is also most common in and

near mountainous areas during this time of year because of snowmelt, accelerated by warm rains. In the United

States,Tornado Alley is most active this time of year, especially since theRocky Mountains prevent the surging hot

and cold air masses from spreading eastward and instead force them into direct conflict. Besidestornadoes,supercell

thunderstorms can also produce dangerously largehail and very high winds, for which asevere thunderstorm

warning ortornado warning is usually issued. Even more so than in winter, thejet streams play an important role in

unstable and severe weather in the springtime in the Northern Hemisphere.

In recent decadesseason creep has been observed, which means that manyphenological signs of spring areoccurring earlier in many regions by a couple of days per decade.

Spring is seen as a time of growth, renewal, of new life (both plant and animal) being born. The term is also used more

generally as a metaphor for the start of better times, as in thePrague Spring.Spring in the Southern Hemisphere is

different in several significant ways to that of the Northern Hemisphere. This is because: there is no land bridge

betweenSouthern Hemisphere countries and theAntarctic zone capable of bringing in cold air without the

temperature-mitigating effects of extensive tracts of water; the vastly greater amount of ocean in the Southern

Hemisphere at all latitudes; at this time in Earth's geologic history the Earth has an orbit which brings it in closer to the

Southern Hemisphere for its warmer seasons; there is a circumpolar flow of air (the roaring 40s and 50s) uninterrupted

by large land masses; no equivalent jet streams; and the peculiarities of the reversing ocean currents in the Pacific.
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2. SUMMER

Summeris the warmest of the fourtemperateseasons,betweenspring andautumn.At the summersolstice,the days

are longest and the nights are shortest, with day-length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The

date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, culture, and tradition, but when it is summer in

theNorthern Hemisphere it iswinter in theSouthern Hemisphere,and vice versa.

TIMING

Starting in early August, Fall is one of the shortest seasons. From an astronomical view,

theequinoxes andsolstices would be the middle of the respective seasons,but a variableseasonal lag means that

themeteorological start of the season, which is based on average temperature patterns, occurs several weeks later

than the start of the astronomical season. According to meteorologists, summer extends for the whole months of June,

July, and August in the northern hemisphere and the whole months of December, January, and February in the

southern hemisphere. Under meteorological definitions, all seasons are arbitrarily set to start at the beginning of a

calendar month and end at the end of a month.This meteorological definition of summer also aligns with the commonlyviewed notion of summer as the season with the longest (and warmest) days of the year (365 days), in which daylight

predominates. The meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in Austria, Denmark and the former USSR; it is also

used by many in the United Kingdom, where summer is thought of as extending from mid-May to mid-August.

InIreland,the summer months according to the national meteorological service,Met ireann,are June, July and

August. However, according to theIrish Calendar summer begins 1 May and ends 1 August. School textbooks in

Ireland follow the cultural norm of summer commencing on 1 May rather than the meteorological definition of 1 June.

From the astronomical perspective, days continue to lengthen from equinox to solstice and summer days progressively

shorten after the solstice, so meteorological summer encompasses the build-up to the longest day and a diminishing

thereafter, with summer having many more hours of daylight than spring.Solstices andequinoxes are taken to mark

the mid-points, not the beginnings, of the seasons.Midsummer takes place over the shortest night of the year, which isthe summer solstice, or on a nearby date that varies with tradition.

The Western definition based on solstice to equinox is more frequently used where a temperature lag of up to half a

season is common. In North America, summer is often the period from thesummer solstice (usually June 20 or 21 in

the Northern Hemisphere) to theautumn equinox.Unofficially, the U.S. summer season is commonly regarded as

beginning onMemorial Day weekend (the last weekend in May) and ending onLabor Day weekend (the first weekend

in September), more closely in line with the meteorological definition.

InChinese astronomy,summer starts on or around 5 May, with thejiq(solar term)known aslxi (), i.e.

"establishment of summer", and it ends on or around 6 August.

In southern and southeast Asia, where themonsoon occurs, summer is more generally defined as lasting from Marchto May/early June, their warmest time of the year, ending with the onset of the monsoonrains.

Because the temperature lag is shorter in the oceanic temperate southern hemisphere most countries in this region,

especiallyAustralia andNew Zealand,use the meteorological definition with summer starting on December 1 and

ending on the last day of February.
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WEATHER

Summer is traditionally associated with hot dry weather, but this does not occur in all regions. In areas of

thetropics and subtropics, thewet season occurs during the summer. The wet season is the main period of vegetation

growth within thesavanna climate regime. Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in theprevailing

winds,it is known as a monsoon.

In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November. The statistical

peak of theAtlantic hurricane season is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity,

but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in

February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to

December, with peaks in May and November. In theSouthern Hemisphere,the tropical cyclone season runs from 1

November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.

In the interior ofcontinents,thunderstorms can producehail during the afternoon and evening. Schools and universities

typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days.

SCHOOL BREAK

In all countries, children are out of school during this time of year forsummer break,although dates vary. In theNorthern hemisphere, some begin as early as late May, including the United States, although in England and Walesschool ends in mid-July and resumes again in September. In the Southern hemisphere, school summer holiday datesinclude the major holidays ofChristmas andNew Year's Day.School summer holidays in Australia begin in mid-December and end in late January, with the dates varying between states.

ACTIVITIES

People take advantage of the warmer temperatures by spending more time outdoors during the summer. Activities

such as traveling to thebeachand picnics occur during summer months. Sports such

ascricket,volleyball,skateboarding,baseball,softball,Canadian football,tennis andwater polo are played. Water

sports also occur. These include water skiing, wake boarding, swimming, and tubing. Water skiing is a uniquely

summer sport, which is done when waters approach their warmest of the year. The modernOlympics have been held

during the summer months every four years since 1896.

Summer is usually a low point intelevision viewing, and television schedules generally reflect this by not scheduling

new episodes of their most popular shows between the end of Maysweeps and the beginning of the television season

in September, instead scheduling low-costreality television shows. Conversely, the music and film industries generally

experience higher returns during the summer than other times of the year and market theirsummer hits accordingly.

With most school-age children and college students on summer vacation during the summer months, especially in the

United States, travel and vacationing traditionally peaks during the summer, with the volume of travel in a typical

summer weekend rivaled only byThanksgiving.Teenagers and college students will often takesummer jobs in

industries that cater to recreation.
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3.AUTUMN

Autumnor Fallis one of the fourtemperateseasons.Autumn marks the transition fromsummer intowinter,in

September (Northern Hemisphere)or March (Southern Hemisphere)when the arrival ofnight becomes noticeably

earlier.

Theequinoxes might be expected to be in the middle of their respective seasons, but temperature lag (caused by the

thermal latency of the ground and sea) means that seasons appear later than dates calculated from a purely

astronomical perspective. The actual lag varies with region. Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-

autumn", others with a longer lag treat it as the start of autumn.Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in

the southern hemisphere)use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in

the northern hemisphere, and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.

In North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox. In traditional East Asiansolar

term,autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to

the national meteorological service,Met ireann,are September, October and November.However, according to

theIrish Calendar which is based on ancientGaelictraditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August,

September, and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In Australia, autumn officially begins onMarch 1 and ends May 31 According to United States tradition, autumn runs from the day afterLabor Day (i.e. the

Tuesday following the first Monday of September) throughThanksgiving (i.e. the fourth Thursday in November), after

which theholiday season that demarcates the unofficial beginning of winter begins.

ETYMOLOGY

The word autumncomes from theOld French word autompne(automneinmodern French), and was later normalised

to the originalLatin wordautumnus.There are rare examples of its use as early as the 12th century, but it becamecommon by the 16th century.

Before the 16th century,harvestwas the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in otherWest

Germanic languages to this day (cf. Dutch herfstand German Herbst). However, as more people gradually moved from

working the land to living in towns (especially those who could read and write, the only people whose use of language

we now know), the word harvestlost its reference to the time of year and came to refer only to the actual activity of

reaping, and autumn, as well as fall, began to replace it as a reference to the season.

The alternative word fallfor the season traces its origins to oldGermanic languages.The exact derivation is unclear,

theOld English fillor feallanand theOld Norse fallall being possible candidates. However, these words all have the

meaning "to fall from a height" and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to

denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction ofMiddle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall ofthe year".

During the 17th century,English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new

settlers took the English language with them. While the term fallgradually became obsolete in Britain, it became the

more common term in North America.
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HARVEST ASSOCIATION

Association with the transition from warm to cold weather, and its related status as the season of the primaryharvest,

has dominated its themes and popular images. In Western cultures, personifications of autumn are usually pretty, well-

fed females adorned with fruits, vegetables and grains that ripen at this time. Many cultures feature autumnalharvest

festivals,often the most important on their calendars. Still extant echoes of these celebrations are found in the mid-

autumnThanksgiving holiday of the United States and Canada, and the JewishSukkot holiday with its roots as a full-moon harvest festival of "tabernacles" (huts wherein the harvest was processed and which later gained religious

significance). There are also the many North American Indian festivals tied to harvest of autumnally ripe foods

gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn orMoon festival,and many others. The predominant mood of these

autumnal celebrations is a gladness for the fruits of the earth mixed with a certain melancholy linked to the imminent

arrival of harsh weather.

This view is presented in English poetJohn Keats'poemTo Autumn,where he describes the season as a time of

bounteous fecundity, a time of 'mellow fruitfulness'.

While most foods are harvested during the autumn, foods particularly associated with the season

includepumpkins (which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving andHalloween)andapples,which are used to make

the seasonal beverageapple cider.

MELANCHOLY ASSOCIATION

Autumn in poetry has often been associated withmelancholy.The possibilities of summer are gone, and the chill of

winter is on the horizon. Skies turn grey, and many people turn inward, both physically and mentally.[11]

Similar examples may be found in Irish poetWilliam Butler Yeats'poemThe Wild Swans at Coolewhere the maturing

season that the poet observes symbolically represents his own ageing self. Like the natural world that he observes hetoo has reached his prime and now must look forward to the inevitability of old age and death. French poetPaul

Verlaine's "Chanson d'automne"("Autumn Song") is likewise characterised by strong, painful feelings of

sorrow.Keats'To Autumn,written in September 1819, echoes this sense of melancholic reflection, but also

emphasises the lush abundance of the season.

OTHER ASSOCIATION

In theAnglosphere,most notably inAnglo-America,autumn is also associated with theHalloween season (which in

turn was influenced bySamhain,a Celtic autumn festival),and with it a widespread marketing campaign that promotesit, in the U.S.A. The television, film, book, costume, home decoration, and confectionery industries use this time of year

to promote products closely associated with such a holiday, with promotions going from early September to 31

October, since their themes rapidly lose strength once the holiday ends, and advertising starts concentrating on

Christmas.

Autumn has a strong association withAmerican football,as the regular season begins during September and ends with

playoff competition in December or January, in the winter season.Canadian football,on the other hand, begins in the

summer, but extends its season through the autumn season and into November. A normal activity for high schools in

the US is attending Friday night football games in Autumn, while Sunday afternoons are reserved for the professional
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game, particularly theNational Football League,and Saturdays are traditionally used forcollege football.The sport is

generally geared around fall weather and playing in cold elements.

Television stations and networks, particularly in North America, traditionally begin their regular seasons in autumn, with

new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September (series that debut outside the

fall season are usually known asmidseason replacements). A sweeps period takes place in November to

measureNielsen Ratings.

Most schools open in early fall (depending on the region, late August or early September) after summer vacation.Since 1997, Autumn has been one of the top 100 names for girls in the United States.

In Indian mythology, autumn is considered to be the preferred season for the goddess of learningSaraswati,who is

also known by the name of "goddess of autumn" (Sharada).
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ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT

Created By :

Ahsanul Husna (Abs. 01) Aisyah Nabila Azuraa (Abs. 03) Hania Yunsita Adzhani (Abs. 16) Kania Dewi (Abs. 17)

Class : VIII. 4

SMPN 9 TANGERANG

Season in the World

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Transcript of Season in the World