Searing Images of Partition: Margaret Bourke-White Margaret Bourke-White was Time-Lifes...

Searing Images of Partition: Margaret Bourke-White

Margaret Bourke-White was Time-Life’s photo-correspondent in India and Pakistan in 1946-7. She is regarded as one of the great photographers of all time. She died in 1971.

These images are reproduced in Khushwant Singh, Train to Pakistan (1956; repr. 2006: Roli Books, Lotus Collection, New Delhi) and are held at the

Getty Images website, from whom licensed copies may be purchased.

www.rolibooks.com and www.gettyimages.com

For copyright reasons the images are not reproduced here. Teachers could assign the search for images to their students, and request each student

to write a short personal reflection on the significance of a particular image.

http://www.rolibooks.com/

http://www.gettyimages.com/


Margaret Bourke-White (1904-1971)

The photojournalist also was "one of the most effective chroniclers" of the violence that erupted at the independence and partition of India and Pakistan, according to Somini Sengupta, the writer of an arts section of the New York Times. Sengupta called Bourke-White's photographs of the episode "gut-wrenching, and staring at them, you glimpse the photographer's undaunted desire to stare down horror." The photographer recorded streets littered with corpses, dead victims with open eyes, and refugees with vacant eyes. "Bourke-White's photographs seem to scream on the page," Sengupta wrote.

Khushwant Singh details

• http://www.rolibooks.com/lotus/lotus-collection/-/train-to-pakistan/

Ref. Singh p. 111http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=80e38d2b721afde4&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Muslims

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• Rural Sikhs in a long ox-cart train heading towards India. Margaret Bourke-White. 1947. The migration was a massive exercise in human misery, wrote Bourke-White later.

• ‘What had been merely arbitrarily drawn areas on a map began emptying and refilling with human beings – neatly separated into so-called “opposite” religious communities – as children’s crayons fill in an outline map in a geography class. But this was no child’s play. This was a massive exercise in human misery’ (Bourke-White quoted at Singh p. 111).

• Convoy of Muslims migrating from the Sikh state of Faridkot after the division of India.

• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh pp. 48-49.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=Life+-

+Partition+of+India+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLife%2B-%2BPartition%2Bof%2BIndia%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den&imgurl=8c439fb6f5a575d0

• Old Sikh man carrying his wife. Margaret Bourke-White. 1947. • Margaret Bourke: ‘But long after the last of my negatives had been despatched

by air to Life, those millions of peasants were still trudging blindly forward on their tragic journey. The total of Sikhs and Hindus leaving Pakistan had reached four million, but with six million Muslims, this infant Land of the Pure seemed in danger of being swept away by the very number of the pure pouring into it.’ Ref. Singh p. 48.

Ref. Singh, p. 114.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=70c59c6aaf34113c&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret

%2Bbourke-white%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grandchildren sitting by the roadside. The old man is dying of exhaustion. The caravan has gone on. As witnessed by Margaret Bourke-White.

• Aged Muslim Indian couple with their four grandchildren sit abandoned by roadside because they could not keep up with their caravan fleeing from East to West Punjab to escape anti-Muslim Sikhs.

• Location: India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. xx.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg

• Two Muslim men (in a rural refugee train headed towards Pakistan) carrying an old woman in a makeshift doli or palanquin. 1947.

• Photo attributed to Margaret Bourke-White.

Ref. Singh, pp. 252-3http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-

white+Sikhs+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa

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• With the tragic legacy of an uncertain future, a young (Muslim?) man sits on the walls of Purana Qila, transformed into a vast Muslim refugee camp in Delhi for future migrants to Pakistan.

• Boy sitting on rock ledge above refugee camp.• Location: India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, pp. 102-3http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=789d31a5197ff22a&q=Life%20-%20Partition%20of%20India

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• Sikhs migrating to Hindu section of Punjab after partitioning of India.• Location: India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White• Bourke-White: ‘the division of India into two separate nations – based on

religious differences – blew fanaticism to such heat that great caravans of desperate, terror-stricken refugees began to crawl along the inadequate roads, millions of them. They had almost no defences against the hazards that beset them – famine, cholera, gangsters and exhaustion. Thousands on thousands perished. This inhumanity was described as an “exhange of population”’.

Ref. Singh, p. 119.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=d27856b9460d1502&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret


• Mass Migration, India• Emaciated Sikh child suffering from cholera as it lies in filthy condition at

Infectious Disease Hospital.• Location: Kasur, West Punjab, Pakistan• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-white+Sikhs+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white

%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN&imgurl=330eecf61b958676

• Mass Migration, India• Wreckage from carts & belongings Indian refugees who had been camped there

before the Beas River flooded over, during mass migration because of religious conflicts.

• Location: East Punjab, India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-white+Muslims+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white

%2BMuslims%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den&imgurl=17956122ae47961d

• Mass Migration, India• Wreckage from carts & belongings Indian refugees who had been camped there

before the Beas River flooded over, during mass migration because of religious conflicts.

• Location: East Punjab, India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 116.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-


%3DN&imgurl=714450779ccf87ae

• Mass Migration, India• Muslim refugee cholera patients in filthy condition at Infectious Disease Hospital

upon their arrival after their long march from Delhi, India.• Location: Kasur, West Punjab, Pakistan• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 214.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=0f1e7df1bf28d859&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret


• Mass Migration, India• Men placing bodies in mass grave as bulldozer stands ready to cover them up

with dirt after attacks by Sikhs during Muslim mass migrations from India due to religious conflicts between Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs, near the border.

• Location: Wagah, Pakistan• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White



%3DN&imgurl=7fe5b3451d17b4c9

• Mass Migration, India• Muslim refugee cholera patient with child, getting intravenous glucose solution in

the infusion room at Infectious Disease Hospital.• Location: Kasur, West Punjab, Pakistan• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. xviihttp://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-

white+Muslims+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2BMuslims%2Bsource:life%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa

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• Not all reached the promised land• Mass Migration, India• The mutilated body of a male Muslim, the victim of a Sikh attack at railroad train

station, the origin of the "Pakistan Special Train" intended to take Muslims to liberty in West Punjab.




%3DN&imgurl=b1015a4a1d4eaf54

• Mass Migration, India• The grotesque body of a male Muslim, the victim of a Sikh attack at railroad train

station, the origin of the "Pakistan Special Train" intended to take Muslims to liberty in West Punjab.




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• Mass Migration, India• Purano Qila fortress refugee camp housing thousands of Muslims who have fled

their homes fearing Hindu attacks; they are trying to survive until they can organize long march to West Punjab which has become Muslim Pakistan.

• Location: New Delhi, India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, pp. 206-7.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=d0d9c1dceb517349&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret

%2Bbourke-white%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

• Mass Migration, India• Bloated corpses of Muslims as they were migrating from India to Pakistan

because of the religious conflicts between the Sikhs & Muslims.• Location: India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White• Bourke-White: ‘as though the travail of a people divided by pen strokes was not enough,

North India, in this year of all years, suffered the worst floods since 1900. In the Punjab, which means Land of the Five Rivers, all five began overflowing their banks, tearing away the earth barriers in the network of canals, spilling into the fields and trapping entire encampments of refugees. Thousands of peasants were trapped – they had no one to warn them. The River Beas claimed the most victims. When the water began receding sufficiently for me to get to it, I photographed one meadow between the river and a railroad camp where 4,000 Muslims had gone in to camp for the night. Only one thousand had come out alive.’


%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN&imgurl=e003e9b3300b2cf6

• Mass Migration, India• View at Purano Qila fortress refugee camp where thousands of Muslims who

have fled their homes in terror of Hindu attacks are trying to survive until they can organize a convoy for the long march to the West Punjab, now Moslem Pakistan.


http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=eb39cb63249c06ee&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20India%20refugees%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq

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• Mass Migration, India• View at Purano Qila fortress refugee camp where thousands of Muslims who

have fled their homes in terror of Hindu attacks are trying to survive until they can organize a convoy for the long march to the West Punjab, now Muslim Pakistan.



white+Sikhs+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG&imgurl=558b53d992e0348c

• Mass Migration, India• Fly-covered Muslim bodies of the victims of Sikh attacks at the railroad train

station which was the origin of the "Pakistan Special Train" intended to take Muslims to liberty in the West Punjab.



%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG&imgurl=1fd39176b04d853b

• Mass Migration, India• Dog eating the fly-covered body of a female Muslim, the victim of a Sikh attack

at the railroad train station, the origin of the "Pakistan Special Train" intended to take Muslims to liberty in the West Punjab.


Ref. Singh, p. 117.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=46f0bccf262592cb&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20India%20refugees%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq

%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2BIndia%2Brefugees%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

• Mass Migration, India• Family of Sikh refugees from Lahore about to be settled as male members of

their family are out seeing about land allotments.• Location: Lamapind, East Punjab, India• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 45http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ddde09f9899f2086&q=margaret

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• Not all could stay together. Who knows whether they will meet again?• Grieving Muslim mother hugging family member at gravesite of her 4-yr.-old

child who died of starvation when their "Pakistan Special" train was stopped for 4 days by Sikh violence during their migration to Pakistan to avoid the Hindu-Muslim conflict.




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• Mass Migration, India• Moslim refugee cholera patient breast-feeding her baby at Infectious Disease

Hospital.• Location: Kasur, West Punjab, Pakistan• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 174.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f?q=Sikhs+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D80%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa

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• Vultures gathering to tear at the bodies of four Muslim migrants who were murdered by anti-Moslem Sikhs & left in a flooded field 6 miles from Amrisitar.


http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f?q=Sikhs+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D80%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa

%3DN&imgurl=fa1138faade01fab

• Old exhausted Muslim Indian woman sitting in a sheet with her legs drawn up as she dangles from a bamboo pole supported by her brother-in-law & son as they journey with a caravan fleeing fr. East to West Punjab to escape anti-Muslim Sikhs.


Ref. Singh, p. 104http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-


%3DN&imgurl=cb21fc99d9b1c19f

• Muslim Indian mother breast-feeding her baby as she rides a burro under cover of an umbrella while part of a caravan fleeing from East to West Punjab to escape anti-Muslim Sikhs.


Ref. Singh, pp. 170-1.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=Life+-

+Partition+of+India+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLife%2B-%2BPartition%2Bof%2BIndia%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den&imgurl=d7e7d6cb18efaacf#

• Refugees making their way to India, leaving behind corpses and graves.• Date taken: October 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White• Human debris in the wake of migration. Refugees making their way to India,

leaving behind a trail of corpses and graves. ‘More than once, Margaret saw children pulling at the hands of their dead mothers, tearfully begging to be carried as the convoy marched on without them’ states Vicki Goldberg, biographer of Margaret Bourke-White.

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-white+Muslims+source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white

%2BMuslims%2Bsource:life%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN&imgurl=40c1857154ca41c7

• Convoy of Sikhs migrating to East Punjab after the division of India.• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White



%3DN&imgurl=4ad9b7de8300aa6f

• ‘We thought that this was an understood thing that we would get the whole of the Punjab. We heard we were going to have our own Sikhistan.’ Margaret Bourke-White quotes this in her book Halfway to Freedom (1948).

• Sikh and his family in convoy migrating to East Punjab after the division of India• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 110.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=d493aaaf10878e82&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret




%2BSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN&imgurl=f5cae92b3b0d5988

• Convoy of Sikhs migrating to East Punjab after the division of India• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 46http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=0e258129e1ba0c56&q=Sikhs

%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start%3D80%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• Convoy of Sikhs carrying their belongings on their heads as they migrate to East Punjab after the division of India.

• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White• Margaret Bourke-White: ‘the sight of helpless sufferers had made me very

angry. These were innocent peasants; some had been driven from their ancestral homes; the others had listened to the drumming of religious slogans and left home to pursue a dream.’

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=012206caf8feaec3&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20India%20refugees%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq

%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2BIndia%2Brefugees%2Bsource:life%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• Muslim man smoking a hookah as his family camps for the night during migration to West Punjab after the division of India.


Ref. Singh, p. 108http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=745cedb77a384bc0&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret


• Family in convoy of Sikhs carrying their belongings on their heads as they migrate to East Punjab after the division of India.


Ref. Singh, p. 106.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=635e8ad522950eb3&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Muslims%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret

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• Convoy of Muslims migrating from the Sikh state of Faridkot after the division of India.


http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ea5dda01854b5d4e&q=Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start

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• Convoy of Sikhs migrating to East Punjab after the division of India.• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White• An antique purdah carriage

Ref. Singh, p. xiihttp://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=margaret+bourke-


%3DN&imgurl=d93b36e3b91b3449

• Sikh carrying his wife on his shoulders in convoy migrating to East Punjab after the division of India.


Ref. Singh, p. 105.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4e0ad9ac423504fc&q=Sikhs

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http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=5e6606ee8a631260&q=Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSikhs%2Bsource:life%26start

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• Sikhs migrating to the Hindu section of Punjab (India) after the division of India.• Location: India• Date taken: 1947• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=473a5516e30699d1&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Muslims%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret

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• Bengal India• Hindu man picking through the burned ruins of furniture in front of Hindu store in

the wake of the destruction caused by Muslim riots in this predominately Muslim area, on Wellesly St. in the city.

• Location: Calcutta, Bengal, India• Date taken: September 1946• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh p. 169http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=aa1876bcfb37fc19&q=Sikhs%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSikhs%2Bsource:life%26hl%3Den

• Life Visits The Sikhs Of India• Sikh granthi or priest, cleaning the ancient sacred sword of the Sikh faith, the

symbol of their valour that was once used against Moslem invaders, in the Golden Temple.

• Location: Amritsar, W. Punjab, India• Date taken: September 1946• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

• NB: Photograph taken before Partition. Sikh ceremonial swords were used to kill.

• Margaret Bourke-White: ‘Hatred had been so whipped up by the political pressures which had divided the nations that a new morality had developed. All members of a different religious group were fair prey for loot and murder.’

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4918037c111c813b&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20drought%20India%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq

%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2Bdrought%2BIndia%2Bsource:life%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• Water Supply/Famine In India• Starving Indians gathered around 200-yr.-old village well which has very little

water in it due to horrible drought.• Location: Vantkatapuran, Mysore, India• Date taken: 1946• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=8e23f02c36f7e085&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20drought%20India%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq

%3Dmargaret%2Bbourke-white%2Bdrought%2BIndia%2Bsource:life%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• Famine In India• Grain sprouting up in irrigated fields amidst the starkly arid hills during severe

drought nr. village..• Location: Sira, Mysore, India• Date taken: 1946• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 205.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4ec8de3fbb668b0c&q=margaret

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• Hindu/Muslim Riots - India 1946• Vultures feeding on corpses lying abandoned in alleyway after bloody rioting

between Hindus and Muslims.• Location: Calcutta, India• Date taken: 1946• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. 210.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=3589518c90674e29&q=margaret%20bourke-white%20Muslims%20source:life&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmargaret

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• Corpses lying among pieces of wood in preparation for cremation after bloody rioting between Hindus and Muslims.

• Location: Calcutta, India• Date taken: 1946• Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Ref. Singh, p. xviii.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=fda32e9505ca5d88&q=margaret

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• Man carrying another man as they wait in railroad station trying to escape city after bloody rioting between Hindus and Muslims.


Ref. Singh, p. 212.http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=f36d53c6f7a3c30c&q=margaret

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• Men unloading corpses from truck in preparation for cremation after bloody rioting between Hindus and Muslims.


IN MEMORIAM TO ALL THOSE WHO SUFFERED OR DIED, WHETHER HINDUS,

MUSLIMS, SIKHS OR OTHERS.

In memoriam also to Margaret Bourke-White, Time-Life’s photo-correspondent in India and Pakistan in 1946-7

These images are taken from Khushwant Singh, Train to Pakistan (1956; repr. 2006: Roli Books, Lotus Collection, New Delhi) and / or from Getty Images.com

www.rolibooks.com and www.gettyimages.com

http://www.rolibooks.com/


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