Searching for Supersymmetry at the LHC and Elsewhere Vienna, November 25, 2004 John Ellis.
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![Page 1: Searching for Supersymmetry at the LHC and Elsewhere Vienna, November 25, 2004 John Ellis.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d385503460f94a114fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Searching for Supersymmetry at the LHC and Elsewhere
Vienna, November 25, 2004
John Ellis
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Preview
• What/why supersymmetry in the TeV range
• Present experimental/cosmological limits
• Indications from precision data?
• Prospects at Tevatron & LHC
• Prospects at ILC & CLIC
• Prospects for dark matter searches
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Open Questions beyond the Standard Model
• What is the origin of particle masses?due to a Higgs boson? + other physics?solution at energy < 1 TeV (1000 GeV)
• Why so many types of matter particles?matter-antimatter difference?
• Unification of the fundamental forces?at very high energy ~ 1016 GeV?probe directly via neutrino physics, indirectly via masses, couplings
• Quantum theory of gravity?(super)string theory: extra space-time dimensions?
Susy
Susy
Susy
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Searches for the Higgs Boson
Indirect:• Precision electroweak
measurements at LEP, SLC, etc
• Sensitive to mass
of Higgs boson
mH < 260 GeV ?
Most likely mass:
mH ~ 114 GeV
• Direct:• LEP Searches for
e+ e- -> Z + H
• Hint seen in late 2000 now < 2 σ
Current Limit:
mH > 114.4 GeV
Combined indications
←
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And Supersymmetry (Susy)?
• Unifies matter and force particles
• Links fermions and bosons
• Relates particles of different spins
0 - ½ - 1 - 3/2 - 2 Higgs - Electron - Photon - Gravitino - Graviton
• Helps fix masses, unify fundamental forces
• Could provide astrophysical dark matter
• Essential for string theory
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Why Supersymmetry (Susy)?
• Hierarchy problem: why is mW << mP ?
(mP ~ 1019 GeV is scale of gravity)• Alternatively, why is
GF = 1/ mW2 >> GN = 1/mP
2 ?• Or, why is
VCoulomb >> VNewton ? e2 >> G m2 = m2 / mP2
• Set by hand? What about loop corrections?
δmH,W2 = O(α/π) Λ2
• Cancel boson loops fermions• Need | mB
2 – mF2| < 1 TeV2
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Other Reasons to like Susy
It enables the gauge couplings to unify
It stabilizes the Higgspotential for low masses
Approved by Fabiola Gianotti
It predicts mH < 150 GeV
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Dark Matter in the Universe
Astronomers saythat most of thematter in theUniverse isinvisible Dark Matter
`Supersymmetric’ particles ?
We shall look for them with the
LHC
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A Strange Recipe for a Universe
The ‘Concordance Model’prompted by astrophysics & cosmology
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• Particles + spartners + 2 Higgs doublets• Ratio of Higgs v.e.v.’s = tan β• Soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters:
Scalar masses m0, gaugino masses m1/2, trilinear soft couplings Aλ, bilinear soft couplings Bλ
• Often assume universality:Single m0, single m1/2, single Aλ, Bλ: not string?
• Called constrained MSSM = CMSSM• Gravitino mass?• Minimal supergravity: not string?
m3/2 = m0, Bλ = Aλ – 1
Minimal Supersymmetric Extension of Standard Model (MSSM)
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Lightest Supersymmetric Particle
• Stable in many models because of conservation of R parity:
R = (-1) 2S –L + 3B
where S = spin, L = lepton #, B = baryon #
• Particles have R = +1, sparticles R = -1:Sparticles produced in pairsHeavier sparticles lighter sparticles
• Lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) stable
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Possible Nature of LSP
• No strong or electromagnetic interactionsOtherwise would bind to matterDetectable as anomalous heavy nucleus
• Possible weakly-interacting scandidatesSneutrino
(Excluded by LEP, direct searches)Lightest neutralino χGravitino
(nightmare for detection)
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Constraints on Supersymmetry
• Absence of sparticles at LEP, Tevatron
selectron, chargino > 100 GeV
squarks, gluino > 250 GeV
• Indirect constraints
Higgs > 114 GeV, b -> s γ
• Density of dark matter
lightest sparticle χ:
WMAP: 0.094 < Ωχh2 < 0.124
gμ - 2
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zoom
zoom
gμ - 2: e+e- Data vs τ Data
KLOE agrees with CMD-2: discard τ dataWhy the 10%
τ - e+e- discrepancy above ρ peak?
Largest contributions, errors from low energies
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Updated Results for gμ - 2a
had [e+e– ] = (693.4 ± 5.3 ± 3.5) 10 –10
a SM
[e+e– ] = (11 659 182.8 ± 6.3had ± 3.5LBL ± 0.3QED+EW) 10 –10
Weak contribution : aweak = + (15.4 ± 0.3) 10 –10
Hadronic contribution from higher order : ahad [( /)3] = – (10.0 ± 0.6) 10 –10
Hadronic contribution from LBL scattering: ahad [LBL] = + (12.0 ± 3.5) 10 –10
a exp – a
SM =(25.2 ± 9.2) 10 –10
2.7 standard deviations
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
BNL E821 (2004):a
exp = (11 659 208.0 5.8) 1010
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Current Constraints on CMSSM
WMAP constraint on relic density
Excluded because stau LSP
Excluded by b s gamma
Excluded (?) by latest g - 2
Latest CDF/D0 top mass
Focus-point region above 7 TeV for mt = 178 GeVAssuming the
lightest sparticleis a neutralino
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Current Constraints
on CMSSM
Impact ofHiggsconstraintreducedif larger mt
Focus-pointregion far up
Differenttan βsign of μ
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Density belowWMAP limit
Decays do not affectBBN/CMB agreement
DifferentRegions of
SparticleParameterSpace if
Gravitino LSP
DifferentGravitinomasses
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Minimal Supergravity Model
Excluded by b s γ
LEP constraintsOn mh, chargino
Neutralino LSPregion
stau LSP(excluded)
Gravitino LSPregion
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
More constrained than CMSSM: m3/2 = m0, Bλ = Aλ – 1
tan β fixed by vacuum conditions
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Sparticles may not be very light
FullModel
samples
Detectable@ LHC
ProvideDark Matter
Dark MatterDetectable
Directly
Lightest visible sparticle →
← S
econd lightest visible sparticle
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Precision Observables in Susy
mW
sin2θW
Present & possiblefuture errors
Sensitivity to m1/2 in CMSSM along WMAP lines
tan β = 10 tan β = 50
JE + Olive + Weiglein + Heinemeyer
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MoreObservables
b → sγ
gμ - 2 Bs → μμ
tan β = 10 tan β = 50
tan β = 10, 50
JE + Olive + Weiglein + Heinemeyer
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Global Fits to Present Data
As functions of m1/2 in CMSSM for tan β = 10, 50
JE + Olive + Weiglein + Heinemeyer
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Global Fits to Present Data
Preferredsparticle
masses fortan β = 10
JE + Olive + Weiglein + Heinemeyer
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Global Fits to Present Data
Preferredsparticle
masses fortan β = 50
JE + Olive + Weiglein + Heinemeyer
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Global Fits to Present Data
(m1/2, A0) planes in CMSSM for tan β = 10, 50
JE + Olive + Weiglein + Heinemeyer
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Supersymmetric Benchmark Studies
Specific
benchmark
Points along
WMAP lines
Lines in
susy space
allowed by
accelerators,
WMAP data
Sparticle
Detectability
@ LHC
along one
WMAP line
LHC enables
calculation
of relic
density at a
benchmark
point
Battaglia, De Roeck, Gianotti, JE, Olive, Pape
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Missing Energy Detection @ LHC
Sensitive to missing transverse energycarried away by neutral particles:
e.g., neutrinos, neutralinos
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Supersymmetry Searches at LHC
`Typical’ supersymmetric
Event at the LHC
LHC reach in
supersymmetric
parameter space
Can cover mostpossibilities forastrophysicaldark matter
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LHC almost
`guaranteed’
to discover
supersymmetry
if it is relevant
to the mass problem
LHC and LCScapabilities
LC obervescomplementarysparticles
Battaglia, De Roeck, Gianotti, JE, Olive, Pape
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Erice. Sept. 2, 2003 L. Maiani: LHC Status 14
m () spectrumend-point : 109 GeVprecision~ 0.3%
m (j)min spectrumend-point: 552 GeVprecision~1 %
m (j) spectrumend-point: 479 GeVexp. precision ~1 %
m (j)max spectrumthreshold: 272 GeVexp. precision ~2 %
Reconstruction of ̀Typical’Sparticle Decay Chain
Msquark= 690Mχ’= 232
Mslepton= 157Mχ= 121(GeV)
ATLAS
Lq~ q 02R
~01
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Tasks for the TeV ILC
• Measure mt to < 100 MeV
• If there is a light Higgs of any kind, pin it down:
Does it have standard model couplings?
What is its precise mass?
• If there are extra light particles: Measure mass and properties
• If LHC sees nothing new below ~ 500 GeV:
Look for indirect signatures
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Sparticles at LC along WMAP Line
Complementary to LHC: weakly-interacting sparticles
Battaglia, De Roeck, Gianotti, JE, Olive, Pape
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Added Value of LC Measurements
Determination of CMSSM parameters
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Tests of Unification Ideas
For gauge couplings
For sparticle masses
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Sparticles may not be very light
FullModel
samples
Detectable@ LHC
ProvideDark Matter
Dark MatterDetectable
Directly
Lightest visible sparticle →
← S
econd lightest visible sparticle
ILC
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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After LHC @ CERN - CLIC?
Electron-Positron
collisions up to 3 TeV
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C L I CC L I C
J . P . D e l a h a y e : S c i e n t i fi c P o l i c y C o m m i t t e e ( S P C ) 1 6 - 0 3 - 0 4
T h e C L I C m a i n p a r a m e t e r sC e n t e r o f m a s s E n e r g y ( T e V ) 0 . 5 T e V 3 T e VL u m i n o s i t y ( 1 0 3 4 c m - 1 s - 1 ) 2 . 1 8 . 0M e a n e n e r g y l o s s ( % ) 4 . 4 2 1P h o t o n s / e l e c t r o n 0 . 7 5 1 . 5C o h e r e n t p a i r s p e r X 7 0 0 6 . 8 1 0 8
R e p . R a t e ( H z ) 2 0 0 1 0 01 0 9 e / b u n c h 4 4B u n c h e s / p u l s e 1 5 4 1 5 4B u n c h s p a c i n g ( c m ) 2 0 2 0H / V n ( 1 0 - 8 r a d . m ) 2 0 0 / 1 6 8 / 1B e a m s i z e ( H / V ) ( n m ) 2 0 2 / 1 . 2 6 0 / 0 . 7B u n c h l e n g t h ( m ) 3 5 3 5A c c e l e r a t i n g g r a d i e n t ( M V / m ) 1 5 0 1 5 0O v e r a l l l e n g t h ( k m ) 1 0 . 2 3 3 . 2P o w e r / s e c t i o n ( M W ) 2 3 0 2 3 0R F t o b e a m e f f i c c i e n c y ( % ) 2 3 . 1 2 3 . 1A C t o b e a m e f f i c i e n c y ( % ) 9 . 3 9 . 3T o t a l A C p o w e r f o r R F ( M W ) 1 0 5 3 1 9T o t a l s i t e A C p o w e r ( M W ) 1 7 5 4 1 0
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Sparticle Visibility at Higher E
3 TeV 5 TeV
See `all’ sparticles: measure heavier ones better than LHC
CMSSM
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Example of CLIC Sparticle Search
Dilepton spectrum in neutralino decay
Reach in parameter space
2%
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Sparticle MassUnification ?
Can test unification
of sparticle masses –
probe of string models?
E L D Q U τ ντ B Q3 T H1 H2
Accuracy in measuring
sparticle masses squared
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Sparticles may not be very light
FullModel
samples
Detectable@ LHC
ProvideDark Matter
Dark MatterDetectable
Directly
Lightest visible sparticle →
← S
econd lightest visible sparticle
CLICILC
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Strategies for Detecting Supersymmetric Dark Matter
• Annihilation in galactic haloχ – χ antiprotons, positrons, …?
• Annihilation in galactic centreχ – χ γ + …?
• Annihilation in core of Sun or Earthχ – χ ν + … μ + …
• Scattering on nucleus in laboratoryχ + A χ + A
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Spin-Independent Scattering Cross Section
Experimental limits
other susy modelsComparison withour calculations all tan β
Theory GUT scaleUnconstrained
DAMA
CDMS II
Unconstrained
Theory 10 TeV
Theory GUT scale
our calculationstan β = 10
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Scattering Cross Sections in Benchmark Scenarios
Spin-dependentSpin-independent
Compared with possible future experimental sensitivitiesJE + Feng + Ferstl + Matchev + Olive
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Conclusions
• There are (still) good reasons to expect supersymmetry in the TeV range
• We shall not know where before the LHC starts providing results
• Time pressing for dark matter searches• Any LC above a threshold for new physics
will provide tremendous added value
• Energy flexibility is desirable
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Waiting for the Higgs boson
Higgs probability distribution:
combining direct,
indirect information
mH > 114.4 GeV
How soon will the Higgs be found? …
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Other Physics @ EW Scale
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Direct Detection of Supersymmetric Dark Matter
Effective Lagrangian for χ – q scattering:
Spin-independent:depend on quark contributions to baryon mass
Spin-dependent:depend on quark contributions to baryon spin
Velocity-dependent negligible
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Dependenceon mt
Dependenceon A0
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… after capture inside …
… Earth
Present upper limits > 100/km2/year
Annihilations in Solar System …
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How well can LC
distinguishCMSSM from SM?
Numbers ofstandard deviations
in Higgs measurements
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Squark & Gluino Searches @ FNAL
GeneralSquarks
& gluinos
Specificsearch
for lightsbottom
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Exploring the Supersymmetric Parameter Space
Strips allowed by WMAP
and other constraints
Numbers of
sparticle
species
detected
at LHC
along WMAP
strip
Numbers of
sparticle
species
detected
at CLIC
along WMAP
strip
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C L I CC L I C
J . P . D e l a h a y e : S c i e n t i fi c P o l i c y C o m m i t t e e ( S P C ) 1 6 - 0 3 - 0 4
• H i g h a c c e l e r a t i o n g r a d i e n t ( 1 5 0 M V / m )
• C o m p a c t c o l l i d e r - o v e r a l l l e n g t h 3 3 k m• N o r m a l c o n d u c t i n g a c c e l e r a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s
• H i g h a c c e l e r a t i o n f r e q u e n c y ( 3 0 G H z )
• T w o - B e a m A c c e l e r a t i o n S c h e m e
• R F p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n a t h i g h f r e q u e n c y• C o s t - e ff e c t i v e & e ffi c i e n t ( ~ 1 0 % o v e r a l l )• S i m p l e t u n n e l , n o a c t i v e e l e m e n t s
• C e n t r a l i n j e c t o r c o m p l e x
• m o d u l a r d e s i g n , c a n b e b u i l t i n s t a g e s• E a s i l y e x p a n d a b l e i n e n e r g y
O v e r a l l l a y o u t f o r a c e n t e r o f m a s s e n e r g y o f 3 T e V / c
B a s i c f e a t u r e s o f t h e C L I C s c h e m e
3 3 . 2 k m
5 . 2 k m
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C L I CC L I C
J . P . D e l a h a y e : S c i e n t i fi c P o l i c y C o m m i t t e e ( S P C ) 1 6 - 0 3 - 0 4
W o r l d - w i d e C L I C c o l l a b o r a t i o n
B E R L I N T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y ( G e r m a n y ) : S t r u c t u r e s i m u l a t i o n s F i n n i s h I n d u s t r y ( F i n l a n d ) : S p o n s o r s h i p o f a m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r I N F N / L N F ( I t a l y ) : C T F 3 d e l a y l o o p , t r a n s f e r l i n e s & R F d e fl e c t o r s J I N R & I A P ( R u s s i a ) : S u r f a c e h e a t i n g t e s t s o f 3 0 G H z s t r u c t u r e s K E K ( J a p a n ) : L o w - e m i t t a n c e b e a m s i n A T F L A L ( F r a n c e ) : E l e c t r o n g u n s a n d p r e - b u n c h e r c a v i t i e s f o r C T F 3 L A P P / E S I A ( F r a n c e ) : S t a b i l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s L L B L / L B L ( U S A ) : L a s e r - w i r e s t u d i e s N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y ( U S A ) : B e a m l o s s s t u d i e s & C T F 3 e q u i p m e n t R A L ( E n g l a n d ) : L a s e r s f o r C T F 3 a n d C L I C p h o t o - i n j e c t o r s S L A C ( U S A ) : H i g h - G r a d i e n t S t r u c t u r e t e s t i n g , s t r u c t u r e d e s i g n , C T F 3
d r i v e - b e a m i n j e c t o r d e s i g n U P P S A L A U n i v e r s i t y ( S w e d e n ) : B e a m m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s f o r C T F 3
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How `Likely’ are Large Sparticle Masses?
Fine-tuning of EW scale Fine-tuning of relic density
Larger masses require more fine-tuning: but how much is too much?
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Example of Benchmark Point
Spectrum ofBenchmark SPS1a~ Point B ofBattaglia et al
Several sparticlesat 500 GeV LC,more at 1000 GeV,some need higher E
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Examples of Sparticle Measurements
Spectrum edges@ LHC
Thresholdexcitation@ LC
Spectra@ LC
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Measure Heavy Sleptons @ CLIC
Can measure smuon
decay spectrum
Can measure
sparticle masses
2.5%
.
3%
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Annihilation in Galactic Halo
Antiprotons
Benchmark scenarios
Positrons Cosmic-raybackground
Consistent with production byprimary matter cosmic rays
JE + Feng + Ferstl + Matchev + Olive
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Annihilations in Galactic Centre
Enhancement of rate uncertain by factor > 100!
Benchmark spectra Benchmarks GLAST
JE + Feng + Ferstl + Matchev + Olive
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Physics at the CLIC Multi-TeVLinear Collider
E. Accomando (INFN, Torino), E. Ateser (Kafkas Univ.), D. Bardin (JINR, Dubna), M. Battaglia (LBL and UC Berkeley), T. Barklow (SLAC), S. Berge (Univ. of Hamburg), G. Blair (Royal Holloway College, Univ. of London), E.Boos (INP, Moscow), F. Boudjema (LAPP, Annecy), H. Braun (CERN), H.Burkhardt (CERN), M.Cacciari (Univ. Parma), O. Çakir (Univ. of Ankara), S. De Curtis (INFN and Univ. of Florence), A. De Roeck (CERN), M. Diehl (DESY), A. Djouadi (Montpellier), D. Dominici (Univ. of Florence), J. Ellis (CERN), A.Ferrari (Uppsala Univ.), A.Frey (CERN), G. Giudice (CERN), R. Godbole (Bangalore), M. Gruwe (CERN), G. Guignard (CERN), S.Heinemeyer (CERN), C. Heusch (UC Santa Cruz), J. Hewett (SLAC), S. Jadach (INP, Krakow), P. Jarron (CERN), M. Klasen (Univ. of Hamburg), Z. Kirca (Univ. of Meselik), M. Kraemer (Univ. of Edinburgh), S. Kraml (CERN), G.Landsberg (Brown Univ.), K. Matchev (Univ. of Florida), G. Moortgat-Pick (Univ. of Durham), M.Muehlleitner (PSI, Villigen), O. Nachtmann (Univ. of Heidelberg), F. Nagel (Univ. of Heidelberg), K.Olive (Univ. of Minnesota), G.Pancheri (LNF, Frascati), L. Pape (CERN), M. Piccolo (LNF, Frascati), W. Porod (Univ. of Zurich), P. Richardson (Univ. of Durham), T. Rizzo (SLAC), M. Ronan (LBL, Berkeley), C. Royon (CEA, Saclay), L. Salmi (HIP, Helsinki), R. Settles (MPI, Munich), D. Schulte (CERN), T.Sjöstrand (Lund Univ.), M. Spira (PSI, Villigen), S. Sultansoy (Univ. of Ankara), V. Telnov (Novosibirsk, IYF), D. Treille (CERN), C. Verzegnassi (Univ. of Trieste), J. Weng (CERN, Univ. of Karlsruhe), T.Wengler (CERN), A.Werthenbach (CERN), G. Wilson (Univ. of Kansas), I. Wilson (CERN), F. Zimmermann (CERN)
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Supersymmetric Benchmark Studies
Specific
benchmark
Points along
WMAP lines
Lines in
susy space
allowed by
accelerators,
WMAP data
Sparticle
Detectability
@ LHC
along one
WMAP line
LHC enables
calculation
of relic
density at a
benchmark
point
Can be refined with LC measurements
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Annihilations in Solar System …
… Sun
Prospective experimental sensitivities Benchmark scenarios
… Earth
JE + Feng + Ferstl + Matchev + Olive