Search for Stability

The World after World War I

1919-1939

Results of the Paris Peace Settlement-1919

• Treaty of Versailles– League of Nations– German Reparations-$33 Billion (US)– German demilitarization– Loss of German lands and colonies

• League of Nations mandates

League of Nations

• Ineffective at maintaining peace and stability in Europe

• The United States did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, nor did they join the League of Nations

• Disagreement over using force against aggression

Europe after WWI

• Rebuilding Europe• Government

– Focus on democracy and civil liberties– Would be short lived

• Lack of tradition• Success of radical political groups during difficult economic

times

• Economic struggles; 1922-1923– Inflation (rise in prices)– High unemployment

Weimer Republic (Germany)

• Republic of Germany formed after WWI• Weimer Republic responded to reparation debt

by printing large quantities of currency• Led to exponential inflation (devaluation of

currency)• High inflation resulted in an inability to pay

reparations• France occupies German mines of the Ruhr

Valley to compensate for non-payment

Dawes Plan

• Created a payment plan for German reparations

• Pay based on ability

• Annual payments

Unstable Peace

• France withdraws from the Ruhr Valley

• Germany and France sign the Treaty of Locarno- guaranteed Germany’s borders with France and Belgium

• 1926- Germany joins the League of Nations

Unstable Peace (Cont.)

• US investments increase in Europe

• 1924-1929-Europe experiences economic prosperity

• 1928-Kellogg-Briand Pact – Ratified by 61 nations including the US– Condemns war– Inability to enforce led to its failure

After WWINew Nations and Nationalism

• Middle East– Ottoman Empire(Turkey)– Iran– Mandates– Palestine

Ottoman Empire

• Member of the Central Powers during WWI

• Ethnic cleansing-modern term for genocide (the deliberate mass murder or particular racial, political, or cultural groups)

• During the War Ottoman Turks massacred over 1 million Christian Armenians in retaliation for a 1915 independence uprising

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWI

• Area of present day Turkey was only area under Ottoman control

• 1923-Becomes Republic of Turkey

Turkey (cont.)

• Kemal Ataturk-established the Republic of Turkey– introduced many modern reforms that were

kept even after his death• Democrat system of government• Popular education• Modern economic system

Iran

• Oil discovered in 1908

• Created a flood of Western influence

• Reza Shah Pahlavi– Attempted to model Turkey’s model of

modernization– established the modern state of Iran in 1935

League of Nations Mandates

• Britain-Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan

• France-Syria and Lebanon

• Countries, borders, and divisions of people were created by Britain and France

Arab Nationalism

• Arab nationalism was still strong and Arabs desired an Arabian state.

• Ibn Saud– United Arabs in the upper part of the Arabian

Peninsula– 1932-Formed Saudi Arabia– The discovery of oil in the 1930s created

great wealth for Saudi Arabia

Palestine

• Both Arabs and Jews viewed Palestine as their homeland

• Led to conflicts between the two over the creation of a national state

• Nov 1917-Britain issues the Balfour Declaration supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Ancient History • Biblical Times

– Canaan– Israel and Judea– Palestine

• Controlled by:– Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians,

Romans– A.D. 634-Muslims– A.D. 1098-1197-Crusades– Ottoman Empire 1516-1917

• “Holy Land”– Jews– Christians– Muslims Map

“Holy Land”

• Jews– Land promised to

Abraham by God

• Christians– Jesus lived/taught in

area– Crucified in Jerusalem

• Arab Muslims– Muhammad

ascension to heaven (Dome of the Rock)

Palestine• Caanan-Abraham, Moses

• Israel-King David, Solomon

• Israel/Judah-split

• Judaea (Romans)

• “Provincia Syria Palaestina”(Palestine) (Hadrian-AD 136)

• Ottoman Rule (Muslim, not Arab)

• Palestine-Balfour Declaration-1917

• Israel (Jewish)/Palestine(Arab)-U.N. Partition-1948

• Israel/West Bank-Gaza Strip -Golan Heights (Occupation after 1967)

Map

Balfour Declaration-1917• Letter from Lord Balfour

(British Foreign Secretary) to Lord Rothschild (Zionist)

• British support the creation of Jewish State in Palestine

• Jewish immigration increase– 1918-10% total pop. – 1936-30% total pop.

• Tensions rising Jews/Palestinian Arabs

Zionism

• Zion- Jerusalem• Movement founded in

1897• Return Jews to

Palestine• Theodore Herzel

(leader)

Chaim Weizmann

• Leader of Young Zionists

• Opposed Herzl and creation of Jewish state in Uganda

• Negotiated Balfour Declaration

• First President in New Israel-1949

British Mandate1920-1948

• Palestine (official)

• World Zionist Organization– Led by Chaim

Weizmann– Encourage Jewish

immigration– Holocaust sympathies

• British begin backing down– Zionists turn to terrorism

Map

Rise of Nationalism and the Defiance of Imperialism

• Africa

• India

Africa

• African soldiers fought for France and Britain in WWI

• Hoped they would receive independence after the war

• Britain and France would continue to dominate Africa as colonial powers after the war

Nationalism in Africa

• Learned about Western ideals of liberty, equality, and nationalism while fighting in Europe

• Called for reforms to bridge the gap between Western ideals and actual practices

• Areas of major reform movements– Kenya, Libya

Colonial Response

• Force, to suppress uprisings

• Allowed some reforms to satisfy African people

Results of African Reform Movements

• Africans change from wanting reforms to wanting complete independence

• Independence leaders educated in the US

• Influenced by W.E.B Dubois and Marcus Garvey

• Professed African unity and cultural preservation

Mohandas Gandhi and India

• Prior to 1914-Gandhi was a participant in the apartheid movement in South Africa

• 1914-Left South Africa to return to India

• India under British rule

Mohandas Gandhi and India (Cont.)

• Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi-protested British law by using methods of civil disobedience

• Mahatma-”Great Soul”• Civil disobedience-refused to obey unjust laws• 1919-Violent British reaction to protests killed

hundreds of unarmed protestors• Gandhi removes himself from politics and will

later be arrested and spend several years in prison

Rise of Nationalism and the Defiance of Imperialism

• Japan

• China

Japan

• Develops into a strong industrial and economic nation based on Western ideas

• Concentration of wealth created economic inequalities

• Rapidly growing population created housing issues and food shortages

• These events led to a call to return to traditional values and self dependence, not dependence on the West

Japan and the West-1920s

• Rapid industrial growth led to the need for raw materials

• The island of Japan has a finite number of raw materials

• Prior to WWI Japan acquired Korea and Southern Manchuria by force

• After WWI the United States feared economic consequences of Japanese expansion

Japan and the West-1920sCont.

• Washington Conference– US and eight other countries, including Japan, sign a

pact to guarantee Chinese boundaries and support the continuation of the Open Door Policy

– Japan remains in control of Southern Manchuria

• This pact was short lived because Japan could not secure the raw materials it needed by traditional economic and political avenues

Japanese Militarism

• The need for raw materials put tremendous pressure on the government of Japan

• Militarism, military control of the government, gains momentum in the search for raw materials

China and the Spread of Communism

• 1920-Lenin focuses on the spread of Communism outside of the West

• Communist International (Comintern) was a group of Communist parties dedicated to the ides of world revolution

• Focus on Western dominated areas of Asia

Why Asia?

• Movement in many Asian communities to expel Western dominance and oppression– China– French Indochina

• Communism is the idea that revolution is the key to ending Western oppression

Nationalists and Communists in China

• 1923-The Nationalist Party in China, led by Sun Yat-sen, allied with Communist leaders against warlords and to expel Imperial powers from China

• Nationalist-Supports the advancement of a nation free of outside intervention; independence movement

• 1925-Sun Yat-sen dies; Nationalist Party is taken over by Chiang Kai-shek

• 1926-Northern Expedition– A coalition of revolutionary force begin an offensive to retake

China; successful

Shanghai Massacre

• Coalition between Nationalists and Communists lasted for three years 1923-1926

• 1927-Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists murdered thousands of Communist followers ending their alliance

• Chiang Kai-shek believed Communism was a larger threat to the Chinese nation than Japan

• Said, “the Communists are a disease of the heart”

Chinese Republic

• 1927-Established by Chiang Kai-shek

• Communism goes underground and begin recruiting the discontent working class

• Reemerged in the 1930s with a new leader-Mao Zedong– Believed the poverty-stricken rural peasants

would lead the revolution in China

Latin American NationalismCountry Argentina Brazil Mexico

Leader

Driving Force

Outcome

Nationalism in Ireland

• 1801-Ireland unites with Great Britain (United Kingdom)

• The industrial prosperity of Britain only reached the area of Ulster in northern Ireland

• A devastating famine in the 1840s killed one million people and forced many more to flee Ireland

Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)

• Irish Nationalist Movement begins in the 1870s by Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish Home Rule faction)

• 1900s-Sinn Fein Party develops-political group dedicated to Irish Nationalism– Means “We Ourselves”

• 1914-World War I begins

• Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)-Irish Nationalists– plan an uprising against Britain– The British would have few troops to spare

April 24, 1916-Easter Rising “Sinn Fein Rebellion”

• Dublin• Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army

launch an armed uprising against British rule• Captured key government building-Dublin Post

Office• Declared Irish independence• By April 29 the uprising had been crushed• Although the rebellion was started by the IRB

the British blamed the Sinn Fein- “Sinn Fein Rebellion”

Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)

• Eamon da Valera takes control of Sinn Fein after Easter Rising

• War of Independence (Anglo-Irish War) 1919-1921– Irish Republican Army (IRA) -military group dedicated to Irish

Nationalism– Led by Michael Collins– IRA used guerilla warfare– IRA and British sign a treaty to end the fighting

• 1920-British Government of Ireland Act-Creates Northern Ireland

Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)

• 1921-Anglo-Irish Treaty– United Ireland with the exception of 6 counties of

Ulster (Northern Ireland)– Protestant majority in Ireland chose to preserve the

union with Britain – Created the Free Irish State (26 counties)-granted

Commonwealth Status– Northern Ireland (6 counties) remained part of the

United Kingdom– Irish Civil War begins over acceptance/rejection of the

treaty

Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)

• 1960s-IRA begins violent protests and bombings• British troops sent in to restore order• Period of continued conflicts known as “the

Troubles”• The IRA, a terrorist organization, continued to

fight for a unified Ireland until it ended its armed campaign in 2005

• IRA dissidents continue bombings and acts of terrorism even today

Economy of the 1920’s

• US experiences a period of economic prosperity– A time of economic well being

• Rising stock prices encouraged investors to take money out of Europe and invest in stock

• Economy-how natural resources and workers are used to produce goods and services

The Great Depression1929-33

• Recession-economic setback in business activity

• Depression-severe decline in business activity (manufacturing, buying, selling) accompanied by high unemployment, loss of income, falling prices, and a decline in trade

• The Great Depression (1929-1933)-period of low economic activity and high unemployment

Depressions in the US

• 1818-19• 1836-37• 1856-57• 1872-73• 1884-85• 1892-93• 1920-21• 1929-33*The Great Depression

– Why is this one called the Great Depression?• 1937-38

Causes of The Great Depression

• Overproduction-too many products• Decline in consumption (buying)

– Unemployment– Losses in the Stock Market diminished consumer

spending• Uneven distribution of wealth-1929

– 5% of all American households earned 30% of the nation’s income

– Tax cuts made life even more prosperous for some• Low agricultural prices followed by poor harvests

– Over farming the land– Drought

Causes of The Great Depression (Cont.)

• Negative investments in the economy (loss vs. growth)

• International economic connections– The Depression in the United States was felt

around the world due to the interconnected global economy

– Hawley-Smoot Tariff-dampened international commerce and intensified the Depression in the United States

Causes of The Great Depression (Cont.)

• Buying on Credit– Debt-money, goods or services owed– Loans-an amount lent with interest– Installment Plans-Making a down payment

and paying the rest of the price in monthly installments

• Bank foreclosures

October 29,1929Black Tuesday

Stock Market Crash• The 1929 Stock Market Crash is not a cause of

the Great Depression it is a symptom (sign, indication)

• Stock market-buying and selling shares of companies

• Shares-divide ownership of a company into equal parts

Stock Market Crash (Cont.)

• Causes of Stock Market Crash– Rampant Speculation in US Stock Market-act of

engaging in risky business transactions that offer a possibility of large profit

– panic and the mass selling of stock shares• The Stock Market lost $35 billion in value between

Oct 27-29

Problems created by the Stock Market Crash

• Buying on margin– Borrowing money from brokers to buy stock– Issued margin calls-investors who purchased

stock on margin must pay balance– In a bear market investors can’t pay brokers,

brokers can’t pay banks

Problems created by the Stock Market Crash (Cont.)

• Bank runs– Mass withdrawal of savings– Banks are forced to close due to there

inability to absorb losses suffered in the crash– No FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation)-people lost everything

Effects of the Depression Around the World

• Unemployment– Germany-6 million– Britain-3 million– US-14 million

• Increased government involvement in the economy

• Rise of dictators who promised solutions to people’s suffering

Depression in the US

• Hoovervilles- makeshift communities that were named after President Hoover

• People suffered extreme poverty and had to beg for food

• Hobos took to trains in hopes of finding work in exchange for food

• During the late 1920s drought plagued the Great Plains

• Many farmers packed up and moved West in search for work

Depression Years1929-1939

• United States

• Latin America

• Japan

• China

• Russia

• Italy

• Germany

United States

• Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932, promised a New Deal for the people of America

• New Deal-policy of government intervention in the U.S. economy to combat the effects of depression

• Did not solve unemployment problem

Latin America

• Export economy-nation depends on its exports for economy to function

• Depression destroyed Latin American economy-decreased demand for exports

• Oligarchies dominated L.A.-government where a select group of people exercise control

Japan

• Militarism gains momentum as the search for raw materials continues

• 1931-Military extremists invade Manchuria without government approval; supported by people of Japan

• Emperor Hirohito, fearing the abolishment of the monarchy, allows military leader Hideki Tojo to take control of Japan

Military Rule in Japan

• 1938-Military draft

• Abolish political parties

• Policy of Japanese Expansionism

• Purge Western influence and ideas

China

• 1928-Chiang Kai-shek forms a new Chinese Republic (Nationalists)

• Modernize China

• “New Life Movement”-combine traditional Confucian values with Western capitalist ideals; rejected greed and individualism

• Japan and Chinese Communists threatened the new government

Communist Movement in China

• Communists go into hiding after Shanghai Massacre

• 1931-Chinese Nationalists begin the eradication of Communism in China

• Mao Zedong (new leader of the Communists) used guerrilla tactics to fight the Nationalists

The Long March-1934

• Mao and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) escape the Nationalists and begin a march to a Communist base in Northwest China

• 6,000 mile journey on foot through mountains, marshland, deserts, and continuous attacks by the Nationalists

• Journey lasted one year/81,000 deaths

• Mao becomes the sole leader of the Chinese Communist Party

The Totalitarian State

• People looking for an end to suffering caused by severe economic depressions and unrest

• Dictators promise economic recovery in exchange for loyalty

• Totalitarian-Government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

• Conquer the mind and the heart• Use mass propaganda

The Totalitarian State (Cont.)

• Single ruler, single party-no opposition

• Focus on the state over the individual

• Create a new social order

• Italy

• Russia

• Germany

Italy and the Rise of Fascism

• Fascism-political philosophy that emphasizes the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler

• Benito Mussolini– Established the first fascist movement in Europe– Used broken promises at the Treaty of Versailles to

stir Italian Nationalism

• Squadristi-Mussolini’s band of black-shirted armed Fascists used to suppress strikes and control media

Fascism in Italy

• Goal to create a single-minded war loving community• Secret Police used to control and suppress• Propaganda• Control media outlets• Organizations to support fascist ideals

– Youth groups Age 8-18

• Family especially women were the pillar of society• Gained support of the Catholic Church by giving the

Church money and official recognition (Vatican City)

Russia

• Lenin and the Bolsheviks control Russia• 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(U.S.S.R) or Soviet Union established• Extreme economic problems threatened to end

Communist regime• New Economic Policy-modified capitalist system

used by Lenin to avoid economic disaster• 1924-Lenin dies creating a struggle for control of

the Soviet Union

New Leadership

• Seven members of the Politburo fight for control

• Politburo-leading policy-making body of the Communist Party

• General Secretary Joseph Stalin-used his post to gain control of the Communist Party

• By 1929 Stalin established a powerful dictatorship

Stalin’s Economic Policy

• Stalin’s Five Year Plan-transform the USSR from an agrarian to an industrial economy almost overnight– Created inhuman living conditions– Low wages

• Collectivization-system in which private farms were eliminated and the government owned the land– Led to food hoarding and widespread famine

The Great Purge

• 1930s

• Remove all opposition to Stalin’s leadership– Estimated 8 million people arrested– Sent to labor camps in Siberia or executed

Adolph Hitler

• Beliefs– Anti-Semitism– Struggle was the “granite foundation of the

world”– 1921-Takes control of the National Socialist

German Workers’ Party (Nazi) • Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei• “Brownshirts” or Storm Troopers mad up the militia

of the party

Adolph Hitler (Cont.)

• 1923-Beer Hall Putsch– Nazis attempt to overthrow the Weimer

Republic– Failed; Hitler sent to prison

• Writes his biography/manifesto in prison – Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

Mein Kampf

• Expresses extreme German Nationalism

• Anti-Semitism

• Anti-communism

• Social Darwinism-the strongest will struggle and survive

• German right to Lebensraum-living space

Rise of Nazism

• After his release, Hitler expanded the Nazi party – The Nazis became the largest party in the

German Reichstag (German parliament)– 800,000 members by 1932

Why was the Nazi party so popular?

• The Great Depression made extremist parties more attractive– High unemployment– Psychological depression– People looking for a way out

• Hitler promises a new Germany– Appeals to German’s emotions– Promise a better life

The Nazi State1933-1939

• 1933-Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany

• Enabling Act passed by the Reichstag-gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years– Allowed a “legal seizure” of Germany– Hitler becomes a virtual dictator

The Nazi State1933-1939 (Cont.)

• Concentration camps (prisons) built to house opponents of Nazism

• Purge Jews and the democratic element from government

• Government officials and soldiers required to take a loyalty oath to the Fuhrer or “Leader”

The Nazi State1933-1939 (Cont.)

• Hitler wanted to create the Third Reich or Third German Empire

• Build an Aryan racial state

• Aryan-term used by the Nazis to identify their “master race”

Hitler’s Totalitarian State

• Schutzstaffeln (SS)-police force used terror to maintain order– Created by Heinrich Himmler– Served as execution squads and controlled

death camps

• Mass demonstrations and rallies created excitement

• Churches, schools, and professional organizations indoctrinated Nazi ideals

Hitler’s Totalitarian State (Cont.)

• Women were expected to embrace their role as homemakers

• Propaganda used to reach the masses and spread Nazism– Joseph Goebbels-propaganda minister of

Nazi Germany– Radio-speeches– Movies-films that carried the Nazi message

Hitler’s Totalitarian State (Cont.)

• Anti-Semitism– 1935-Nuremburg laws

• Excluded Jews from Jews citizenship • Forbid Jews from marrying Germans• Required to wear yellow stars of David

– 1938-Kristallnacht- “night of shattered glass” a destructive rampage against German Jews led by Nazis

– Jews forced to leave Germany

The Depression Ends

• Hitler used public works projects and a rearmament programs to bring Germany out of the Depression

• Unemployment– 1931-4.35 million– 1932-6 million– 1934-2.6 million– 1937-500,000

• Germans followed Hitler and the Nazis because they believed he had ended Germany’s economic depression

• The people of Germany saw Hitler as their savior

Rise of Authoritarian States1930s

• Failure of democratic governments in Eastern Europe – No democratic tradition– Mostly rural/agricultural– Ethnic conflicts

• Looked to authoritarian ruler to restore old order

• Unlike totalitarian governments, authoritative governments worked to preserve traditional social order

• Spain

Authoritarian Rule in Spain

• 1936-General Francis Franco leads a revolt against the democratic government of Spain– Begins Civil War in Spain – Supported by Hitler and Mussolini– By 1939 Franco takes control of Spain– Favored traditional groups