Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower...

36
Atmospheric Search Pat Ward University of Cambridge Can we identify atmospheric CC events? Normalization of flux for analysis Worthwhile if get normalization to 10% 100 events in 4 years, or 12–13 in 0.5y Use ntuples (and some code and expertise) from Caius Signal MC: Run 127 (Battistoni flux, solar max), 95k events 330kty Background MC: 2M full spectrum cosmics 30 days Data: 2.52 kty total (1.85 kty fiducial) 4088.4h Pat Ward 28th July 2004 1

Transcript of Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower...

Page 1: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Atmospheric � � Search

Pat WardUniversity of Cambridge

� Can we identify atmospheric � � CC events?

Normalization of flux for � � analysis

� Worthwhile if get normalization to � 10%

� 100 events in 4 years, or 12–13 in 0.5y

� Use ntuples (and some code and expertise) from Caius

Signal MC: Run 127 (Battistoni flux, solar max), 95k � events � 330kty

Background MC: 2M full spectrum cosmics � 30 days

Data: 2.52 kty total (1.85 kty fiducial) � 4088.4h

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 1

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Atmospheric � �

� How many � � CC events do we ex-

pect?

� Using Battistoni solar max flux, ex-

pected � � CC events in 2.52kty:

� Total ( � ��� 100 MeV) : 167

� Vertex in fid. vol. : 132

� Pass trigger : 69

� Pass (7 planes) filter : 22

� c.f. � 11.4M cosmics

� Consider only events passing filter

for now

/ GeVνE0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Eff

icie

ncy

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Pat Ward 28th July 2004 2

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Atmospheric � � Selection Cuts 1� Selection cuts need to

(a) Remove cosmic background with high efficiency

(b) Separate � � CC events from � � CC and NC events

� Preselection

� � 5 PE outside fiducial

volume

� No reconstructed track

� 1 reconstructed shower

� Reduces cosmic and � � CC

background, while retaining

84% of (contained) � � CC

eventsNtracks

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

2000

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nu_mu CC

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0

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14000

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Atmospheric � � Selection Cuts 2� Shower quality

� Shower vertex in fiducial volume (� 50cm from radial side, not first or

last 4 planes of either SM)

� At least 80% of energy of event associated to shower

� Require shower to contain � 2 planes in both U and V views with

double-ended strip(s) with at least 5 PE

� Removes unsimulated background, especially light injection relics, which

otherwise pass subsequent shower shape cuts

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 4

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Shower Quality

Fraction of energy in shower0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

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neutrino MC

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data

Fraction of energy in single-ended hits0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

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cosmic MC

data Fraction of energy in U strips0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

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45 neutrino MC

cosmic MC

data

Distributions after all cuts except

Shower Quality

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 5

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Background Rejection

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Plane Number385 390 395 400 405 410 4150

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PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 18167 Snarl: 72745 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 1 VShw: 0 Plane:403 E:2.03

Q:4.73 0.00 T:9.99e+02 9.99e+02 S:4 P:-1.09 4.35Q:0.43 0.00 T:9.99e+02 9.99e+02 S:4 P:0.32 4.35Q:0.98 2.79 T:9.99e+02 9.99e+02 S:4 P:1.26 4.35Q:1.46 5.63 T:9.99e+02 9.99e+02 S:4 P:1.34 4.37Q:3.89 0.00 T:9.99e+02 9.99e+02 S:1 P:-1.19 4.43

0/0/2/0/1 11 -1 M:D 15/2/1/0/0 446 -1 M:D15/2/1/0/1 448 -1 M:D 15/2/1/0/2 448 446 M:D15/2/4/1/0 459 -1 M:D 15/2/4/1/1 461 -1 M:D15/2/4/1/2 461 459 M:D 2/2/1/1/2 116 114 M:B2/2/1/0/0 113 -1 M:B 3/2/0/1/1 68 -1 M:B3/2/2/0/2 75 73 M:B 4/2/5/1/0 -1 -1 M:B14/0/5/0/0 -1 -1 M:B

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Background Rejection

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PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 20589 Snarl: 9410 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 1 VShw: 0 Plane:369 E:1.13

Q:4.04 5.10 T:1.00e+03 1.00e+03 S:2 P:4.29 -0.61Q:0.00 0.37 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:4.27 -1.29Q:0.00 0.29 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:4.27 -0.96Q:0.00 0.58 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:4.27 -0.63Q:0.00 0.94 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:4.27 -0.30Q:0.00 0.26 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:4.27 0.03Q:0.00 0.24 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:6.96 1.73Q:0.00 0.43 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:4 P:6.96 2.06Q:0.00 2.18 T:9.99e+02 1.00e+03 S:3 P:-0.73 4.38Q:2.87 0.00 T:1.00e+03 9.99e+02 S:3 P:-2.36 3.98Q:2.57 0.00 T:1.00e+03 9.99e+02 S:3 P:4.04 3.00

0/0/2/0/1 11 -1 M:D 9/2/0/0/1 252 -1 M:D3/0/5/0/0 -1 -1 M:B 4/0/2/0/1 139 -1 M:B4/0/3/1/2 144 142 M:B 7/0/5/0/0 -1 -1 M:B7/2/2/1/2 204 202 M:B 7/2/3/1/0 206 -1 M:B8/0/5/1/0 -1 -1 M:B 11/0/2/0/0 366 -1 M:B12/2/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B 13/0/0/1/1 425 -1 M:B13/1/1/1/2 405 403 M:B 13/1/4/1/0 415 -1 M:B13/2/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B

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Background Rejection

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PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 18191 Snarl: 95372 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 1 VShw: 0 Plane:21 E:1.10

Q:0.00 1.73 T:-1.58e-01 -1.02e-06 S:2 P:-2.36 3.99Q:1.57 0.00 T:-1.04e-06 -1.58e-01 S:2 P:-1.61 4.35Q:6.33 17.36 T:4.96e-08 -1.22e-09 S:1 P:-5.58 2.97Q:4.01 8.52 T:5.09e-08 1.95e-10 S:1 P:-5.33 2.97Q:5.60 12.29 T:5.24e-08 2.09e-09 S:1 P:-5.00 2.97Q:4.94 11.80 T:4.53e-08 -5.40e-09 S:1 P:-4.66 2.97Q:12.20 19.02 T:4.70e-08 -3.51e-09 S:1 P:-4.33 2.97Q:56.83 72.90 T:4.74e-08 1.92e-09 S:1 P:-3.99 2.98Q:22.46 41.06 T:4.62e-08 4.52e-09 S:1 P:-3.66 2.99Q:12.44 27.38 T:4.45e-08 2.62e-09 S:1 P:-3.33 2.99Q:17.83 31.20 T:4.25e-08 -2.35e-10 S:1 P:-3.11 3.07Q:3.60 5.84 T:4.10e-08 -2.13e-09 S:1 P:-2.90 3.32Q:2.84 9.94 T:3.87e-08 -4.09e-09 S:1 P:-2.69 3.57Q:1.94 2.73 T:3.57e-08 -1.64e-08 S:1 P:-1.70 4.40Q:3.49 5.46 T:3.72e-08 -1.46e-08 S:1 P:-1.37 4.40Q:0.00 0.29 T:-1.58e-01 -6.23e-09 S:1 P:-0.95 4.37Q:7.86 3.41 T:3.29e-08 -1.01e-08 S:1 P:-0.31 4.37Q:1.58 2.63 T:5.32e-08 6.64e-10 S:1 P:-5.71 2.99Q:2.32 8.58 T:5.47e-08 2.56e-09 S:1 P:-5.38 2.99Q:8.92 12.91 T:4.74e-08 -5.06e-09 S:1 P:-4.68 3.01Q:7.80 12.96 T:4.92e-08 -3.17e-09 S:1 P:-4.36 3.01Q:28.18 95.22 T:4.96e-08 2.23e-09 S:1 P:-4.02 3.02Q:26.92 43.37 T:4.83e-08 4.80e-09 S:1 P:-3.69 3.03Q:15.27 26.53 T:4.66e-08 2.91e-09 S:1 P:-3.37 3.03Q:6.92 32.67 T:4.21e-08 -2.46e-09 S:1 P:-3.03 3.19Q:1.09 0.38 T:3.84e-08 -6.33e-09 S:1 P:-2.61 3.70Q:0.00 0.59 T:-1.58e-01 -1.02e-08 S:1 P:-2.18 4.21Q:7.82 13.52 T:3.61e-08 -6.95e-09 S:1 P:-1.57 4.44Q:8.43 16.44 T:3.73e-08 -9.70e-09 S:1 P:-1.19 4.43Q:0.91 4.39 T:5.41e-08 -3.51e-08 S:1 P:-6.97 1.38Q:2.91 3.66 T:5.58e-08 -3.32e-08 S:1 P:-6.97 1.70Q:2.41 7.10 T:5.62e-08 -2.78e-08 S:1 P:-6.97 2.03Q:3.18 5.61 T:5.49e-08 -2.53e-08 S:1 P:-6.97 2.37Q:0.00 1.69 T:-1.58e-01 -2.72e-08 S:1 P:-6.97 2.69Q:1.83 3.21 T:5.07e-08 -2.93e-08 S:1 P:-6.97 3.02Q:4.17 3.14 T:5.23e-08 3.17e-08 S:1 P:6.99 3.120/0/2/0/1 11 -1 M:D 15/2/1/0/0 446 -1 M:D15/2/1/0/1 448 -1 M:D 15/2/1/0/2 448 446 M:D15/2/4/1/0 459 -1 M:D 15/2/4/1/1 461 -1 M:D15/2/4/1/2 461 459 M:D 0/0/0/0/2 3 1 M:B2/2/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B 5/0/2/1/1 184 -1 M:B6/2/5/1/0 -1 -1 M:B 11/0/1/0/1 364 -1 M:B11/0/3/0/2 372 370 M:B

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Background Rejection

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Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:365 E:1.78

Q:1.46 0.00 T:-4.63e-06 -1.28e-01 S:2 P:5.05 2.99Q:6.24 27.80 T:4.24e-08 2.05e-08 S:4 P:-5.58 3.00Q:12.79 62.38 T:4.37e-08 2.19e-08 S:4 P:-5.33 3.00Q:6.33 13.02 T:4.52e-08 2.38e-08 S:4 P:-5.00 3.00Q:7.66 38.03 T:3.80e-08 1.68e-08 S:4 P:-4.66 3.00Q:5.96 20.04 T:3.97e-08 1.87e-08 S:4 P:-4.34 3.00Q:1.27 9.48 T:4.45e-08 2.00e-08 S:4 P:-4.00 3.00Q:0.86 8.03 T:4.76e-08 1.84e-08 S:4 P:-3.67 3.00Q:0.98 2.52 T:4.59e-08 1.65e-08 S:4 P:-3.35 3.00Q:3.86 3.80 T:4.24e-08 1.82e-08 S:4 P:-3.07 3.12Q:4.66 3.66 T:5.29e-08 3.26e-08 S:4 P:-1.75 4.35Q:0.72 0.62 T:6.12e-08 3.19e-08 S:4 P:-0.76 4.35Q:3.40 12.49 T:4.63e-08 1.79e-08 S:4 P:-5.92 3.02Q:13.73 22.69 T:4.76e-08 1.93e-08 S:4 P:-5.67 3.02Q:27.92 60.42 T:4.91e-08 2.12e-08 S:4 P:-5.34 3.02Q:12.59 36.81 T:4.20e-08 1.46e-08 S:4 P:-4.66 3.02Q:3.80 11.32 T:4.37e-08 1.65e-08 S:4 P:-4.33 3.02Q:9.06 15.86 T:4.86e-08 1.75e-08 S:4 P:-4.00 3.02Q:5.37 2.44 T:5.17e-08 1.57e-08 S:4 P:-3.66 3.02Q:5.88 2.37 T:5.00e-08 1.38e-08 S:4 P:-3.34 3.02Q:3.21 2.33 T:4.40e-08 1.37e-08 S:4 P:-3.01 3.22Q:0.44 0.00 T:4.25e-08 -1.28e-01 S:4 P:-2.80 3.47Q:1.01 0.41 T:3.83e-08 7.73e-09 S:4 P:-2.38 3.97Q:5.10 0.66 T:6.06e-08 3.14e-08 S:4 P:-1.96 4.37Q:0.63 3.47 T:7.08e-08 3.18e-08 S:4 P:-4.38 -0.98Q:0.00 0.42 T:-1.28e-01 3.29e-08 S:4 P:-4.38 -0.65Q:1.97 0.61 T:6.30e-08 3.33e-08 S:4 P:-6.92 1.35Q:1.74 6.98 T:6.47e-08 3.52e-08 S:4 P:-6.92 1.68Q:0.00 0.36 T:-1.28e-01 3.62e-08 S:4 P:-6.92 2.01Q:0.96 1.38 T:7.30e-08 3.43e-08 S:4 P:-6.92 2.34Q:0.00 0.76 T:-1.28e-01 3.08e-08 S:4 P:-6.92 3.00Q:1.40 2.10 T:6.72e-08 2.89e-08 S:4 P:-6.92 3.33Q:0.00 1.40 T:-1.28e-01 2.34e-08 S:4 P:-6.54 4.20Q:0.00 0.71 T:-1.28e-01 -2.11e-06 S:1 P:2.34 4.09Q:0.00 2.24 T:-1.28e-01 -2.10e-06 S:1 P:2.94 3.34Q:0.00 10.49 T:-1.28e-01 4.50e-08 S:3 P:-5.55 2.98Q:0.00 48.09 T:-1.28e-01 4.64e-08 S:3 P:-5.30 2.98Q:0.00 5.26 T:-1.28e-01 4.83e-08 S:3 P:-4.97 2.98Q:0.00 3.62 T:-1.28e-01 4.07e-08 S:3 P:-4.64 2.98Q:0.00 1.28 T:-1.28e-01 4.26e-08 S:3 P:-4.31 2.98Q:1.84 10.79 T:-3.35e-06 4.79e-08 S:3 P:-3.97 2.98Q:0.41 0.00 T:2.12e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:-1.97 4.38Q:4.34 0.99 T:2.25e-08 6.36e-08 S:3 P:-1.72 4.38Q:1.49 0.00 T:2.40e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:-1.39 4.38Q:0.00 0.77 T:-1.28e-01 7.39e-08 S:3 P:-1.06 4.38Q:0.27 0.00 T:1.63e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:0.26 4.38Q:10.16 12.17 T:1.29e-08 4.27e-08 S:3 P:-5.92 3.00Q:23.51 11.09 T:1.42e-08 4.41e-08 S:3 P:-5.67 3.00Q:96.86 34.47 T:1.57e-08 4.60e-08 S:3 P:-5.35 3.00Q:24.54 20.77 T:1.60e-08 3.84e-08 S:3 P:-4.66 3.00Q:15.93 6.03 T:1.77e-08 4.03e-08 S:3 P:-4.33 3.00Q:3.02 0.97 T:1.82e-08 4.57e-08 S:3 P:-4.00 3.00Q:2.97 0.00 T:1.69e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:-3.68 3.00Q:5.21 0.67 T:1.52e-08 4.64e-08 S:3 P:-3.35 3.00Q:7.37 1.78 T:1.06e-08 4.21e-08 S:3 P:-3.00 3.22Q:0.00 0.56 T:-1.28e-01 3.61e-08 S:3 P:-2.36 3.98Q:0.00 0.29 T:-1.28e-01 3.42e-08 S:3 P:-2.16 4.24Q:1.16 0.34 T:2.12e-08 6.53e-08 S:3 P:-1.92 4.39Q:2.90 0.00 T:3.42e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:-4.31 0.09Q:1.77 1.17 T:3.43e-08 4.50e-08 S:3 P:-6.96 1.38Q:0.32 0.00 T:3.60e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:-6.96 1.71Q:12.27 5.26 T:3.64e-08 5.23e-08 S:3 P:-6.96 2.03Q:3.99 1.46 T:3.51e-08 5.49e-08 S:3 P:-6.96 2.36Q:6.46 1.81 T:3.09e-08 5.09e-08 S:3 P:-6.96 3.03Q:1.03 0.58 T:2.95e-08 4.90e-08 S:3 P:-6.96 3.35Q:0.58 0.00 T:2.55e-08 -1.28e-01 S:3 P:-6.76 3.950/0/2/0/1 11 -1 M:D 13/0/3/1/0 435 -1 M:D15/2/1/0/0 446 -1 M:D 15/2/1/0/1 448 -1 M:D15/2/1/0/2 448 446 M:D 15/2/4/1/0 459 -1 M:D15/2/4/1/1 461 -1 M:D 15/2/4/1/2 461 459 M:D0/0/0/1/2 4 2 M:B 0/0/4/1/1 20 -1 M:B1/0/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B 3/2/1/1/1 72 -1 M:B7/0/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B 9/1/4/0/2 288 286 M:B12/0/4/1/2 397 395 M:B 12/2/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B

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Atmospheric � � Selection Cuts 3� Shower Shape

� Shower Length. Using 3D reconstruction of strips in shower, form

‘moment of inertia’ tensor, normalized to total energy, and find

eigenvalues and eigenvectors; require largest eigenvalue � 0.1

� Max strips. Reject event if any plane has more than 12 hit strips

� Max Energy fraction. Reject event if� 70% of energy in one plane

� Mean strips. Require mean strips/plane � 5

� These reject cosmics which are track-like (long showers) or nearly parallel

to planes (large number of strips in a plane)

� Shower length cut also removes � 40% of remaining � � CC events

� Finally, veto events with shield hits (VetoQCorrSS)

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 10

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Shower length

Largest eigenvalue of ‘MoI’ tensor after Shower Quality cut.

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200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

CCeν

EVmax0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

100

200

300

400

500

600

CCµν

EVmax0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0

100

200

300

400

500NC

EVmax0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Cosmic MC

EVmax0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Data: no shield

EVmax0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 11

Page 12: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Shower length

Largest eigenvalue of ‘MoI’ tensor after all cuts except shower length and

shield

EVmax0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160neutrino MC

cosmic MC

data

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 12

Page 13: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Max strips

Maximium number of hit strips in a plane after Shower Quality cut

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

CCeν

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 300

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

CCµν

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

NC

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cosmic MC

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 300

5

10

15

20

25 Data: no shield

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 13

Page 14: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Max strips

Maximium number of hit strips in a plane after all cuts except shower length,

max strips and shield

NStripmax0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

neutrino MC

cosmic MC

data

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 14

Page 15: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Max energy fraction

Maximium fraction of energy in a plane after Shower Quality cut

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CCeν

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CCµν

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NC

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cosmic MC

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Data: no shield

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 15

Page 16: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Max energy fraction

Maximium fraction of energy in a plane after all cuts except shower length, max

energy fraction and shield

fmax0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

50

100

150

200

250 neutrino MC

cosmic MC

data

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 16

Page 17: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Mean strips

Mean number of hit strips per plane after Shower Quality cut

Strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

50

100

150

200

250

CCeν

Strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

20

40

60

80

100

120 CCµν

Strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

NC

Strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cosmic MC

Strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Data: no shield

Strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 17

Page 18: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Mean strips

Mean number of hit strips per plane after all cuts except shower length, mean

strips and shield

strips/plane0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

50

100

150

200

250 neutrino MC

cosmic MC

data

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 18

Page 19: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Atmospheric � �

Expected/observed numbers for 2.52kty after each cut:

� � CC � � CC NC MC cosmics Data

Preselection 16.2 9.0 6.5 25496 38415

Shower Quality 15.2 8.0 5.7 6430 11756

Shower Length 13.3 4.9 4.2 1020 2271

Max strips 13.1 4.8 4.1 63 231

Max energy fraction 12.8 4.7 4.1 29 143

Mean strips 12.6 4.7 4.0 17 � 10 112

No Shield hits 27

� Cosmic MC underestimates background at all stages

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 19

Page 20: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC � � CC Event

100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 1180

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 1180

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 1180

20

40

60

80

100

PlaneCharge PE ID: -12 Iact: 1 Ires: 1002Run : 127 Snarl: 10 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:108 E:2.12

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.40

5

10

15

20

25

30TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 20

Page 21: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC � � CC Event

448 450 452 454 456 458 460 462 4640

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

448 450 452 454 456 458 460 462 4640

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number448 450 452 454 456 458 460 462 4640

50

100

150

200

250

PlaneCharge PE ID: 12 Iact: 1 Ires: 1002Run : 127 Snarl: 14 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:456 E:3.61

27.4 27.6 27.8 28 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.8 290

10

20

30

40

50TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 21

Page 22: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC ��

CC Event

84 86 88 90 92 94 960

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

84 86 88 90 92 94 960

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number84 86 88 90 92 94 960

20

40

60

80

100

120

PlaneCharge PE ID: 14 Iact: 1 Ires: 1003Run : 127 Snarl: 22 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 1 VShw: 0 Plane:89 E:1.87

4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 60

5

10

15

20

25

30

35TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 22

Page 23: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC ��

NC Event

135 140 145 150 155 160 165 1700

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

135 140 145 150 155 160 165 1700

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number135 140 145 150 155 160 165 1700

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

PlaneCharge PE ID: 14 Iact: 0 Ires: 1003Run : 127 Snarl: 82 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:160 E:5.66

8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.50

20

40

60

80

100TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 23

Page 24: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC Cosmic Event

398 400 402 404 406 408 410 4120

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

398 400 402 404 406 408 410 4120

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number398 400 402 404 406 408 410 4120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

PlaneCharge PE ID: 0 Iact: -1 Ires: 0Run : 461 Snarl: 5092 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:403 E:8.66

24.4 24.6 24.8 25 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.80

10

20

30

40

50

60

70TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 24

Page 25: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC Cosmic Event

324 326 328 330 332 3340

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

324 326 328 330 332 3340

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number324 326 328 330 332 3340

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

PlaneCharge PE ID: 0 Iact: -1 Ires: 0Run : 472 Snarl: 72234 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 1 VShw: 0 Plane:329 E:2.29

20 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21 21.20

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 25

Page 26: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected MC Cosmic Event

224 226 228 230 232 2340

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

224 226 228 230 232 2340

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number224 226 228 230 232 2340

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PlaneCharge PE ID: 0 Iact: -1 Ires: 0Run : 473 Snarl: 7687 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 1 VShw: 0 Plane:229 E:2.28

13 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14 14.20

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 26

Page 27: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected Data Event

390 392 394 396 398 400 402 4040

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

390 392 394 396 398 400 402 4040

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number390 392 394 396 398 400 402 4040

50

100

150

200

250

PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 18884 Snarl: 72289 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:394 E:3.92

Q:1.34 8.21 T:-3.24e-06 -3.27e-06 S:1 P:3.41 3.04Q:1.03 0.00 T:-3.24e-06 -7.99e-01 S:1 P:3.74 3.04

0/0/2/0/1 11 -1 M:D 1/0/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B5/0/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B 13/2/0/0/2 380 378 M:B13/2/1/0/1 384 -1 M:B

24 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25 25.2 25.40

10

20

30

40

50TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 27

Page 28: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected Data Event

286 288 290 292 294 296 298 3000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

286 288 290 292 294 296 298 3000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number286 288 290 292 294 296 298 3000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 21283 Snarl: 39583 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:293 E:1.78

Q:3.26 2.77 T:-1.87e-06 -1.58e-06 S:2 P:-4.65 2.97Q:1.52 0.00 T:-1.87e-06 -5.45e-01 S:2 P:-4.32 2.97Q:1.82 0.00 T:-2.30e-06 -5.45e-01 S:2 P:3.14 3.08Q:3.12 0.00 T:-4.31e-06 -5.45e-01 S:4 P:-6.92 3.33Q:0.00 1.50 T:-5.45e-01 -4.08e-06 S:3 P:-2.87 3.38

0/0/2/0/1 11 -1 M:D 9/2/0/0/1 252 -1 M:D2/2/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B 5/1/1/0/2 155 153 M:B5/1/1/0/0 153 -1 M:B 6/2/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B7/0/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B 8/0/5/1/1 -1 -1 M:B11/1/4/1/2 353 351 M:B 14/0/5/1/0 -1 -1 M:B

17.8 18 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19 19.20

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 28

Page 29: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected Data Event

470 472 474 476 478 480 4820

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

470 472 474 476 478 480 4820

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number470 472 474 476 478 480 4820

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 22614 Snarl: 57236 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:475 E:4.63

Q:0.00 1.61 T:-3.72e-01 -4.42e-06 S:2 P:-4.65 3.00Q:0.00 2.20 T:-3.72e-01 -2.32e-05 S:2 P:-4.00 3.00Q:0.00 2.39 T:-3.72e-01 -2.88e-05 S:2 P:1.73 4.34Q:0.00 0.76 T:-3.72e-01 -2.57e-05 S:4 P:3.44 3.00Q:2.30 2.70 T:-2.57e-05 -2.57e-05 S:4 P:3.76 3.00Q:7.06 0.00 T:-1.00e-05 -3.72e-01 S:4 P:-4.38 -0.65Q:5.71 0.00 T:-9.56e-07 -3.72e-01 S:4 P:-6.73 3.93Q:0.00 2.30 T:-3.72e-01 -1.43e-05 S:1 P:-3.11 3.07Q:0.00 1.87 T:-3.72e-01 -1.44e-05 S:1 P:-2.27 4.08Q:2.28 0.00 T:-5.09e-06 -3.72e-01 S:1 P:-0.95 4.37Q:4.39 0.00 T:-2.45e-05 -3.72e-01 S:1 P:3.14 3.09Q:1.79 0.00 T:-1.85e-05 -3.72e-01 S:1 P:0.41 4.42Q:3.38 0.00 T:-2.13e-05 -3.72e-01 S:1 P:6.79 4.03Q:0.00 1.41 T:-3.72e-01 -2.85e-05 S:3 P:4.35 2.98Q:2.44 0.00 T:-2.40e-05 -3.72e-01 S:3 P:5.01 2.98Q:1.90 0.00 T:-5.11e-06 -3.72e-01 S:3 P:-4.33 3.008/0/2/1/0 259 -1 M:D 9/2/0/0/1 252 -1 M:D12/2/1/1/0 427 -1 M:D 12/2/1/1/1 429 -1 M:D12/2/1/1/2 429 427 M:D 0/1/4/1/1 40 -1 M:B2/2/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B 3/0/1/0/0 113 -1 M:B4/2/5/1/0 -1 -1 M:B 6/2/1/0/0 237 -1 M:B11/0/2/1/0 367 -1 M:B 11/0/3/1/0 371 -1 M:B12/2/1/0/2 428 426 M:B 12/2/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B14/0/5/1/0 -1 -1 M:B

28.8 29 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.8 300

10

20

30

40

50

60 TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 29

Page 30: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Selected Data Event

368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 3880

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

UZ

368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 3880

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

VZ

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

XY

Plane Number368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 3880

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

PlaneCharge PE ID: -999 Iact: -999 Ires: -999Run : 24151 Snarl: 16298 Trk: 0 Shw: 1

Reseed: 0 VShw: 0 Plane:384 E:3.28

Q:0.00 7.51 T:-1.54e-01 -2.77e-05 S:2 P:-6.89 3.65Q:0.00 0.39 T:-1.54e-01 -2.77e-05 S:2 P:-6.72 3.90Q:3.86 1.62 T:-1.89e-05 -1.88e-05 S:2 P:6.93 3.73Q:0.00 4.86 T:-1.54e-01 -9.68e-06 S:4 P:-3.34 3.02Q:0.00 1.66 T:-1.54e-01 -1.32e-05 S:4 P:-0.96 4.37Q:0.00 8.01 T:-1.54e-01 -1.35e-05 S:4 P:0.36 4.37Q:2.92 7.71 T:-1.31e-05 -1.31e-05 S:4 P:2.67 3.72Q:0.00 2.08 T:-1.54e-01 -1.84e-05 S:4 P:-6.92 1.68Q:0.00 2.47 T:-1.54e-01 -2.73e-05 S:4 P:-6.92 2.34Q:0.92 0.00 T:-2.44e-05 -1.54e-01 S:4 P:-6.92 3.33Q:4.66 0.00 T:-2.44e-05 -1.54e-01 S:4 P:-6.73 3.93Q:4.09 0.00 T:-1.96e-05 -1.54e-01 S:1 P:4.37 2.97Q:0.00 2.08 T:-1.54e-01 -2.45e-06 S:1 P:4.07 3.03Q:2.73 2.24 T:-2.93e-05 -2.93e-05 S:3 P:-0.93 4.39Q:4.81 6.87 T:-2.31e-06 -2.34e-06 S:3 P:-6.96 2.0315/1/0/1/0 463 -1 M:D 1/0/5/1/2 -1 -1 M:B8/0/5/0/0 -1 -1 M:B 12/2/5/0/0 -1 -1 M:B

22.6 22.8 23 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24 24.2 24.40

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80TZ

Entries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZEntries 0Mean x 0Mean y 0RMS x 0RMS y 0

TZ

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 30

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Selected Events

x / m-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

y / m

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

z / m0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

shield

no shield

Shower Energy / PE0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

shield

no shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 31

Page 32: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Atmospheric � �

� Current cuts: observe 112 events in data, of which 85 rejected by shield

� Assuming shield efficiency � 97%, after shield cut, sample contains 2–3

cosmic background events, giving expected composition:

� � CC 12.6 53%

� � CC 4.7 20%

NC 4.0 17%

Cosmic 2.5 10%

Total 24

Observed 27

� Separation of signal from � � CC and NC background probably needs

likelihood or ANN

� Looks promising, but lots to do / understand

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 32

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Shower Length

Largest eigenvalue of ‘MoI’ tensor after all cuts.

EVmax0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0

20

40

60

80

100 CCeν

EVmax0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0

5

10

15

20

25 CCµν

EVmax0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0

5

10

15

20

25NC

EVmax0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Cosmic MC

EVmax0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Data: no shield

EVmax0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 33

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Shower Energy

Shower energy (in PE) after all cuts.

PE0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CCeν

PE0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CCµν

PE0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000

0

10

20

30

40

50

NC

PE0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Cosmic MC

PE0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Data: no shield

PE0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 34

Page 35: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Plane Energy

Maximum energy (in PE) in a plane after all cuts.

MaxPlPE0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CCeν

MaxPlPE0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

CCµν

MaxPlPE0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60NC

MaxPlPE0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Cosmic MC

MaxPlPE0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Data: no shield

MaxPlPE0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 35

Page 36: Search Atmospheric - hep.phy.cam.ac.ukcpw1/nue.pdf · Background Rejection Event removed by shower quality cut: 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 UZ 385

Plane Energy

Mean energy (in PE) in a plane after all cuts.

MeanPlPE0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CCeν

MeanPlPE0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

20

40

60

80

100 CCµν

MeanPlPE0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

NC

MeanPlPE0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Cosmic MC

MeanPlPE0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Data: no shield

MeanPlPE0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Data: shield

Pat Ward 28th July 2004 36