Sean A. Kufel, P.E. Power System Engineering, Inc. April 20, 2015 Distributed Generation System...
Transcript of Sean A. Kufel, P.E. Power System Engineering, Inc. April 20, 2015 Distributed Generation System...
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Sean A. Kufel, P.E.
Power System Engineering, Inc.
April 20, 2015
Distributed Generation System Impact Analysis with Computer Modeling Tools
IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference
www.powersystem.org
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Session SummaryGoal: Developing a reliable, efficient process for
performing DG system impact studies.• Data Requirements• Modeling Generation
– Types of generator models & adding generation– Types of analysis– Common modeling errors
• Focus on steps where errors or confusion are common• NOT: Instructions on using any modeling program• DISCLAIMER(S): I am not a programmer. I am not
endorsing any particular modeling application.
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System Impact Analysis GoalsCommon impacts of DG that can be identified with computer modeling:• Voltage rise• Conductor/equipment overload• Inadequate device interrupt rating• Reverse power flow• Potential for islanding
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Data Requirements• Utility side:
– Electrical model of distribution system area where DG is proposed, including:• Source impedance, including substation power transformer• System conductors• Major system equipment – transformers, regulators, capacitors &
protective devices• Substation area/feeder peak demand
– Historical minimum load in area/on feeder• Often estimated at around 25% of peak if historical hourly data is not
available
– Protective device settings– Regulator/LTC settings
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Data Requirements• Applicant/Developer/Generation side:
– Number of generators to be installed and total aggregate capacity
– Proposed facility one-line/three-line diagram– Expected peak generator output & how the generation will be
used (back-up only, intermittent operation, on-site load service, power export, etc.)
– Location of proposed interconnection (preferably in reference to distribution system)
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Data Requirements• Applicant/Developer/Generation side:
– Generator data:• Operating voltage• Ratings: kW, kVA, power factor• Fault information
– Steady-state, transient & subtransient reactance values or generator equivalent circuit for rotating machines
– For PV with inverter(s), fault current is typically a multiple of rated output (150% is often used)
– Other equipment data:• Inverter ratings, solar panel data for PV installations• Ratings & impedances of any generator step-up transformer units (GSU)
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Impedance Data Equivalent Circuit
Generator Fault Information
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Milsoft WindMil® Eaton CYME
Modeling Programs
• SynerGEE, eTap, Dapper, etc.
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Types of Generator Models• Generic Generator
• Two operating modes:– Negative load (constant
kW output)– Swing kVAR (hold
desired voltage by adjusting kVAR output)
• Fault output based on generator impedances
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Types of Generator Models• Specific Generators • Common types:
– Synchronous & Induction– Wind turbine– Solar array– Others
• Operating modes & fault contributions dependent upon type of generation
• Mostly the same as generic for synchronous machines
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Generic Generator Pros/Cons• Con:
– Sometimes need to perform impedance calculations when only fault duty is available
• Pro:– Conversion utilities are often built in
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Pro:• Possible to create extremely
detailed generator models with LOTS of specific data
• Possible (?) to run highly specific analysis depending upon program modules & capabilities
Con:• Hyper-specific data
generally not needed for snapshot analysis
• Lots of specific data can be overwhelming
Specific Generator Pros/Cons
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Information Overload?
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Add Generation to the Model
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Peak Load Minimum Load
Voltage Drop/Load Flow Analysis
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Common Error: Generators not included in analysis
Voltage Drop/Load Flow Analysis
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Collecting Results• From on-screen result boxes:
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Collecting Results• Via custom reports:
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Voltage Drop/Load Flow Analysis• Other things to check:
– Substation/source power factor, before & after generation is added
– Native loads in all protective zones upline of the generation (with generation offline)• Aid in determining if islanding is possible
– Current flow through equipment with generation online– Reverse power flow through equipment and/or substations when
generation is operating (more likely and higher at minimum load)
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Checking Protective Zone Loads
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Turning on Power Flow Arrows (If Available)
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Short-Circuit Analysis
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Gen Z: Steady-state or “None” Gen Z: Subtransient
Short-Circuit Analysis: General
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Coordination Analysis
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CYME TCC Settings Device Coordination Check
Device-Device Coordination Setup
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Generator Feeder Recloser
Short-Circuit Analysis: Fault Flow
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End of Protective Zone 1
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Short-Circuit: Reverse Fault Flow
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Initiate fault immediately upline of protective device
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Short-Circuit: Fault Flow• Locations to check during fault flow:
– End of protective device zones• Especially in direct path between generation and source• Especially for electronically-controlled reclosers
– Check ground pickup setting versus minimum fault flowing through device with generation contributing
– Source side of devices in direct path between generation and source
– Other feeders on substation
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System Impact Study Model Use Keys• Develop a process and stick to it• Double-check entered data• Document analysis results clearly• Keep track of model changes made to improve system
conditions– Probably not a good idea to alter the working model of your
existing system if you are a utility, especially if it is an enterprise or shared model
• Step back and sanity-check results
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QUESTIONS &DISCUSSION
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Power System Engineering, Inc.
Name: Sean A. Kufel, P.E.
Title: Electrical Engineer
Direct: (740) 568-9220 x11
Mobile: (216) 544-8614
Email: [email protected]
www.powersystem.org
Thank You:
IEEE 2015 REPC Attendees!