IDAF/ WP / 18 March 1987

SEAMANSHIP, SAILING AND

MOTORISATION

AO! DAtI IDA/NORWAY

IDAF/WP/16 March 1967

SEAMANSHIP, SAILING AND

M O TO R I S A T IO N

0.5. Davy

Programme de DéveloppementIntégré des Pêches Artisanalesen A-Frique de l'Ouest DIPA

Programme -For IntegratedDevelopmen oF ArtisanalFisheries in West Africa-IDAF

GCP/RAF/ 192/DENGCP/RAF/ 198/DENGOP/RAE! 197/NOR.

Integrated Development ìnRural Fishing Villages,Shenge Region, Sierra LeoneSI L / 82 / 015

With financial assistance from Denmark r3fld Norwy, and incollaboration with the Peoples Republic of Benin, the FisheriesDepartment of FAD is implementing in West î-fria a programme of

email scale fisheries development, commonly called the lOAFProject. This programme is based upon an integrated approachinvolving production, processing and marketing o-P fish, andrelated activities; it aleo involves. in particular, an activeand full participation of the target fishing communities.

This report is a working paper and the conclusi. one endrecommendations are those considered appropriate at the time ofpreparetìcn, Th working papers have not necessarily been clearedfor publication by the government( s) concerned nor by FAO. Theymay be modified in the light o-F further knowledge gained atsubsequent stages o-P the Project and issued later in otherseries.

The. designations employed and the presentation cf materialdo not imply he expression af any opinion on the part of FAO ora financing agency concerning the legal. statue o-F any country orterritory, city or oreo, or concerning the determination o-F it

frontiers or boundaries.

lOAF Pro joni;ßctt Postale 1369

Cotoncu> P.P. du BéninTélex 6291 F000ABB1 TéL. 338925/330624

Mr. 0.5. Davy works wIth Mac Aliter El ijott and PartnersLtd. o-F England. He was rec.ruited by FAO on hehlf of Project51L/82/O15 and GCP/PAF/192/DEN to work +'or two period in Ehenge,Sierra Leone, in 1956.

TP.BL.E OF COMTENTBPage

5. FIELD ACTIVITIES

5. I n t rod u ot io n 386.2 A o t iv i t i e 385.3 Con o J. u s in n s 435,4 Fìecornmend t ion s 43

APPENDICES

Details of th Sail Trin:íng/Seemnshic Course45Feasibility Study on the use o-F 4Stroke PetrolOutboard Motors on Canoe - 76

o3 L)

-

2.

UACKOROUNL)

THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF AN OUTRIGGER ANDSAILS ON A TRADITIONAL CANOE

2.1 ProJect Vessel2.2 "iheries2.3 The Une 0+ Sail2.3,1 Mteriels and si11's avai1abl2.3.2 Weather conditions

2

2333

2.4 The Outrigger2.4.1 Out igger experience2.42 Outrigger design 4

2.4.3 Outrigger construotion S2.4.4 Outrigger fitting 62.6 132.5.3 Sail design 13

2.6.2 Sailma}cir.g2.6 The Rig 17

2.7 Sea Trials 192.8 Training 242.9 Conclusions 21+

3. A SAIL TRAINING/SEAMANSHIP COURSE 25

3.3 Cortcepts and Aims 253.2 Content 263.3 Assessment and Results 28

4. OUTBOARD MOTOR EVALtJATION TRIALS 30

4.1 Introduction 30

4.2 The Tri1 Veeì 30

4.3 Enirre Specifiotion 314.4 Sea Tr'ials 314.6 Dhiervt ions 334J Reoor'imendd Modifietion 3447 Conc1us±or+ 3 A

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Jig and backbone construction 7

2. Frame dimensions 8

3 Outrigger section 9

Stem profile IO

Outrigger installation 11

Leeboard 12

'ï. Sail design 14

Steps taken in sailmaking 15

Mast installation 18

Sailing trials 20

11 . Engine cost comparisons 36

12. Four corner sail 40

LIST OF TABLES.

Trial results motor/saIl 21

Fuel consumption 21

Trial results sail only 22

Rig costs 23

Details and performance of 3 5 man canoe 39

Performance of the project canoe 42

Appendix Sections and Figures

ppenix i Page

Project sailing canoe 46

Parts of a canoe 46

Directions relativo to boat 47

Points of sailing 48

Knots, whipping and splices 3O

The net and its materials 57

Measurement arid estimation 60

The compass 61

Direction findìng 63

Outboard motors 614

Participants details 74

Appendix 2

Engine trial results 78

Fuel consumption - engine speed 80

Fuel consumption boat speed 81

Cost per nautical mile boat speed 82

Engine/Sail trial results 83

Motor sailing with 2-stroke Yamaha 84

Motor sailing with 4stroke Yamaha 55

i BP.C<GFOUNOThe FAO/UNDP Project SIL/82/O16 aims to improve the standard

of living of the fishermen and fIshing commurities in thethirteen target villages within the Shenge region The project isexperimenting with and encouraging the use of improved sails toreduce dependence of the fihry on fuel and engine spare partsupply. Late in 1985 a sail consultant visited Shenge at theproject 's request; the aim of the consuitancy wee to introduceimprove sail technology to motorised canoes as wi1 astraditional small craft (the repart has been issued asIDAF/WP/1OJ

In 19J6, a follow-up consultancy (of one man-iuonthj wasrequested ta modify a traditionally built 3 - S men planed canoefor use with sail and en outrigger. The canoe was builtspecifically far the project by a local hoatbuilder, end thecompleted craft is to b used for demonstrating and promoting theuse of improved sails, as well as project fishing activities. Thufirst section of this report is the result of that concul.tancy.

A final consuitency was completed in late 19S6. During a twomonth period a training programme was run to show villagefishermen the Improved vessel and offshore fishery as weil astraining them in the necessary skills. Also, a more fuelefficient 4-stroke outboard eng:i re was compared with a

conventional 2-stroke. Such on engine could he suitable for usein the offshore fishery. This report contains a record of the twomonth consuitonoy.

The sail training/seamanship programme successfullydemonstrated and promoted the outrigger and improved sails aswell as teaching fishermen new concepts and skills. In additionthe fishermen employed by the project have reached a standardwhich will enable them to carry out future training programmes.

It is recommended that these future programmes he carriedout in the villages rather than at the project site. This wouldalleviate some of the problems encountered. Additional trainingcould be given in t:he form o-E courses covering other areas suchas outboard maintenance and short meetings/discussions to coverspecific problems.

The 4strke engine evaluated produces fuel savings of theorder of 25% to 35% when compared to e more conventional 2- strokeengine of the came power. the additional cost of this engine canbe justified if it is operated for over 200 hours per year andalthough more complex, suitable modifications could he made toensure it acceptability. Any introduction should, of course, hebacked up by training and a good supply of spare parts.

The 3S men canoe developed represents a considerableimprovement in terms of performance and seaworthiness overtradìtional canoes. Such improved craft are well suited to

exploiting the offshore fish stocke. To encourage this fishery itis recommended that the six fishermen trained and employed by theproject are helped to form the backbone 0f a new offshore Fleet.

2. THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF AN OUTRIGGER AND SAILSON A TRADITIONAL CANOE.

2.1 Project Vesel

As a mit of the first consultoncy ( IDAF/wr/1o) theproject requested that o 10 metre standard 3 mon canoe, ofthe type in use in the region, be built. The canoe was built atKatta (a village in the project oree) wìth only slightmodifications end bss the foi lowing main dimensions!

Length overallSeamDepth (Deck to Keel)P r o p u i e i o n

The anoe w cuilt by loa1 boot biJe using lrootncltools and building methode primarily tu demonstrate that anyimprovements which were successful con be used by all othertraditional craft f there ore approximately SO canoes of this sizeand type operating in the project erce) . This canoe was used asthe base far development of an outrigger and sailing rig.

2 Fisheries

The 3 5 men canoes in the project area are generally usedfor the following types of fishing

Local Neme Yelifufu net

Description: Small encircling net

Area Yawn Bay, Shechro River.

Local Name Lago chain.

Oscription: Bottom set net (trernme.i type)

Area Estuaries

Local Name Hand line

De script ion Hook and lins

Area : Rocky areas) offshore

13 00 me t: re s

3Ü metres0.75 metres9.9 hp. Yamaho4--stroke petrol

outboard engine

2.3 The Use of Boil

The use of sails for cui1iarv or pr:Lmcrv propuLsion is a

coqoept whìch looks increes i ngl y favoureb le in an era where Fue Iis scarce ord can cost as much as Le EL) (US Dol lar 9. 2E) pergallon.

Simple seil are a.ready in use hut the technology isprimitiuc . Very iiht maten al i s used end the sì e ae notdurable.. Bailing to windward, arid operation cf fishing gear undotSeil are unknown

2.3.1 Meterils and skills veiiobln

Ail the material s r cessary for sai i and rig cntruct.i onare available either in Freetown or locally. Cloth suitable forccii making con be purchased although the cost is variable - Fpeof several sires is available et the project. Bush poles nodbamboo ran be obtiried, although seme travelling is involved.

A tailor in Shënge was. instructed in seilmoking techniquesduring the first consultancy in October 1955, The teilen had madeother sails suheequently and was cecil y able to make a sei i underthe guidance of the consultent,

The use of coils is noi: new in the area. Many smel canoesset triangular or square sells to propel them downwind. Thoseskills could be improved along with sailing equipment, so thatfishermen ore chie tc u sails for' propulsion other thendownwind.

The first consuitency had demonstrated th use of a leboard, soiling to windward, end operation o-F f:ishin gear' unae'rsoil

2.3.2 Weather conditions

The rainy season generally e>ctend's from May to November. Julyand August have the highest rainfall, The wird during the reinsis less predictable than during the dry season, varying from longperiods of' calm to violent night tine storms.

Throughout the year, lend and sac breeze s prevali inshore.This pattern is disrupted by cloud rover during the rains. Theprevailing wind -For most o-F the veer i.e N.W. 8-lO knots.

2A The outrigger

Outriggers ore commonly used by emal i fishing croft in manyregions of the world; nd províd greeter stability on canoe typeera-Ft An outrigger creates o larger more stable platform fromwhich fishing operations con he cox'ried out, allows icor-cosedspeed under soil and a better working environment for fishermen.

T'be pro-ject hes been investigating the procticolitios c-F

using en outrigger on e canoe fitted with soil.

2.4. '1 Outrigger experience

Several designs o-F outrigger hove been tried by the prijectInitiai trials were carried out using a length o-F 4 6 inch ( ilSmm) plastic pipe os a -Flt, This provided some additionalstability hut required crew agility to balance, or it: becomesubmerged easiiy when on the leeward side. A eme li dug--out canoeabout 3 metres long was oiu considered es on outrigger. This woerejected as being impractical.

The project then constructed a 'V sect ion outrigger from0.6 inch C '12.5 mm) th ic-ti boar-dc nailed together es reeommendd inthe first conuitancy. This was -Fitted to o 7 metre dug-o utcanoe. The ruit werO encouraging and gave good soilingperformance hut the outrigger had insufficient buoyancy forfishermen to operate gear 'From th riletform -

Using this experience, the consultant woe able to decide onthe type end size o-F outrigger required -f or the newly builtyelifu-Fu canoe.

42 Outrigger design

The primary considerations in designing the new outriggerera as follows

- Sufficient buoyancy to prevent burying end tosupport a crew member standing on the pontoon

Deep 'V' eotíon to minimise drag rfld to increaseresistane to lewy.

Strong construction to withstand beaching andstrong wind conditions

- The hoards available at the project wereapproximately 12 inch 6 inch x 0.6 inch and0.7E inch (300 mm x 160 mm x 12.6 mm r 20 mm) -

The final design -For the outrigger hod the -following

dimensions

Length Overall 3.86 metresSeam 0.32 metresDept h 0.32 metresD i spi ocemen t 0.17 cubic metres.

The P\J tion of the dosi go i s con t inuous throughout thelength of the outrigger. This fecilitotes simple eons truction offromes which ere el! the e orne chope, vorying only in size

The timber ovoileble -for construction known brolly esBrurnetone (Nouclee diderrickiì) This is very duroble end hc o

high resi stoner to merino borers.-

Beckbonc ron-strurtion is in the form of e seporote tog endkeel. borninoted from the boerds evelioble. Uprights for theoutrigger paies ors foc tened through the hull plankIng on eitherside. This ollows rigid ottochrnent and subsequent adjustment i-f

necessary.

The length of the outrigger in relation to the mein hull Is

en importent considorot ion A long outrigger will give the crofthigh directiano. stability, making it difficult to manoeuvre. Highdr-ag end weight are else di.codvantges of an ecessîvelv longoutrigger. A ratio o-F hull length ta outrigger length o-f about 22.5 works well.

The constant mid-section chope c-P the outrigger oliows Itslength to be altered at the design stage - Thus this design oso bemodified end used on canoes of various sizes.

2,4.3 Outrigger construction (Figuree i -- 6)

The work bench at the proect hoethuilding site provided a

good jig on which to build the pontoon. The shape on which alb theframes ere based was permanently marked on the.. bench along withthe frame heights1 which give the outrigger its shape. The frameswere quickly constructed From 3 inch O 26 inch (75 mm x 20 mm)timber. The frames were easily set up on the bench, which wassolid; the. jig con be used for future outrigger construction.

Two pieces of 2 inch O76 inch (.50 mm -, 20 mm) timber werelaminated aver I:he freines to -Form th hog - The stem was cut froma piece of 1 inch (26 mm) materiel ( Appendì 1) figure /) - The0.5 inch C 12.5 mm) planks were fitted from the gorhosrd up andwere. nailed end glued to the hog ond fromes. Finally1 a Iceri of0.5 inch x 2 inch (12.6 x 50 mis) timber was fitted over the -Fulllength of the. craft - Although glue was u-cod for this initiaiconstruction future era-Ft could be fastened with nails alone.

The construction work was carried out by Projectboatbuilders under the consultent c direction, Constructionperiod was 10 deys owing ta time used instructing project staffin techniques a-F planning and careful -Fitting of frames andplanks to the jig.

Initial pointing and caulking were carried out with the hullstill on the jig. After turning the hull over', the sheer woe cutthe inside. was psinted and filled with polystyrene buoyancybbock . This polystyrene is not seedily ilehle to fishermen sowould not be included in future construction - The outriggersupports were fastened thrcugh the hull. planking, and the dockpbanked and coulked. When repeated, construction time could her educed.

The outrigger weigh ed approximately I O lbs, (60 vgs) wh:ìch

was slightly over' the expected weight since the timhr ueed wsheavier than exoected .

f Brumstone at 760 kg/cu .m.)

R simple pump was made and fitted in addition to drainhole. R lee hoard was made, using a simple lanyard forpositioning, on the le gunwheie

2.4.4 Outrigger fitting

Two 3.6 metre bush poLes were obtained and prepared for useas outrigger poles. Hardwood thumb cleats ware screwed to thegunwale to position the poles, which were lashed to. thelongitudinal stringer.

Later. bamboo poles were fitted spanning the po1es. thusforming a slot into which the ee board could be fitted.

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HiiU plank ¡nq,1/2 mx 6mM2 mmx 150mm

Deck, 1/2mn 6 in

1125mmx150ïwm) ///:

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OUTÑER SECT[ON.

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Ho /4inflii2(20mrnx7mr)

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Figure 4.

-

STEM PROFILE (25unn timber)(dimensions in mm.)

Harcwood cleafs

-- ----- ---------

a gur

):N

Bamboo potes

- -

6mm POtYPrOPYeIÌP ropeashrìgs

UU1Rft3GER NSTALA1UN

.1rItaao canoe

/ i5m Bush poes-

2 Orn apart.

3i5m OUrigger

Figure b

--Bamboo pote

Leeboard.-\ \ '' Lanyard.

L E E BO A R Q

Sail

The previous consui.tancy to Shenge identified a skilled

tailor in thìe village who uas instructed in basic sailmaking tech-

niques. inc tailor bao retninea tuis knowledge and was able to ma<e

the sali under the guidance of the consultant

A nylon materia:L of about 6 oz, ¡sp. yard was purchased in

Freetown. This proved to be quite stable arid easy to machine, although

it was expensive. Other cloth suitable for sail making, such as

cotton, is sometimes available but is generally expensive and lesu

durable than synthetic material Saliniaking materials suci:1 as machine

twine, hand sewing twìne, needles, arid small tools, were purchased

by the consuitant

2.5.1. Sail desigp

it was decided to continue witn the development of the Delta

sail rig used at Shenge in the 1985 consultancy - The rig has been

shown in detailed experiments to be efficient on a.11 point of sailing

and its construction is simple. A large sail can he et on a relati

vely short mast whi. ch does not require standing rigging.

Handi Ing of' the nail is uncompi I catch arid project s i;aff

have gained experience in the techniques required The sail area

was selected following experience of the delta sail in use since

the 1985 consul taricy. The na il designed for the new canoe had an

area of 14 square metres.

From experience, the Shenge of the Delta sai.i shown in

Figure 7 has good ail-round performance. A table of sail dimensions

was drawn up ailoing various sails of the same shape to be made.

Liflr e7

t The depth inside the boat from gunrale to mast step shouldbe added to the rnat Length.

Sail D mens ions NI a st .t

A r e a L a o g t h

(sq.rn) (m) (rn) (in) (rn) (in (1 in) ( a )

8 2.9 4.5 4.7 1.6 0. 2 6 0 3:3 3 . 2

10 3.3 5.J 5.3 1.8 0.30 0.30 3. 6

12 3.6 5.6 5.9 2.0 o 32 o î 2 4 . 0

14 3.9 6.0 6.3 2. 0.35 o . 4 c 4 . :3

16 4.1 6.4 6.7 22 0.37 O I 7 4 , S

15 -

25.2. Sailniaking

A project staff member with sailmaking experience was instruc-ted throughout the sail design and sailmaking process.

Care was taken that the staff member and the tailor had

learnt, and understood the techniques involved. With this train:Lng,

t.e project. is able to design and construct delta type sails

for fishing craft as necessary

Figure 8 The steps taken in sailmaking

8) Mark Out sï1 shape using prgs 8fld tw.i ue.

b) (ìu(. Iths adjusting overlaps br seans andcurved edges

r) False sram cioth

d) c:1rtìs gether

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2.6 The Rig

A hush peie for the meet end bemboo for the spore warelocated and cut with the ìd of project stoff. Th mast w cutsorne distance from the rood whilst bomboc con he found neor theroad about 10 miles from the project.

Th dimensions of the spore ore es fol lows

Most Lengt h LS metresD i e meter 100 mm - BB mm.

Bamboo : Length 725 metresDiem e t e r 00 mm > 40 mm.

The mast was borked, ploned and o]3.cwd to dry for themaximum time oreileble ( chaut 10 dvs) - Thumb cleats were fjttciet the heed for halyard ett:echments end e rebote cut et the baseof t he ma st (Figure 9)

A hardwood meet step wee mode end +i<ed across two fremasthe thwort to support the meet wee oleo hardwood, This was boltedthrough the gunwole, to allow movement of the most position ifn ecc s s o r y.

Lashing hole were dril led in the support and the mastfitted ogeìnst it. This method s pre-f'erable to m&.tng a hole ìnthe support since it does not we&<an it end ollowc someflexibility for the rig under uddn loads.

Project tff are ireedy familiar with the fobricetion cfhardwood deed eyes -Por halyards end sheets. Tretruction wee givenin the lacing of the soil to the spars end the correct tensioningof the edges of the soil.

At: the halyard end ehet attachment points, lengths of spUtbemho were lohd along the spore. This provided strengtheningin high lod orees. Th sheet was ied round the rft outriggerpois and to a herdwood cleat fitted to the gunwale.

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2? Sea Trials

The craft was first ìld in moderate afternoon sea brconditions with a crew of four. lt w found that the craftsailed weil on oil points c-P sailing and uoily weil on bothtacks. The craft was very stab1e and the pontoon had sufficientbuoyancy to allow a crew mmber to tond an it.

After this initia! trial it was decided to raise the pontoonabout 50 min and to move the mast position about 600 mis. forward.1h latter modification inak steering easier in stronger wIndconditions. Using instruments to record wind speed and direction,and boat speed, performanue triais were carried out. All thesetrials were carried out under the same conditions, a 5 - B knottrue wind speed (beaufort 2) Leeway varied up to o maimurn of 'IO

degrees but was generally less than S drgrses.

Trials were also carried out with soil, end engine at twosettings, 50% power and 00% power using the 99 hp, 4-strokeYamaha outboard. The fuel consumption figure-s ore given InAppendix 3. o tachometer was available so throttle setting wasused as marked for 60% or full power.

The croft was motor-soiled on saveral points of sailing Theresu:Lts are shown in Figure 10 and Thbies 1 - 4: - In this motor sailing mode,marked increase in maximum speed was recorded. Fui i power underengine alone produced a speed of S knot s, -Ful i power underengine/sail combination produced 'ID knots (true wind speed 2

Knots)

Figure 10 Sailing trials

Trials Results

12

11

9-BOAT

SPEED

8

(KNOTS)

20

0 10 20

Ia state :- calm.

True wind speed :- 6B knots.Wind direction - north westCurrent:- less than i knot.

10- / // ' AIL100% ENGINE POWER./27///- ;/SAIL+50% ENCNE P0WEP

\ N\\\ \\ \SAIL ONLY.

ENOtNE

ONLY

(10 0°ì power)

E N iI N E

ONLY

(Ï/° per)

T J . r T T

30 4-0 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 11+0150 160 170 i0APPARENT WLNU ANGLE. (deg.)

CLOSE HAULED- -----REACH RUN

Table i

Trial Ilesults -- Motor/Sai i

A p p a r e n t Teck A p p a r e n t i o a. t. L e e w a y E u g i n e

Wind Angie Wind Speed Speed Angle Power

(degrees) (knots) (knots) (degrees)

Table 2

Fuel Gouept ion

Engine Trials were carried out in calm conditions using the9,9 hp. fourt roke outboard. The following resuit,s wereobtained:

Approximate Power Output Fuel Consumption(by throttle indicator)

50 3.40 litres/hourtOO 3.85 litres/hour

20 S 10.0 7.3 50'x

S 10.0 7.0 N 50

45 S 9.0 8.0 E 50

90 P 6.0 8.0 G, 5O

90 P 6.0 7.2 L 50?

100 P 6.0 7.5 1 50

50 s 9.0 10.0 G 50

60 S 9 0 9. 8 J 100

60 P 7.0 9.0 B i0070 P 6. 0 6, 5 L 100

80 P 6 0 i O . O E i O O

90 P 7.0 9.0 l00No sail. 6.0 i00tNo aji 6.1)

Table 3

Trials i tilts Sail Ony.

22

Apparent WindAngie (degrees)

Inch Apparent WindSpeed (knot:s)

O U ).

Speed (knot.)

45 s 9 3,545 S 9 3.845 S 8 4.045 P 7 2.545 P 9 2.550 S 9 4.050 S 7 3360 P 8 3560 P 8 3.050 P 8 4.080 S 6 4.280 P 0 4.090 S 7 5.090 S 6 4.090 P 7 4.090 F 6 3.590 P 6 5.0

120 S 0 6.0120 P 6 3.5150 S 6 5.0150 S 6 4.0180 S 5 4,0

-. 23

Table

Le. 200.

2. Planed boards obtained frani QTZ Project at high cost.Anticipate normal cost Le.350,

3 Therefore, Le.780 more realistic cost.

4. Current Exchange rates (May 1986);i US $ = 5.4 Leone£ i 7.5 Leone

Rig Costs (Actual)

Le

Sail C1oth 20 sq. metres 6 oz. 400.00Sewing twine 10.00Sailmaking labour 60.008 mm rope, 35 m. 48.006 mm rope1 25 iii. 22.004 mm rope1 20 m. 9.00Bamboo1 2 x 7.5 metres 10.00Planed hoards, 9 x 0.5 inch

(12.5 aim x 150 mm)., 6 inch 700.00

Putty 20.00Paint 50,00

i 329. 00

Equivalent to £17?

Notes:

I. Sail cloth ant icipated cosi: ta fishermen approximately

26 Training

Training for oraject sto-F-F' includ:ing fisheL'men, a PeaceCorps Volunteer nd baatbu idei's was carrie)C out. by theconsultant in the following areas

Sail ares nalcuìaticn

Sailmekirg techniques

Rigging and lashing techniques

9ailing techniques for t:hn dcìtc s ail

In addil:ion drawings and dimensions detailing the designand construction o-V the outrigger and delta sail were in-Pt at theproject

Project eta-F-V wail be able to pee s on this knowledge tofishermen in the target area.

The additional training activìt ice envisaged -For fishermenin the region were not practica]. -for a number of reasons, namelyseasonal reìigios activities, and the need to identify, byselling demonstrations, suitable candidates for training -

A syllabus For 1'uture training of fishermen by the projecthas been elaborated.

2.9

The addition of en outrigger to the standard 3 - 5 conosmakes it a more versatile craft in terms o-f fishing nd sailingperformance. The 'V' section outrigger has law drag and highresistance to leeway, the craft is easily paddled in thetraditional manner and benefits -Prom improved stability. Thedelta rig is easily constructed and combines good allroundperformance with ease of use.; in normal weather candit ions theproject vessel can operate without the use a-F an en Inc -

Potential fuel savings, using improved sails, are large.Motor sailing combines these savings with highei" speeds andreduced dependence on wind strength.

The design and construction method intrcducd for theoutrigger in the consultancy make good use of availablematerials, and is a first step in demonstrating improved bootbuilding practices although ir future construotícri the use o-F

materials not normally available ìn 51cr-re Leone, such as glueand polystyrene, would he eliminated.

25

3. i 3AIL. TRAINING/SEAMANSHIP COURSE

Concepts and Aims

The sail training/eamanship course woe devised at theoutset to provide more than just training. Other objectives arelisted as foilow

mont rat lori oP i:he outriger and improved sail to 3-d3 menroe fishermen in the. Prot ea.

Farmotion of the Project fishermen into a teaching groupthus enabling the Project to carry out further trainingwithout the need for outside assistance.

To introduce the offshore haodl:ne fishery to e wider group0+ fishermen. By its very nature, this fishery requiresgreeter seamanship since the grounds are off shore. It alsolends itself weH to the use of sail.

The main target groups for the training progromme were thefishermen -From villages such as <atta end Tissene Warf wric areengaged in fichi rig using 3-6 n canoes with traditional sails.Ac mentioned the Project fishermen were also a prime target forthe programme. The final target group was final year students andschool leavers -from the secondary school who were alreadyinvolved in fishing ectvi.t:.es.

32 Organisation

Correspondence was sent to village hifs, cooperativeleaders end the secondary school. explaining the purpose o-F thetraining, the type o-f applicant required and requesting a iit f

possible names.

P.eoause o-F lirnìtat:ìons on boat specs -For fishing and sailingtrips the number o-F partic:ipants -For each oource was limited toabout ?E.

It was decided to hold three training corss each o-F twoweeks duration - Five cf the fishermen involved in the Projectf'ishery were to teks the course twice, and were to be the maininstructors -For the final course

The training lasted from 3.00 cm to 4.30 pm every day -FromMonday to Saturday - Friday afternoons were -Free to allow Muslimparticipants to attend prayers in their vil legos. Ecaturdayafternoons were also free.

A small payment o--Le .5/day was made to tne trainees, partlyas incentive to attend and partly as crmpenaation for lostFishing time. In addition, -Food wee provided every day aftertraining was finished (this -Food was provided by the World FoodProgramme) -

A certi-Picate was awarded to successful tras noes at the endof the course. This certificate wa-s signed by the Teem Leader,Chie-f Fihries Officer and Course -Instructor.

26 -

íhe organation, planning and execution of the Programmewas carried aut jointly by Project staff and the Consultant

2 Content

The training programme content was designed to build uponano con ildete the trainee s existing epeience cf selling endseamanship. Since a certificate was to he awarded, a standard hadto he maintained to ensure that the qualification i-s naninyfulto any persons or organisations outside the project. Traininggiven w split between theory in class and practical experience)handouts were given on theoretical and prartloal aspeots of thetraining, ond these were booked up by a lecture and practicalwork for each sheet.

Th subjects covered sra laid out brie-Fly here. The handoutare given in full ïn Appendix I

a) SeamanshpThroughout the training, emphasis was giuen to good

seamanship * This was achieved by continuous instruction duringeverday handling oP Project fishing boats and equipment, worksuch as preparing the heat and fishing gear -Por a trip, anchoringthe boat under various conditiens and handling the boat at seaond on the beach.

h) ilingjheory and PracticeFishermen were introduced to the Project outrigger sailing

boat nd given the name and use of each part of the boat Termsdecribing directions relative to the boat were al-so introduced.A description of how a boat sails on different courses relativeto the wind was given and backed up by several essions o-F

practice. The use and advantages of the outrigger were alsoexplained.

o) t'Safety equipment which should be carried on a small fishing

boat going to sea was introduced. Students were shown lifejckt and encouraged to try them out -For swimming practice.

Rope WorkA few useful knots wars taught their proottoal uso and the

reasoning behind them were emphasised - Simple splices andwhippings were aJso taught as well as the handling o+ rapes, sucha-s coiling and heaving a. line.

Nov i g at ion

Trainees were taught how to measure and estimate distencespeed and time. Following this, the compass was intradued andinstruction in imple direction finding carried out - lois wasbacked up by practice at sea.

Outboard MaintenanceOutboard operation and every day maintenance were covrd -

Emphasis was given to correct oil/fuel mixture and routinemaintenance -

- 27 -

Outrigger MaintenanceDemonstrations were given in the proper maintenance of the

outrigger and its fixings such es the lashings and ropewor.

FishingAt least two fishing trips were completed by each trainee.

This gave opportunìty for practical use of the compass and sail,a well as Introducing them to a presently under-exploitedfishery.

Fishing GearTechniques and materiale used in fishing gear construction

were introduced along with some of the equipment o-F the project.Details of conversion of local net description to Project netdescription were given.

28

34 Ass ment and Results

An assessment u-F the tr'ainees prsctirl seamanship andsailing ability was made by the consultant throughout sochcourse.

At the end a-P each course, an oral examination was given,this method was chosen because of the inability of some of thetrainees to write in English.

A pass mark cf e-30% was set and further marks awarded forpractical ability. All of the 32 trainees achieved more than 60%in the xarninti.on and the majority achieved more than 70%. Thiswas partly due to the trainees' existing experrience and alsotheir willingness to learn new skills.

At the end o-F the six week programme, a certificate wasawarded to each successful trainee.

Most of the Project fishermen employed by the Project showedgreat skill in teaching and a good understanding o-F the subjectmatter. This indicates that their time with the Project hastaught them a great deal in both the theory and practice ofseamanship.

The outboard maintenance course resulted in lengthydiscussions about the quantity o-F 2 stroke oiJ, ud by localfishermen. It is common in the area for fishermen to use a

fuel/oil ratio of about 10:1 for their outboards. This is in

contrast to the recommended ratio cf 50: 1. It is a oommon bclíe-Fthat these large quantities cf oil result in better fuel economyand prolonged engine life, both of which ore incorrect. The

course emphasised this error and explained the correct procedureto the trainees. This excessive use of fuel appears to he a

legacy -From the use of Seguii engines.

Trainees with existing sailing experience using traditionalsails quickly learnt the techniques needed to handle the crabclaw sail and appreciated the boat's stability and its ability tasail to windward.

Some -Fishermen selected to take part in the course did not

attend. The reasons for this can he outlined as Follows

Loss of fishing time. Some fishermen were not prepared to

lese fishing income -For the purpose o-F 1eerning new skil1s

Travel. Trainees from more distant villages were

occasionally late and were sometimes not inclined to make along journey every day for two weeks,

Other business - Fishermen often had to attend to other

business which prevented them from coming to Shenge.

Examples included, illness, need to repair damaged houses,catching a thief, and many other every day activities.

00

The; Project only her nno boat at. present:. This limitedthe time tre ser; nu1d sed eri.Irig. Detailed pric.ticalas SC S ornent Cr3Oh a stici. n a n s so i. n g' k i t 1 s we ne de ha rd rby this +'act

The need to repair' and mointain Project vesoris used duninpthe training :csìnnul I int:nered wtn the pcgmcconsultant uncertuck such repair and me:ttenontne in betweencourse activities.

the course we's scoess-rul in three streting and promoting-the use of the eproved sail. end outrigger. Part ìc pants wereparticolarI y epres red by t he stability and seaworthine 0-E thePro cci sail i. ng boot

the sir f:irhormon sep tosed b-y the Project have roeched a

etandar'd which will enable them to run training programmes ir thefuture

Al. though two w@k of training are adequate for such a

programme) longer per:ìoctr or seesícos of revision wcutd helpconsolidate the tucinir:

The participants were able end wi iling to learn the newconcepts and skills hainE taught but continued field work isnecessary to ensure the transfer c4 knowledge -

New skills such as cJioing were popular and mostpartic.ipant learnt there in a short time.

A future training programme should be i-un by takingand instructors to s specific fishing village every day

dur-ing the course. This would recae reocating the programmeseveral tintes hut. would eliminate some of the problems o-Fattendance encountered during this course.

Particular aspsct s of the programme should be eranded intoindividual training programmes Por erample outboardmeintenance , sait making sod rig making skill s.

A second Project sail bast should he echilisel. This wouldenable trainees in future programme s t o get more t ime pract icingsailing skills aoci promote the wioceproad use re-F improvedtraditional croFt.

A programme of short meetings/disc oes-loor -For fi shermanshould he held in tar-get villages. lhese should c-over-c pacificareas an important esempie is the rnisunderstcrnding o-F Fuelmixture -For outboard motor's

30 -

/4. OUTBOARD MOTOR EVALUATION TRIALS

4, Inl:roriuctjrjn

Fcur'stroke petrol engaines in genero 1 ore Known to OOvO

lower fuel consumption t hen en equi vo lent two-s rRc eni.neThus, when considering tethods to improve the fusi economy o

smell fishing craft, the 4--stroke outboard seems t c-Ffer

vIable eternetivn to the more commonly used 2--stroke outnoardThe mejor' difFerence societod with e 1--s1trokc en gine:onsummerised es foilow

1.ower specific fuel consumptionBlower' runninp sp codFuel mixIng is requIredLower power to weight rot ioMochnlcol .Ly more complexAdditional inointenanne requirements

Presently there e ro a fow 1--stroke outhcord engireeoveilebie - They are produced by Honda end Ycmehs Ye-echo

'eliing ihn poLentel for thl3 vre 0-r en: nc o1d O

4-stroke ouhord to the Fisheries Development Project et EhongoA workpian for comporestive triols between this cng ne end the S 0hp 2- st rohe engine ( al so Yemoho) vi i ob lo et the Project wondrown up by FAO. This is shown to Appendix 2.

4,2 The Trjol-o Veeei

It was not possible to eveluote -the two engines using two

canoes as only one wee eveilebie ot the Project. The vessel os-c.d

-Por the triole was the conoc uonverted during a previousconsultancy- The rocín pei'ticuiar ore given below

Type - Plenked 3---5 me-n canoe with outriggerBuilt Kette, early 5966.

Length overall 10,0 metresBeam 1,3 metresDepth 0.25 metresWeïght (hull unI.) 640 kg -

Weight (fully boded) 1200 to 1300 kg.Crew numbor 3 to RSeil rig type Crob 0.1 ow uil

Foil oree-lS sq.m.

The triole were corned out over e period of severe-I deys.

The bed verid between '170 snd 250 g, diving a loaded weight cf

between 8'O end 690 kg.

3 niE sIDci i:ot ichM e k e ïrihType 4s trote DHO 2 ct roteDylinders 2 2Volume 223 cc 2L% ccBore/stroke 59 42.4- nm 6(3 x 60 mmMeximum output 6,9 hhp t S3U rpm 9.3 bLp et £3030 03crCooling system Weter WeterStert Ing Menue i Menue IDeer retie 2.92Sheft Lont L cogPrope i 1er dismei:er i .76 inches 9.26 inchesPrcpeller pitch 12.26 inches 2.60 inchesWeight 44 kg. 36 Rg.Cieirned consumption 2.8 litre/hour 4.2 litres/hourAge of engine 6 months NewApprox . hours run 66 -- 100 hour r 20 hoursApprox. cost 910 $ 60U.

The 4-stroke engine e higher geor reLic then the 2-stroke es well es lower running speed. This el lows, e i orgerslower turning propeller, more suited Lo ïcw speed croft, to hefitted. Thi s propeller has o hi gher efficiency i: hm t hogenere uy fit ted to smell outboard enginor

During the tricir it wer found that the pitch ( 122% inch)of the propeller -t-'ïtted to th 4-si....;k woe toe coei-re, Thus theengine díd not rench its ful I speed 1/1500 rpm) , being fullyloaded et 3000 rpm. A -finer pi tch propel 1er Ii inch and 9.20neh are available from '(emoLe) would o li ow the cosi ne to cun eta higher speed ra sul t ing in higher hoe t epped

The 2-st roke would e,i so bene-fi t -from e- fi nor pipropeller, although the loss in speed :ts not so great in this;

cese.

4. ¿1 See Trials

Extensive triole were carried out during OctoberNovember at Shenge. These triole were split. into tv/O ports

Engine only trials -- Engine/soil triole.

Simple measuring equipment end techniques were e i1 p i cc y r /1throughout the triai e, These ore dssoribe"i below

Engine Speed woe measured using en e ieçtrc.cnic ruì onter iriih edigital readout. The unii; «ve , reading to the nearest 100 i--pm.

FulC,-raumption we s mainly ms u snrd wit h e 2611 ml flaskconnected direct ly to t he engi ne . 1 he t 1mo sci apsed -1cc" thecon sumpt ion c-F 250 mi we s recorded and i; ho -Fuel corsumpt ioncalculated in litres per hour.

32

w arnrac by en anemomets and wind vaneat thn mast haad

nara. \Ie!al

Untja' aii alare the vanne 1 i eapable of vary goodçrforanca given reanoraLla wind etnength. On mary arc cnntbo return from the fiahing ajoun'ia was rriada on a downwind ccvrwhich enabled iba vaa'eL to praaeod. der- sail alone or w. tn theangina running at a +r nation above tictover- seed to aidsteering. Hie speed craintnined on Loase occasions wee wall over 6notn and the fuel enneumption minimal

sailing rio tese st enger conditions produrd someremarkable results and an sorne cenni. one, speats in excess o-f '2knots, ware obi.nined with toe y-et:oke angina. Jfortuneteìy themotor soiling anuite do not raflact this prerformance since theeware obtained in vey tight: condition-r. A long er sei). ion use irUi 11hLc i od o tn JF i iOn i ti to OL\the vessa). better avenal t :or-ro

The enyirin only trial e ware conducted rin calm conditionsn s C e h 2 01 CV P V e i i 1 3

of engine speeds. and ea ch run was medo corons the s:Lnd al t;houghthis was alvte vr vary liebt -

The recuits e these trial r are shown in tabular i n ci.

aih na) t,» t i A o i r I i - CU I I i FUl t I

h iO I t' lj ti i ,U i. 1 ,ti' i flUt n] 1i U i r,) I) flC C1 ilL

Figure 2rhow-e fuel ccntunptrin against beat spoor.1 An cat beseen, ene 4-stroke use-s approximately 2/3% le'-s -Fuel tnt a speed of8 Knote [f both engines era t'un eLfo Il spoei the saving isalancen to 411%, it iii qurlire likely that the engines would beoperated in thin woy -

shows -fiel cosi: per nautica nil's against boatspeed. This. is calculated al a cost cf La- li/I itre -For -Fuel onlyanti Le,1? ..litre -Forfuel/otl. mixture. At 6 coats thisnp e» Li i .ni' n 2 t i t 'noir cal tir cri a n

St 'fui.l spacci i'45?rc the soi- ing ri,n rricìund 41ì%

Erinsì/3e»L IT ra).s

The nt'ince/soil triais .'a,'e carried out under large ivconstant conditions - Junjfl5 many Cf Ler'ncìors. a 3 right candevelops giuiring C wind speed of oncttd (3 knot-s.

'fha trials i-rare c.c'n.tctrtd initli 2 crew hut rn noir - initiallytrials were carried cuir to eiia3rote the 'f'unl consumption et givenencina spaccio when motar' nri.lit:g , lt wa's found that in Lbs Irightconditi on's' prcevaiJ:i.r'tg. tiri recuIts corrnspcindc-d with thoseobtrtinerd under engitta oJc't'te. -so this was unsumcrd for the ret ofthe- tril, lo crti-rii wtnH crcndi trions w'hero the engine isoperating under gntsot,y rws:i,;r'ci lç-ed end the pi-opsi.ìsr is .

in Ji.ftrr1: condîti,onz du tu Lh usil 's sed ped, :h

fflOtOL SIJ. Ing Fui nnsunpt Ion would not n':r y oortspondto tîe nr.1n oni rults. Jotortun;te3y no dOi.

obtinble for ttose noridlt ions.

The shown in Anpendix Tabico 3 t4 .uid ti s 4 - 5form. it should be noted thot i. i the resol t s wore obtoined inlight nonditions end es o cnsenuenco, trends ore not wollcfj'd et 4or the obious rscjucti en in fue i nurpt±on et agiven ped or the increestd speed cr s iver -roe! cumptionAs sn exemple, e fuel saving of around t5% is ochievehie whenconsidering vessel srted of S knots in e wind of (3 knotssaving would epproeuh 40% in a wind of 2 t.nts . Trie ossnl eov.prsll performance is discu.sod uor3.ier in this soct.on. ihe.

in-Pormetion thor o is b sed on rperienco gained during thetraining programme end few fleures ore ovei lahie

4.5 0beor'''at ions

The 4'-' et t'oRe engine. hes an automat io choke end e s a resu lt i e

considerably easier to stan.. t hen the 2--stroke when hot end ood

Noise end VibrationThroughout. the. speed rengo, the 4--st rake engine. is qui eter' thanthe 2--stroke - Vibr'otìon 5. more noticeable with the 4-strobe hut.still largely insignificant.

M a i n t enano o

The meint enen,::e requi. rement s of a 2--st robe engine e r e we) i known -The 4--stroke engine hoe' the followi ng odditionol r-equiroment e

Lubricating cii top up end ohonge at SO and IDO hoursrespectively) -ignition timing check at 10G hours)Oheck/od,just valve olosrences et 100 hours)Uhange cil fi Iter ( at 100 hours)Cheok/djust auto carburettor st. 'iDO hours)

These edditicna.i maintenance requirements are very importantbut ore no more di-F-Fícalt then the rnainte.nonoe i t'-dy cornedout by fishermen. 0i'en suitable training end sCmO SimplE?modificot ions Ç sec Sect, ion 13) 'f'S 'rti"et'mCn should he copebl.o otnies terin the new ski) Is repu ix"ed

l:)Uring the coneultancy the o],rn r'.Ieorarcoe '.'rro checked andneeded no adjustment. The only other uno'intonebce eccs't'ry during2 months was gressing c--F the engine. Luhrrcoting oil consumptionwee negligible and no topping up wee necees cry. N problems wereencountered with difficult storti "g.

Both eng.Lnss r'quir cars ad skill to undsrtbo n'O,'Som' repairsand ore equ:?iiy ope-n to ahuse h unskilled me'chanios.

H end i i n g

i'he 4--s'trok engine i s I arger end hnv :1 er t hn the 2-s t t'ok: orbconsequent lv is more awkward to hardie timid inste-li . Also,problems could arise with movement of the ìubrioaiin ci i during

The 4-»st coke use-n bmst-enmm 26 and 3% leus -fuel nen cemoredwit' ut' 2--stroke running et the SeÍie en:ne s-peed - If the -Fuel

-2'

ctc:n cf the eng ne. ht preert .r'ecomm'ndnt tern ere ±ver1 enhew c tenc the engine wenn nc t t n ene

)ue te tt coinpie;ity. tere cre n geetnr nwrhnr of o.rtn te the4--streke engine. An tedcnien cf such tnen- rhoulï he benkedb i I j 1 , í o n t i t r u t ho eesnenieted with the top eric of the cru:1. ne such es voivnn7 i1icgp t í n c L ' i LL- . n ' T

cut! end nil ilters should else he recUi1y eilb1e- f; Rn sided Modificet ions

)5C S Cielí :ed tQC)i 1: ri eneery to f7ic1flt,5 th eriireIt qij(j considerebly cese the moi tenonce cied f!r eciolcte the fishermen ii te tenis could be/-\e exeiriple is the toni requir 'For teppet

adiustmeeL- - This will not. be conily jeilb1e to iccternunend using u ines w!). 1 re su i t in the screw od juster be !ncruined - Adluet ment by sci wortu neid be bette e

2 The nmi1 in- lirio -fuel filter -fItted nhctu.ld be tìp lecod withbc.mwì type fi.! L er' Thi s type i s bet te r et t i'oì»ping di. et end

wetx', which rire a'Hmi o problem in fuel in deve lnp:i n;cou ii t. r te s

Th oiJtOTnCtic crhurettue i n unnuìtb2.e and rie ecessory endshould be rep! uced l::y e simple mreinul choke eerbur ttor

4. The geer shift ihou1d he move ci 'From the tiller to the snin;cose. At present, the odd5 Lionel rmmchsmnicei OrOhoble to weor end would give problems afLer o t

f3, The pientic p?pe]. lise fitted is hìoble to breekege endcl though chep would not neeenssrily be A inetripr'opelJ.er si'imnuid be used This would stend up to clpei-oticiNby unskilled persons -

6 ¡k finer p-itch propeller should fitted to Clìew the ergtnrreuh itS- nlriismum enei-oting speed.

Clvere li it i s nee orv fer ti-me monufocturer' to t ev endbri the design end construction u-F the 4--stroke eimLtOdr'J wîthre,gord to operation end metntcsiamieo. into lru with thet the2'-nt ro(cme OUtbaa'd Rl thnimgh t bichas obet cue I imitet tons im

engine dnlgn, the -T'eeturmsn nuentïoned in thi- ee.,tion eyedoeLetrons torn whst InOcrI Il WLJ. i i LI 1 1 11

t)r' unirbi.4.'' Cnuiuejonsle a-veluete the suitebiJity ni' using C 4-stroke engine on

nme1i re+'t. in West Africa, c2omtltit' i5OM nhecmld be incide Oli severalpoint s -

P2_Q?PI!ìOJEine TypeC o s tApsyrnsnt periodDiscount footer/\nnusl repsyrnent et %

Annusi mointensousAnnusi -Fì?ced costFU1 Cost/Hour St 6 \flctS

n° nsutioel mile for ìerrs Leone ere ocipsr ed, thesoviogs ore proster dus to t he eddit ion cost o 2-sroV s c 1 Amore rec1itio comporteon mey be ned's 0v considering ue1consumption st mo,'imum speed which is the wey the engines sselikely to he run. Under these sor ttion: sod with the preseni;props1ler the seving is closet- to 45%.

If used in cernbmnetìo with e seil. the Fuel consumotion ofthe 4-stroke sen be very lOw. for exmle, Jose th ltro/horwhilst stìli s.rtsining S knots in f Lncit t wind.

C o stThe cost of the 4-stroke eogir' to the f inhermrn wjud be in hnregion of $910 sgsinst $600 for the 2--stroke. so inoroese ei 12%Tl-ie nnusi imsint ensues cost s hsvs been sot et. 10% sod 12 5% forth 2--stroke end 4--stroke respectively. The higher cost for the4- stroke socount s for J uhrïcst ing oil end eddit i one I resi otsnon-o1f ycerly costs ore corripered, the 4- trk ongJ riO is lessexpensive il the engines ore run for over 200 hours per :eor1h s r s qui t e Rel. , , o i s de r t O oc r \ i r - r

2-stroke$900 (Le .24000)2 yesre1 .625$492 (Le. 14260)$ tid te. 2400)$672 CLe 19160)$L7 (Le. 51)

4-- stroke$910 ( Lo22200)2 yesrs1 .625$560 ( Le - I$114 (Le - 3120)$624 (L e - 20220)$11S (Le34,6)

Note I 1$ Le .39 Octobsr./Noii-ember 1985Note 2: Fuel oost Le .50/gel ion. tIc tejber/November 196eThere-Fore: uei only Le. 11/litre. ruel/oti mirP e r far me ri ceThe 2-stroke erìgine geve better cose l.erstion end s hì2hSr topsceed then tie 5----t ko Toi inc sc nor oiOdnL e i F J. tpreoticel use for e vessel c-f toe type used ín the t.r'ìsJe - Inoddition selecting a different propei lier -Por the 4--stroke wouldres. uit in similer meximurn spueds - The 4-stroke give s httsrthrust et low speec which 0eips in monceosring the creft -

M a i n t e n a noshe 4--stroke is conideably nose comoliceted then the L-strrde

end os o consequei1ce there ere sdditins1 nicintenonserequirements se- well os more parts to f-si) - Gonverso].v, 5 4-stroke engine is generai J coger Jesting and shon)d Ocr

reliable when mainteined oorrect ly - 1ì th heck up in the. form oftraining and spar's parts, fishermen should be obIs to suri the 4--stroke engine for- as long or longer Ukorl the 2-stroke engine -

1h 4- stroke engine ho some design features which coni ci couseproblems under hevy usoge . Th-J rs the result o-F the pr-cdustbeing simed primarily at e pleasure boot meikot. 2ome rif the u-erreimportont o-F these feeture ere

Figure

giìte Cost Cparison

:

Irv

3z

37 -

complex automatic carburettor,special tools required for some jabs,problem of all outboard engines.gear shift situated on the tiller.plastic propeller fitted as standard.

although this Is a

As discussed in Section L4.6 these problems could b

eliminated by simple modifications.

Overall, the 4-strak engine appears a viable alternative tothe 2-stroke, although its long term reliability needs to h

y e r' ± fled

Fuel savings of the order of 30% are possible end thcreduction in fuel costs would he very real for a vessel fishinçover 200 hours annually.

S. FIELD ACTIVITIES

S.' InteoductionThe FAO/UNDP Project SIL/82/D1S a t Shonge has, for th past

two years. been involved ìn experimentally developing improvedfishing geer methods end vessels An investigation into thepotential of the offshore handìine fishery is run concurrentlywith vessel and sail improvenjents suited to this fisheri.

During this consultncy field icr was carried out io someo-F the target villages. This involved demonstrating the Project3-5 raen canoe participating in fishi ng activities, and assessithe improvement s made en the traditi anal canoes

5.2 ActivitisAt the village of Tissona a 3-5 man canoe and traditional

sail were measured -For comparison wi th the Project canoeThis canoe was ai so taken on sa i .Ii.np; tri al a by the conauit,a ntand instruments were used to measure i ta nentormanue . The detal I sand results are shown. in Table 5.

The canoe set a traditional 3 spar, 4 cornered si.l madefrom pieces of light nylon cloth. The mast is stepped through athwart onto the keel. Adjustment was possible allowing It to betilted to windward, The one pert halyard was made up onto thewindward gunwale, thus supporting the mast.

The canoe performed well in the light wind encountered,particularly when sailìng downwind. it was iposeihl to ìiclnser than 50 degrees to the wind and at this angle the canoemade 5--20 degrees of leeway since no leeboard wee used. Anotherlimitat!on on sailing to windward is the heeling force crested ontois point nf soiling producau dangarouly orge hecling aUlL3

The crew were very ski lied et operat Ing th canoe undernormal conditions and the vessel was adequate for the -Fishingundertaken, but hes a number e-f' obvious li mi.tat.iond

The inherent instability of the canoe makes it unsùiteblefar use in heavy seas strong wind or far o-F-Fa bore - The areamast of the fishermen opex-ete in is very shallow and seldommore than a mile or so -From the shore,Although light wind performance is quite good due to largesail area, the boat hcnmes danerous in wind over 8- i Oknots ene the crew resort to paddles.

o) Progress upwind is only ocssible with paddles since thewindward performance cf the boat is almost non--existent. andthe rig has to be dismantled to change tack -

d) Content care t keep the ca ncc balanced is necessary. Thiscan make seil hand i Ing and ge r hand I Ing difficult -

Table 5

Traditional 3--5 Man Canoe

Length OveraLl 8.24 metresWaterline length 6.40 metresBeam L09 metresDepth 058 metres

Displacement (hull only) 370 kgDisplacement; (net rig 3-crew) 725 kg

Sai] 4.6 m x 4.1 m. 18.8 sq.m

Mast 4.7 metres

Spars 3 metres and 6 metres.

Prforance

Apparent WindSpeed (knots')

39 -

Apparent WindDirection (de

details and performances

Boat Speed(knots)

2.502.752.763.002.50

Leeway AnSIe i(degrees)

15151510

5

Z) 455 45fi 50.4 653.5 70

Figure 12

lILA c( L.

e) significant lway is made whenever sail ing across ortowards the wind. This is. sometimes as much as 20 degrees.

Many o-F these I imitati nos could be overcome with the use c-f

an outrigger and a leeboard With this in rnind a traditional 4-corner il was ti-led ori the Project sailing canoe. This allowedthe traditional canoe fishermen t see the effect of theseimprovements. Borne performance figures were obtained but theseare not comprehensive C g-ce Th1 6) The traditionsi sail wunfortunately larger than the crab claw sail so direct ooparisorhtween the two rigs is riot possible at this stags. However, thefigures do indicate that the traditional rig has reasonableperformance when compared to the crab claw sei i but i s not sucha good a i i round pa rforme r

At Kette, visits were made for demonstration purposes andfor a fishing trip wi t he 3--0 men canne flee t These iesse isleave Kette in the iste afternoon in e group, for sa+'ety reasons.Depending cn the wind direction they either set their sails endsail directly out ìnto Yawn Bay. Alternatively, they peddleupwind for half a mile or so and then ccii out into the Bay

Drift nets are set by peddle after about one to one and a

half hours o-F sailing. These are hauled after about one to oneand a hal-f hours as darkness -Fail s.

The fleet then returns to <ait a by sail, using the villageiïghts fr guidance.

The sails used are traditional 3-cpar 4-corner sails andallow the boats to perform quite weil when sailing of-F the wind.The Project canoe was able Lo sail directly to the fishing groundwhiit the vil lege fishermen were forced to paddle upwind. ThIswindward ability of the Project canoe created interest andcomment hut pest experience has shown that fisher-men are veryreluctant to make the simple improvement o-f using a ieeho!ird

The canoes have the seme limitations as the veel at Tiranaand have to group together For safet y.

Table ô : Performance of the project canoe

Length overal 10.0 metresBeam .3 metresDepth 0. 7 metres

Displacement (hull oniy 6x40 kgsDisplacement (net, ri. crew) I '

Sail corner, t.radi tionsiArea 18.8 sq. e.

Perform a nc e

Apparent Wind :: Apparent WindSpeed (knots) :fUrection (dog.

Boat Speed Lewway Aule.(knots) : (degrees)

7 45 io

6 50 3.0 10

t) 50 2.75 10

60 3.25 5

- 43

53 ConclusnneThe Proecte 3-S man canoe s a considerable improvement on1 r a d i t i o n al n a n o e e i n t e orn e o f p e r f Q r n a n ce a n dseaworthiness. But as would he. expected, there isconsiderable reluctance amongst trad:Lmonal fishermen teadopt the id of outrigger leoboard dimprcved sa iThis is mainly due to th±r bei.inf that such improvomuntewould dietnob their fishIng activities and their familiaritywith ni acoertence o-F their own canoes lSrnit:atiene

The offshore handline fi shcrv is lttti explol ted at: presentmainly because, the local, craft are unsuitable for suchlengthy trips. The cost of gear and the skill level required-For this fishery are low but considerable mprc-vements totraditional craft arc needed to enabi.e them to exploit itinvestment oso be justified by the high value cf the catch,

2. The leap in technology required -For widespread acoeptanne cFthe new fiehery and the improved craf t is too great to boachieved in once step. But ceradual development of gear andtechniques will result. in -fishermen reai.ising the potential.of the development proposed by the Project. As an example,fishermen employed by the P.00,jCct are after one to one andn half years, skilled at ofFshore handlining in the newcraft end would, given eco-ese to t'eir own ora-Fi, adopt thenew techniques.

6.4 Recommendations

i , \n expert with skills in hoatbuildinc, sailing, outboardoperation and fish:ing, shc,ud be empiryced foi- a period o-F 6

months to one year. This expert would carry out theexten i on week Inc cl ved in t he rit roduct ion o-F newtechnology and would be able ta assist fi sherman in makingand using th improvement s propose-i by the Project -

The six fishermen employed and t rained by the Project shouldbe encouraged to form the backbone o-f t fleet cexplo5.tìng theo-E-Feh':re fishery - Fhis encour-egement could take the -Form -F

long term lons, with easy tcrm, on bott; engines endgear. Alternatively, Lbs vessels could be ini tially operatedas Project vessels arid heci, subject to theír perormance,handed ovar to the fishermen -

L-F the esqert post is not t'j lIed. the fishermen will osadessietanoc to modify the new vessels - The nationalhoatbuuidec should be requested to return brie-Fly to theProject to assist in training a person to construct andinstall suitablo outriggers fai-- the new canoes. Ir addition,assistance may he required to help the fishermen constructthe improved sai i. Ing rigs -

4 - Comnerative performance t: rial s should be carried out on twoident t osI beats, one c-ar ryi ng o t radi t lone i sai) and t heother carrying a selectIon o-f sit:ernetive xige including thecrh cia-w.

A nw i1 with but 25% mori or'e hou1 b riiode for u aon deys with very 1iht wind candit ions.

APPENDSX 'I

n s h p /Training course

Tinie table9. (10 nm o 12. 01) wino

I at r c.isict on to ccr;eCl ass content,Time shedulc.Puy food.

A. Outi'i gg(-'r danonstrat ionnd 'oì lì ng pr nc t j CO

Ji. Safety ir;unmming.

We}mìc'sda' A. Sa i t i ng pn act, i Cs'?

ti - Xnot arid up t

45

A. Srm pflor' ('i dzi lI(sl I di3'Y. A. FinhimmgR. fi 1. mut On R. 0pmm

arid nmmpans

A. 501 1 ag prmn'I i ro A. Krìol.s And sp) iee9 . 1uot sand tp I i ros R , Sai 'L Ing prar:t. i.e

A. Out ' ria i ritt iu:e A. Oot.ri gen Mai rit. rim 0009. Oir :boar 'I min its t, rice 13 . Outboard mua i n Liarlos?

A . Ccsrisjsrtaq ja m(; i i cm' A . OperiLi. Fi dt i rig a I i day Fi rhi ng

A. F'iidtirsg nl I dms Fi ahi rigU. ( mi risa prat t. i co El. Operi

A. and ii. }is'v

A. anti U . I Tem t 'h Fad

30 pin to 4 . 30 pm.

Term i Jul ogy i n t. rodLiet. i (sitto outriggerY rit. rc.xluct i cm to projectgear maid fishing gear

ì. Safety gear; awipiiningi. Oat rigger domormstrat ,on

and se 'i Ii ng pract ice.

A. t:sani.l 5IiC(TSR. Sss:ì Nag gear.

'1 1 t. i i tiLt V A. Meimm Trim t; , t. í.mat; inri A. Opnnand ;imms R. Fi hi ng

B. Snapper fi hi rig ai. I day.

P'r day A. 1 mit 1 3 s n i t. Im rs F11 . m:;ur'omnm1 t, , I i mini 1: i an

mLId ;cmmi'm'mmn;

W.ek One:Monday

Ti da y

Wtd.5 't

Monda y

Tu si

W:duis.'da

Thus nchiy

Sa urda'

CorQjL

46

Snil ing Tcroino1ogy

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SA TV QU1 PMN FOH 'iOUH CANOF *

W1it safety epinwt; you shou) d tahe with your canoe

Extra paddle3uLIerWoter

4 . Auchorh. Ah:r rope6. Knife

How to Use s Li feja:kn

ace t he jìt over your headTi e the neck straps t ight i y.Ii th straps i. ight ly

I . When entc-ri ng the water, always ho i d ube neck down cl ose y5. leuoustrat tono I e j ( c t dr } I

.iump off boat into water and floatQeionstrste.

How t he L i fed actet works.

Iho I ,;arLz?t ssde so t ha t. i f you ate uncoosc i eus i t w t i I OeYOU afi'st wi t,h your head out of the wat:er o you do not drown.

2. T t would be strai,.t*rrt tigbt.i}y to you so that: t. does not si i p offyou.

-

7 Lifejacket or fi (tet8. Flash light9 Spare ropelU.Sag (

iL. Club ( )

kto at a

'l'bere ave been a J erge number of knot ctov sad throughout bit1rhistory, Even with todayt s i nprnvet euipmant it e irtport:aat to hnor'a few basic knoto in order to eff c enti y work the fishing gear. The.kots et wo describe here are ones that should be earited twriugbAfter learning the knot, try using it i n its correct app1 icati On on nboot.. Try forudog i t i n the dark or behind your back gooct way tohe cor tain t ha you know how to stake alcool:, i s o work w i t h a partnerusing con hand. each.

s, Whipping and Splicas

À

s'N

Voor ii , st need i s a knot near the end of a rope t nreent i t runningback Uirnugh a b och or hole or si. i pp reg out. of your iìod. Try aekir;ga njrun Io overhand knot fi rs t (see figure) -

jçhA vx).

* 'L

It i s the s im.' es t and a stop in mcv i cg towards other kot.s such es tU ui o - jt 'io S t nr I as i maki ng an o & i J' d hi ri et but t tkO i

end around to t ie other s de (see l'i gure ) and i oto the icop that wayTlo.o knot will make a i arger stopper '1 hr'.n the over.huno hoot

T1t 0E

Sar or Reef Knot:

The reef knot or squere knot is ondine jo ie?t ropes of the sniethickness, qhee the knot wiLl. be beerie ei net sontbi.ei. tie wiethis bent when we reef the enli o reduce the sei i ecee hwi the wi edis too st rong. Tone ke e reef hoot tw i et the meek; i. ng oncle togetherone way (see figure A) end then the other wo) ç see ti gore h) nod pull.tight OU CeÏ mV r i. ght OVO left Crie left. oser r i hht" i teleerning, but i t i.e better to weich the twist i ng cci i on orsi go theoppos i ce wer the SecOnd t'i ice.. On not meke e gracey tfl(Yt WhiCh tends t cslip end is difficu I t to ont in,

Sheet Bend Knot

The sheet ten(I is Fc jOifl J) heut. , one i n wkii ch tn Sel'J-iintfH.lc'ngt.hs ofrope are joined together. Ttus knot: cee be used for joining kot. ofdì. fierent thicknesses or of the same nictenint, io ferm R eomïwnbend turn hack e loop on the end of osa rope. Pche the end of th aother rope up through i t (see figure oser) around the back of i t( figure B) end titen across the fr ont ned under k tsel. f tigure C)))r'aw the knot tight by hoI diug the ei des of ttic t i.ght i. n one bend and

k'ull.l g i be s munig pcu t U tc oh k rie- u tc » h nan

/Ef

}Ir1Í Uitch uid n Jound Toni

11f you take a rope nrokxnd n spec or I:o k e on'o. t Indi is a helf hi tab( see figure A) I f you cont. mue amuïe to cusp I ctoÌy encircle thespar, i t is a round turn (see figure ii)

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52

u J¡

/11f the opo or of di f fe;ot t h i he t h der of the t on isthe one Inni. i oto n ioop, nod the i h i eï ore i e t&en orourd i t fthere i s e I:, i e di ireneo i o t he thi ekees of i. be 000eu , t hen the olr

o e beet bend (see fi D) It. i e ríeche i nthe nonce y es t he s j nd I10 sheet bond hut nnouth I engt.h oiT the thinnerC( p. -, t I u fo ou u cO i lt f o Io ro t

T f there he t e hO O ïflOi300 t I op O t hO 00(1 ni &c rope i hey km

eyosr-1 ice is used luit i f vue nt t.o -e o toncpornry loop. then theijne linui should be :turtced ihe bowl i no crc be eue fly ont i. ed eut hot t he rope con be cuc t off

// -'1

t /-/---

For a firat at :ernpt , take enough of the. rope a end to make a ioop '- aiarge one ta .1 esa confuni ng than a sao t one. Tw a t a amai i aye wherethe top of the loop ia to come (see f gore A on previous pog)A ange this so that the part that coat innen in to the oop is on the

at t t t n pa t b uig Lt ad on igh rh yc ( fgorh1 ni y I . 'ugh tJII (n..PIl I f'o he boot ¡-fr I Li tut- s ingr the t- s .h oat. eftco I. 4 rug ha bet- t mp) t- t- u I.

ad d' 00 tC th. te \I i g par t ) ai i t Nc t- h i c t on Pasthe end down through the oe so that t he end comes between the s ides rifthe eue C i giire D) , net the other way - Pe enrafo I to cep the knot:i n shape as you t ht an it Pul I t he a tand Ing paz t onc way whi ie. exu g ht -i Ii l iba ai i- n'i t h i a h t4t t hem tha 0t ht

Ciove iJitch

Put the rupe over the spur with enough ex tending to rsi.ke the lei tek,then go around wi, th t he end arid over the f rs t turn (see figure A)Continue the same way around the apnr kluìn Iearning i t. zs easier tosee whtt-t s happening if you go around some way from the fi cnt liait'hitch. As the rod cranes r ound the second time. take 'i t. under i. ta ownstanding part (figure b). t)rsw the hitch tight -d.th t'ne parts closetoether (fi gore C) -

if Itt-e clove hiicji i a to go o\ier n spar-, a bollard, or any t: ng cluewhere the end ,-, access., b i.e t'ne e cue ni.t:eh cap be macle w r t h 10005 ariddropped over. Twint a loop i n t nc n triad ìng part so that the end crimesunder it ( fi gore t)) . t-ki.lc. this in shape and do L'no same above lt(figure E) . are the two part a of the clove h itch which crin beput over the pust or other sel iii arid- if the rope i a nadar st;runyou can drop the first half hitch on und bold the toad while formingt he second hat f hi t ch rind t hect puJ Ji.rìg L i g.ht

,-t

't

i) -

f

A clove h i tch i real ly cm y good when there i a od on both en:toarda oppoif,e sides nf the knot. it i often used as a temporufastening for one end of a rope, but. except for only brief holdings t tis bet ter to use a round turn end two huit' hitches. Keepstanding part straight thee put: or a round turn (see figure A). \tththe eod put s half hitch around the taut standing part (figure B) ndcent joue around i; in the seise way to ri&ce the second part of' ubitch (fi gure C) . Lot the two hai f hitches si ida along the stendi ugpart: cl oso to the round torn ( figure D)

?cxJ.

i

I

Kd

A.

L

.P !.?ÇJ?i

Most ropes ued for fi shins; n o moUe, f:'om synt bette fi tres Like anyother...........i t i s importent t o erop the ends from spreading out. i t. ispossib le to do this by burning the evìd hence melting i t together. A

nore permnrient. way is a length of tw ne t; jeU tightly ori the end of therope. This i s c:oi ted s bí pping.

The best known method of whipping goes under many nomea but here arecalling it a common whipping.

Start by laying u ioop of the twine along the rope (see 'I:igure A)With the long end of this twine, make tight turns around the rope untilyou have covered n distance the some as the rope thickness (figures Ï

and C). Now put the end of the twine through the uncovered port of theorjgiiai ioop (figure D). Pull the short end of the twine until thejoin of the two ends goes under the turns on the rope (figures E andF)

TiE1 F'k

55

56

An eyespi i ce i s i n way of maki ng a permanent ioop in the end of aroj -

Unwind the rope to about the length o' a finger, then make a loop wt::is about the size yOU need. Arrange the 3 ends as in figure A i.tbst runds on t op of the rope and one below. Open the rope up (f gu e hund push the ai dcli e strand (No. 2) under one pirt of the rope (fi guC), The strand No. . goes over the part 01' the rope No.2.under and under the next part. (figure n) . Now turn the loop o\'ocStrand No. 3 goes under ( from r ight to Ìaft ) the rema i ning strandthe mu i n rope. Tb i s s tart i ng procedure i s very importsnt and ashould check that you have done it cor'rectiy. Look at figure .

To continue, each of t he : strands goes over one st rund end under i

next (ligure G) Repeat this 4 or 5 times to finish the splice.

Other t.yp-'s o spli ce w.e:Thc buck spl.i ce. This is used t o finish the end ofa rope so t huc the s t rondo wi I J. rt pread outThe fronts pii ce. Thi.s i s used to jei n twotogether end to end.

The Net and its Materials

'l'hee are many different types of iater:iais used t o make nets andropes The two mes t commonly used in Shenge n res are:

The blue rope polyet:hyiene'ite whi te rope - poIyrni de.

Whht ore t ho r;i ftcrenc;cs between the two.Po lvamide

Cast mo re ex peno i \eStrength strongerFioatt, i on floats moroSunlight affectedElnst:icity stretches lCSS

less expensiveweakerfLoats lessaffect eds trot ches vore

uJ es about, nets und fishing matenKeep nets out: of the sun ight.Keep net.s ropes and twines sway from paints pot ro i andkerosene -Always repui.r nets with the same size of twi ne that. the r

sade ofAlways stretch the rones be fore hanging the net. on the ropesRepair nets in a clean place so that st. ichs and ieave do notcaught in the meshes.

PA 2100/3 x hnlf inch x 1.50 MI) x 200 yards. : PA means the mn ter aof the net , polyamide; 2100/3 means the thickness of the t:wine halfi rich means the s ze of the s trot ch mesh; .150 Mi) means the number ofmeshes i n depth; 200 yards means the stretched length f the bund) e.

Twine Si.zePro,ject Local2i00/3 No. 1.52100/6 No1 2.5210D/9 No. 3.210D/12 No 4.2100/24 No. 8.2101.t/36 No. 12.

Mesh SizesProject LocalI inch 2 very tight1.5 Inch 2 tight2 inch 2 slack2.5 inch S tight3 inch 3 fach4 inch 4 finger6 inch S finger

t)!L 3

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i

E<erciseExamineSee howSee howMeasure

- 4easureMensureMeasireMe as u re

Measure

Mesaurei'ieat ajid Est i,ytnt ion

fi sherman in every aspect of his job has to utake measurements.

ha to measure the engths of l'ope, the thickness of twi ne and r'>pes

He also has to estimate distances from shore to fi ud his fi shnggrounds und. also est irnat ion of time, what t i.me he should stop fi,s}h ig

t o return home ort t i im.'.

íeiasutement:

The foot. rule 3 foot, ì inch!ow sluch is one inch? Usual lv about one j o hit of your fi uger

The ful, hom 6 feethow much is one fathom? Usuol y the di st.once between t'ho f: ogors

of your outstretched ar'ms.

The met. re 3 feet, 3 incheL

The mile E08fl feet

Tesnbo to Sherige straight is 20 miles.

the] 2 inch rol ermuch is 1 i ach

much is 3 i aches

one joint of your fingerone whole fingerfr orn you r e ib ow t o y ou r w i S t2 fingers3 f ir,gh ow t. n i I y ou urn.

t he

Es L i ma t i on

- Est nt.e the hei gbt. of t ho wo,l i from floor' to cei .13 ng.

Est 1mo te the width of the oom.

Estìniat,e the length of t he room

Kstinrjte the time of dayEst ì.ninte three mi natos of t i me

Es t j.mrtte the distance from Monhev lu i und t l3t3in Island.

Guest imutiun and Estimuti onGesa is made wì tb t'to bns i s for 'r ornent;Est i mat e i s made t uk i ng i n to account. ctou] tb i rik ing and re.! a t i ng

thing est itnat;ed to actual exoeci noce.

Est, i mate the .1 "ngth of I he Ohtuin hua t

Est hante the eagth of t.hn Yciefufe boat

The Cn»ipusu

The compusa i s un inst i-ument used to tel i the direction you aretraveiJ iug tu relation to the magnetic North.

Where does the sun rise in the morn tug? The sun rises in ïhat i scal led EAST'

Where does the sun set ìn the afternoon? The sun sets in the 'WEST'

If you face East. (ihere the sun rises in the morning) take your left:hand and poi n t s t. rai ght. t o your i eJ7t hand s i de. The direct ion that youhand po i n Is t o is N(iRTH'

I î you tnce East take your right, hand and point to your right handside. rrh. d3reet:oa you point; is 'SOUTH'

Eaxu.ine the bar ntnetThe muguet n Iways points Nort h und South, egurdiess of where vons t andThe compas has a magne t. Li te t: h i s one inn :i de of i t, oniy i t i ssrna 11The compass 1ÌeO(iJ ni nys poi n t North suri SouthThe nRoan needle a lsy.s ro t to the North no matter which wayyou turn

Exore i s"sloro to the East., w'r the sun rises nod then turn the bJ.aek cii aiwiLl I the rei part of i; he naomi Io po jut a to N (NorTh) The direct ionpointer rIows you E (Ess t)

nuls to t Went., Whe'O tilO SUfl i't, apci t.he turn the ,iark di aiont i J the red purl of the need i.e po jut t o N (N or t h) The direct. t oripoi ut er' shown you S (South

Turn und íar:e t0y beç«yen Norh a,nct t'O4:red pn't of the neecll e points to North,

t)uest i on:What dire&'k. (e) does the pointer show 40/50

Hm' adilig t: he r abers ori t: he compass:N (I

NE 15E 90SFS rHO

SW = 225270

N1 :3)5p 3h0

.iuri the black dial unti i

-

rUE tSl ìUO U Ai,WAYS BE UWT W/Y rUOM METhL

se:Turn the b och dial so that the pot ute r poi nm to 315 degrees. ThenaU gu the eec! pert of the needle t:o North (N) . The direct, ion you pointto is North West (NW).

Stand on the ich at. Shenge - Poi ut the di rect. i on pointer to Pi etui nthe b lack di ni to ntehe the red part. of t he needle to

point on North (N) - The number IhRt you rend on the dial i s thecompass course to go to P)antai n Is lend iron Shenge

BoRt, Exore i seSteer the foi. i owi ng courses on he COfl)J)O55

W 2 minutesN 2. i notosW 2 minutesS 2 nitnutesE 2 minutes

Practice wit h each studnt.

Steer a cLunpflSs course, ChOITgì ng bon t.man end us i ng the boat to st ocr bycompass.

liead Peck on i ng:Eight (8) mi les per hour speed

What does eight. mi les per hour menu?Speed I) in-tance dì vi dad by t. i me

If you have to Iravel 16 mi es &md the speed of the boat i s El ri.i les perhoer:

how long wi1 i't take to arrive at t he end of 16 miles;bow far wi J J. you travel in i hour;how :faj- will you treve) i n hoi f un hour;

- how far wi J I you t. ravel i n quarter- of an hour.

At 9. 00 ami on the morning of' 22nd September i 986, you left Shenge forTombe which is 20 mi. les to the North. The pampa that. you er et ravel i ing i n su:i i s at El m.i les an hour. WiwE timc will you erri Ve at.Tombo.

You I eave Tomba at. 2. 00 pm on the same Oit ernoon The speed of theboat, is h mi J as per hour ¡lu t of ter c)OC sud a hai I hours r t,he eng i rKfai is nod you ore dr i ft i ng for 1 hour before ejgino star-ta again.You coot. i. nue t.o Shonge . What t i me will you crei ve at Shonge -

f

6 t L)

r = C)

9 /'.1 '-J

Outboard Motors

Outboard rn tore aie a very vnon way of -ririg fichi ng heels. Theycome in many di Íferent. sizes and are cl si.fled according to how muchpower they produce. Tb i e i s sensured i e HORSI 0WER' or- ' A

big boat. needs a bi g engine, but. a smaLl boat wi I go just as fast withn smaller cngi ne, for exomp e:

Ii (hens canoe needs n 40 bp mot or -A Veli fufo canoe needs alO ou 15 hp. motor

The drew ng ori the next. ge shows soi par ta of' the outboard motor errawhat thei r names are

2 Stroke or 4--Stroke.

There are ti-o di ffet eat types of petrol eglite which are used for manlythings, i nul wi i ng rrotMrcyt: les sud outboards - The two t ypes ere:

2--st roke and 4--stroke

They weh i u el Ighi. I di fforar' r ways rind so need to be looked afterdifferent I y -

4-stroke erigi ns rue heavy and comp I i Catad but do riotuse auc h f nel2--stroke engis-ere J ight sad simple hut use a lot offue i when run fee t

A i i igl íz iM i t :t I' t ti- get ti nhot, in a 2-s . r ohs cugine you mix t h e o± I with r he petrol. Theamouni. of oil yeti use i s very i n-por-tan - For example:

An erigi no muy need 50 parts potro I. to one print oli.i s writ t r-n 50: - 1f you have 2 gai I one ei fee)

you wi lì riced i /2titb of a gai lori of oil . Vorn shouldmeasure tui n exact y.

Qìreat i onUow much oil weal ci you need with 'I gai I ox-sc of pet rol at. a ratio of50:1 Von cari tell when there s ioc' much ei. i i n the petrol sincethere w.ï ii hc clouds of ht us smoke in the exitaust

i n a 4-- trabe eng lee, the ei i e held inside the engine irr a sumpThis moser-i I hat ou do not, need to put ni i in tire petrol instead, youshould make cur s t list there i s ruough cletm oil irr the 5Ufli and changei t. when. i i gets duty -

- 65

teI hag the trThe outboard motor i. ucun i I y fixed on the hack of the boat (thetri.aoe) Al iernot vely, il. ay he fixed on the s ido or in a wel L.

WbereveE 'i t i s fixed aunt be very Strong and the correct height abovethe water. The propel er should not be too deep in the water hut aisoshoe] ci net he too near the surface. idee I i y, the cavi t;ati on plateshould be a fuw i aches be low the water.

When fix i ng the outboord in p tece it i s important that the ci aips aredone up tight. so that you Wi. i I not lOS? the engine . The outboardabon L d be t i ed to the boa t. with s irong rope so ta. t will not. be los ti f the hoai; turns over.

Hef ore h -av i ng, check t hat. you have the fol i owing things:Enough fue J.PliersScrewdri vors , ordinary and cr'ossheadSpanners 3 or 4 t: o su t eng loeSpark plug spannerSpare shear p in nd cotter- pinSpare spark plugsieeler gauge.

Outboird (t ionStarti ng:

Puriip . rol i n t o ihe erg i ni w i t.h the purnpin the i'ueltine.Sei, the genr eve to NtUThALPet throt t le to u tort pou i t i en ( ;out ha f wayIf the erigi ne i s cold pu i out the dicke lever (do riot i f i.t inhOt)

- Pui.l the ut orter r ope not i t the engine ut artsne the thro t t e to t ckover

Always chect titel. water in bei ng pWflp(d through the engine, i fnot itop t h eng i ne. On the 4»st.roke, check thrit, the ei Iwaning light goes out.

}'iovhg Off:110 NOT put the engine fl) geor or out, of gor uoiss liT inrune ing at i t e neet. spend1?ernernber the s Inwex- the eng:i ne i n nomi ng the lens fuel you willu e

(ueu t i on:fast d( you th i ok the erigi ce i s rimu i, ng at i tu l'as teu t. and owes t

speeds.

when you have fi ei shed wi th t be engi nc , you shoe I d run i t. i n FRIiS}1

êTER to clean the se i t. out of' i t.. Also clean it nil over with freshwater. Poi ng these t iogu wìi I make the motor I ant. mOCh J enger.

Mi,stenanccn.

Mai tenunce is the process of i cok i ng citer t he engine to make sure i k

wcr'ks we i .1 end i en tu b ong t 1mo - The t'oh i owi ng things should he doneevery month ai' two , do rend i uig on how much you use your' engine -

I - Check the fu& terik end i tu l'i i t er' C on) use petrol to do this)

Pram the (:eJbnrett.cr to enko sure di ntis not coi leoting there.

Clean the fuel fi I t.er' (again, on) y use petrol)

'b'. !euiIOVe itie sour 1< f) I I)5 n'ed ei OOfl t hOII Careful I y. The gap hetweethe e. I act rodes chou t rl he set, to i,he correr, t. dì si anca ( ueedrawing), il" co geuge i s uvei I ah i e O f'.inger'na i i thickness i s&oui, r igh't -

b. Grease the engine t the rìe-ssary grease pointu -

6 Change t he gear' ei i (un'e drewieg ) - hi t h the eng i ic upr'i glit , put aceritai ncr' under' t be leg. Undo the di 'ate plug' and fi lier plug.The oil will i'tm out - FI I up with t he correct e I and replace1i' d t i. ghtcn jite screu

FO[t[ SFE ENG T.NR ONLY. Every week, check the leve) of theengine O i nod fi I up i f necessary. Every few months this engineoil raus t: be changed. Tb is is dono when the engine is hot to al lowihr ei i to run OUi, O ï ly . The cirai n plug is at the hnck of theengt ne. P] ace a tray under the engi ne and rentove the pl ug toal Jew the oil to run out. Repince the chu in plug, remove theeng inc cover and fi I the eng i ne wi th the correct amount (one

c) of 10l 40 ci 11W 10 ngine o I

i f the propel ter hi. ts a rock there i.s e chance that the shear pin maybreak. .1 t t h i s happens, the propel 1er wi li rie longer turn. ] f youNave a Spare ooe, you can fix this ( Demons t rat, i on)

I f the engine t, ups pumping cool i ng wffl:.et' . you may need to rep) ace thewater pump inpe I tor. To do this you wi. il. need someone experienced toheJp you.

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SailingI . Name the pi'i. u o i.e sai i bout.:

Mast: blockUul yard Dagger' boardSheet'Pontoon (3ef'fOut c'i gger ecf IOWhat is the st,arbard tack 0.5Whet i s t he port tack 0.5What is boat lug to windward 0.5What. i tacking (LSWhat iì running befare 0.5Wjrf is a c1os reach 0,5Whut is the use of the dagger board 2What i s the use of' t he pontoon

Tot:ol 20

Sat ety.Name eight pi e.os of sa l'ct y equipment you abon i cl S iwnys have 07)board.

I er 0.5Water 0.5Kni.ie 0.5Li fo jacket 0.5I:t ra poddi e 0.5Anchor 0.5Anchor rope 0.5Wast e rug 0.5Toi a.! 4

Orn k )x mat jam.

Questions for the Truinees

o a t sP1iu ic-S

i. Neme the di fferent. pm-ts of the boot. (Picture) .. 62. Describe the different direct io 'hi retat i on to th hoot . 43 Who t, i the s t. or-board side. i4. What is the port. s ide i5. Wh-it, i s th transomG. What i s the guawba le

What are the thwarts i8. What: j s the rudder' used t'or. I9. What. is the lii 1er

What. is the saì-board quarter. t

Tot-ei I3

Oitboard Motors

'I . orne the two types o f pet. ro engi ne 22. Which type of eng ne needs iiu the petrol i3. flow many st.or bett leu of ei I to 5 gs ions ei pet.ro 24. Whefl do you put more ei. J i n the petra L i5. Why s i t, i poronL. to hove the correct petco /oU Z

. Where Jo the oil in a 4struFo. engine iJini os m}d you huye on the hoot.

plug u panner L

cr' dri ver jpliers L

feelor geugwhat uparen shon d VO 00 the boot

propeller' pins ispark plugs L

toi"t ing rupe It1arre the following parts of the engine

upurk plugs chokeproper ter' Ihr ott J egeor eve cerburei. tercavitation plate 7

IO. orne three things you ould do f,o the eng ne every mon tbfronei eon fue J fI l toceJ rì p tugs and check gapeJ aun pet rol tookchungo gear' oilgrouse engine. ut. 'ease poinL K

ti. Why should you clean the engine after un ing it12. What should you check of 1er siurt ing the engine i

Totul 28

K no t oi l)o the ref-p knot2. Do the sheet bend2. IJo t.he howl toe4 J)o the ei'e spi ice5. Do the buch sp i ce6. Po the ru'id turn and 2 hai f hìtches7. De the ci ove hi tabH. What ìs the uce of the f i sherman s knot9.. What is the use of the boo LineT ti h it i he u e o f ti r -ounc? t nr n nd h1 f In t io1.1. Throw n heaving i loe.

Tatui ii

72

i Point, to the NorthPoint to the EasiPoint tO U7e NorthSot the :opars to t rue on a course of 240 degreesWhat. di. rection does the compass needle always point:Set the Cospass to traveL on a CoUrse of 350 degreesPoi,nt. tO SoUth West

t-i. what the mean ng of t knot.s9. tr YOU tavOi at B hnots for 3 hours how far will yoa

t ravellO, Why i i t importuni. to keep metal away from the couq8s

To t Ci. io

Nets and Ropesi . What: type ropc/netmain ng nwt.er ai coste mor-e -- poi yanhi (le

or polyethylene. 1

2. E,,ptai n the fol lowing deser ipi i on of a net P.4 2101)73half inch, 150 MD, 200 yards. 4

3.- COil II )Oj)O 2

Tot;aJ 7

Navigat i enI. If the dist ne to Tombo i s 21 mii es and you are travel I i ng

there in the Voi L fufu canoe t a speed of G knots, how nianyhours w li i t tale you t o gel there ¿I

INTEGRATED DIVELO)1iENT OF RURAL FISUIEG VILLAGES

eí.:PER/1GC/ i 50/06

Dear

r1C Fishries Project requesting your help in finding three (3) fishermen who

would be in t eres ted in narticipe ting in a sail trainin programmo

We are looking for three yelefufu fishermen who would be willj O participate inalO dais traLaing programme irom tll

These three fishenueo would learn how to use the new Fisheries Sail l3oat as wofl

as how to use the compass and knot s

The participants will be traìned in Shenge everyday, except Sunday, for 14 daye

The participants will have to arrange their own housing in Shenge0 They must stay

In Sherige in order to he ready for the morning classes, They will receive foodonce a day and will receive an official certificate on successful completion fornthe Fisheries Project,

We would like you to choose five (5) fishermen of which we can interview and

select three (3) from, We will come back to to select the threefinalist on

Thank you for your co-operation

Robert LeeTeam Leader

SIL/52/Oi5

p5 A-tA: ' Lti

. ji,. :;:iL

PRrticipmt Deai.Ie

FOOD ANDA G R IC U LW R EORGANIZAI ION0E THEUNITED NATIONS

- 73

ORGANISAI IONDES NATIONSUNIES POURLAUMENTAT ONET LAGRICULTURE

ORGANIZACIONDE LAS NACIONESUNIDAS PARALA AGRICULTURAY LA ALIMENTACION ;3\

S1IENGE REGION.

ist September, l9B6

Trainees. Seatnansh p/Se i Tra i n i ng Oarse No29 Si1 ether t o I Oc t,ober' .1 9U$

Name Vi) tage Fishing Fishing oatFxperi circe Ge a r'

T Rowe S h e n g e 1.5 yrs Captain Hand line Project 23& Set.net.

J Rowe Shenge 1 year crow l'tandi Inc Project 24K Set.net.

S Kpaka Freetown 4 years crew Trawl i ng Trawler 25I Macfoy S hen ge 14 years captai n tiri ft net 3- Scance 3-5

ti Sesay Ka t. t. a 3 year's captain 1')ij ft net 3»Scarioe 22F La.loh Mario 20 years capta i ns 'Fewer' S ten g e 7 yen rs cap tai

Dr-i ft net,Hand li ne

:3- Scai'ioe3-- Seance

3626

Dril tact.C (,ont:eh Kette 4 ears captai n tiri ft nt 3-- Scanoe 25A Cont.eh Kat,t.n 25 years raptai n Dr i f t net. 3-- Sc'r.moeH [ìangura SI ten g e i - 5 yeeis (,'a Hock arid Project 26

.1 I 'rie

Patti. IO yen rs. or ow tiri ft not i-- catìoe 22A b samaA Kal'uy Slietige 21H Wili.am I.''i sauna 2 years crew Hand ii ne

flch seineDugou t 29

A !Çwitara Shenge Hand i. me 21

Sea ashi p/Sui. I T'rai ni ng Course No. 2.13th October ' 25th October 1.E36

S Tower Shenge 7 years capt. ni 'ri Hand I i no 3--Sunnue 26O r' j f t ne t.

M Rangura S hen go it .5 year's rrew Hsni'ì i me Project. 26J Rowe S hen ge 1 year crew Hand Ìj ne Project' 24i Mec îey Sheuge i ear crew Hand line P'r'ojet aSS J5i.Oh Shenge 5 years crew Dr'lftnot 3' Scanne 20'A Kama'r'a T i_ss ana JO yeats crew tirI Itnat

set, net:3»5-;e 18

P. SeineA Simbo :;rsige 3 yost's crew Hand) i ne 3»5canoe 17

Set netM eiciu Sheiige 3 year's crew Hand i I ne Va r' inus 113

C Barley Shenge 4 year'a crew Handlirie Various 22B. Sei ne

A Kamarn Sing boIe 16 years captai ri Ori ftnet 3»-bcanoe 36Hand) i rie

P Cob ri ho n ge 3 years ci es Hand i I netiri 'ft act.

3---Sca.noe 22

H Boston S h vn ge 2 years crew Hand li ire Vut i. ru 2(1

F t(í.ady Shenge 2J1 year's crow Hand J i rie Ver i cus 22Set ne t.

.3 Duyoli S hongo 3 ye a rs crew Handline Vai leus 23

75

Smanshp/Sa i I Traini J?27th October to Bib Noventher iJ86

Ring net.ltd ft. net.

Ghana,3-Scanoc

22J Kamben Tissana 1 year crew

I Davies Shenge Uand line 21

G Dabar Shenge Hendi inc 16

A Fofemah Kaita 5 years, (:rew PingnetI)r.i finet

Ghana,3 5cane

25

G Thompson Tissana 3 years crew Hand i inc I -3canoe 23S Gibril KaLte i year crew Drifinet 3-5canoe 22T Lewi.s Katta 2 years crew Ringnt (Fìana 23

S Jalioh Shenge Handinc 20

APPENDIX 2

Feasi. bu ity study on the use of 4-stroke petrol outboardmotors on small size traditional fishing canoes in West ifr ìc

I Introduction

76

Low power '4-stroke outboard motors are presently producedby Honda (7.7 HP and 99 HP) and Yamaha (9.9 HP).

Yamaha makes the following models

- F9.9AENL high thrust, low RPM (GEAR RATIO 2:92), manualand electrical start, 20 inch shaft

- F9.9AEMUL as above with 23 inch shaft

- P9 9BS normai thrust hì gh RPM (gear ratio 2:08) , manual

start, 20 inch shaft.

The Yamaha 4-stroke high thrust motors are destined for

heavy pleasure saiLboats in Europe and North America and are saidto require careful and skilled maintenance, As the manufacturer

claims a reduction in fuel consumption from 4.2 ¡h for the 2strokeengine to 2.8 1/h for the 4--stroke engine of the same power it wouldbe worthwhile to determine whether the 4-stroke engine would besuitable for small traditional fishing canoes and if modifications

need to be made to the motors to allow them to be maintained by

low-skilled operators.

II - Objectives

1 . To evaluate the suitabi:L±ty of using a 4-stroke high thrust outboard: motor ona small sail powered traditional fishing canoe in one of the West Africancountries on a basis of comparilsion triais with a 2-stroke motor of similaroutput.

2. If appropriate to recommend necessary improvements in th design/constructionof the 4-stroke motors for use on fishing canoes operated by fishermen wit;hlimited skill and experience in repair and maintenance of outboard motors.

III Work Pian

One complete 4-stroke outboard motor, type F9. 9AEl1Lwill be donated by araha anc shipped with basic spare partsto the project site . The reg i ona.1 project will purc1iase tbroughFAO HO one 2-stroke engine of similar outout and basi o sparesand a i aog. wtth the ri .i t uoì Di o jc i wh cn . to uppor t trie

activity to borrow (or purchase) two sail powered tradì. tionaJ.fishIng canoes of as nearly as possible the same s:Lze and shape(5 to 7 m In length) for an initial period of one month, Duringthis per:tod a project expert or consultant with experience insmall craft operation under saL] /power and experience of operationand maintenance of outboard motors ïiii carry out extensive compa-rative triais of both canoes (one equipped with 4W-strOke motorand one with the 2-stroke corne) following the attached EvaluationSheet Part 1 and train the fishermen in the operation and ma:i.ntenance of motors, A full technical report will be submitted bythe expert with the Evaluation Sheet enclosed to FAO HO. Nextboth boats will he returned to the fishermen with the motorson lease or loan for one year of operation

; the national project:to decide in consultation with fishermeal a groups the detailsof how this scheme is to he managed and the financial contributionof the recipient if' any.

it is suggested that if t'ne fishermen keep the boatsin operation and supply the informat,ion throughout one year toenable the project to monitor the performance of the motors inaccordance with the Evaluation Sheet Part II, the motors couldbe given to them.

Every three months the project will supply a technic:alreport to FAO HQ with the Evaluation Sheet enclosed.

Towards the end of the. study Yamaha has indicated thatthey may wish to send an engineer to visit the project si. te togather the operational results of' the aerformance of both motorsand establish recesssry modifications in the design/constructionof the 10-stroke engine for use on artI sanai fïshing craft C 1:1'

appropriate)

The national project with financial assistance from theregional project in the rovis:ion of replacement spares if necessarywill assist the fishermen to keep both of the outboard motorsoperat.i.ona.l during the entire study.

- 78 -

ngthe Tri8l Results

The foi lowing trin Is were carried out during mornings when the wind isgenerally very light and the sea calm.

The fuel cost during the period of the trinis was Le.50/gallon.

This gives: Fuei only Le li/litreFuel/oil mix Le 12.5/litre

Fuel Consumption 10 . Canoe and Yaiaha 9.9 hp 4-strokeRngine.

RPM Boat Speed(knot.$)

FuelLitres!Hour

ConsumptionLitres!N.Mile

Leones/Mile

Displace-ment(kg)

3800 8.50 3.51 0.41 4.51 87031300 8.25 3.54 0.43 4 . 73 8903750 8.25 3.27 0.39 4.29 8703650 8.20 3.27 0.39 i. 8703400 7.50 2.94 0.39 4.29 8903350 7.25 2.50 0.34 3,74 8703250 700 2.10 0.30 3.30 87-3200 6.80 2.28 0.33 3.63 890:3000 6.25 2.01 0.32 3.52 8703000 6.25 8702550 5.5 8702500 5.2 0.25 2.75 8702000 4.0 1.05 0.26 2 88 8902000 4.0 0.88 0.22 2.42 870J800 3.5 0.90 0.26 2,86 8901550 3.0 0.71 0.23 2.58 870

- 79

Fuel Consumption - 10 Metre Cuoe und Yuìah 9.9 Sp. 2-stroke EngIne..

RPM ßat Speed(1rnot)

ue1Li t. res/8our

Cunswnpt onL tres! Leones /N.Mi.le MiI.e

flispi tcement(kg)

4650 10.00 6.30 0.63 7.87 830'1600 i0.00 6.40 0.64 8.0 8704550 9.75 5.81 0.59 7.37 8704500 9.50 5.01 0.59 7.37 81 (14350 9.50 5.73 0.60 7.50 8704 20() 9.25 5.76 062 7.75 8104100 9.00 5. 14 0. 57 7. 2 8704000 8.50 0.53 6.63 870:3800 8.25 1.77 0.57 7.12 3103700 8.20 4.41 t.) .63 87(13550 7.75 3. 63 (1 . 47 8. 87 8703800 7_So 3.75 0.60 6.26 8103300 7.20 3.64 0.50 6.25 8703150 7.00 3.00 043 537 8703000 6.00 2.71 OÀS 5.62 8703000 6.00 2.85 0.47 5.8? 8302500 5.00 1.72 0.34 4.25 8702500 LB0 1.89 0.39 4,87 8101800 3.80 1.32 Ii.34 4.25 870

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LIBTE DEB RAPPORTB DIPA - L.IST OF IDAF REPORTSDocuents de trveil/Workinß pepersO Greuw, MA., Etude de prfctLbifité technique de lrnérg195 ment d'abris pour l pécha meritirne ertisnlo u

Bénin, COtonou) Projet DIPA. BBp,, DIPF/WP/.

8lcR Michud, M.J., Mission d'identifiction des commur.outés198e 1ìttor1es de pêcheurs rtisns u Bénin. Cotorwu,

Projet D1PP, 24p, OIPA/WP/2.

Gulbrndsen, O.A Preliminary secount o-F attempts to introduoe1988 iterntive types f snli craft into est Africa.

Cotonou lOAF Project7 E1p. IDAF/WP/3.

Bu lb r nd sen O. , Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatìvtsd'introduire des types alterneti's de pctto

embarcation en AFrique de l'Ouest. Cotoncu ProjetBIPA. h3p.7 DIPA/WP/3.

Jorion P.J.M., The influence o-F sooio-economic and culturalstructures on small-scale coastal fisheriesdevelopment in Benin, Cotcu, lOAF Project,42p., IDAF/WP/4.

Jorion P J. M. L' influence des structures socio-econoiniques ur1986 le développement des pches rtísanais cur les

côtes du Bénin. Cotoncu Projet DIPA, 59p.DIPP/WP/4.

Tandber', A., Preliminary assessment aV the nutritional situati on1986 of ubitnce fisiiermen's f milies. Cotonou

Projet BIPA, 31p. IOAE/WP/6.

Wijk.stx'om, O. , Recyclage des personne s pêche en gestion et1966 comptabilité. Cotonou, Projet BIPA 26p.,

DIPAIWP/6.

Collart, A , veloprnert prning for smoii-scale fisheries in1066 West Africa, practiccÏ and sooio-economio Cepects

o? -Fish production and processing. Cotnou, lOAFProject, 34p., 1DAF/WF/7.

Col lar, A. Planification du dóvelopernent des pêches artise--1966 nalec en Afrique de 'Ouest Production et traite--

ment du poisson, ses aspects matériels techniqueset socio-econorniques. Cotonou, Projet BIPA, 6?p.DIPA/WP/7.

Van der ieex'en, A. J. L. , 8ocio-econon:Lc aspect s of integrated1966 fisheries development In rural fìshing villoges.

Cotonou, :tOAF Projt, 29p. , IDAF/WP/E..

'-aling, L. u. , et Wijkstrom, D. , Les disponibilités en matériel1966 pour la pêche artisanale. Cotonou, Projet DIPA,

4'7p- DIPA/WP/9.

G. J. Design and trial of sai Ling rigs for artisanal1986 fisheries of Bierra Leone. Cotonau, lOAF Project,

alp., IOAFIWP/1O.

Vétillert, R. Reppor't d'étude préIiiirìeire sur L 'nnernent1986 d'un ebri pour le pêche morìtime ertisnie à

Cotoncu. Cotoncu, Projet DIPA, 3ip. DIPA/WP/1.

Vn Hoof, L., Smel1scele fish production end merRet:ing ir1986 Shenge, Sierre Leone. Cotonou lOAF Project, 36p.

IDAFi'WP/ 'r2.

Everett, G.V. An outline of West Afrioen sr 1i-scl fi ries.1986 Cotoìou, lOAF Project. 32p., LFJAFIWPI13.

Blck-Mìcheud; J., t J.Johnson, Psrtieípetion muneutire eu1967 projets intégrés des pêches ertisen]es. En cours

de préperetion :P/wPí141 -

AnQfl.1987

Anon.1987

Cempbell, R1987

Report nf the second lOAF licisun officers meet-ing; Freetown, Sierre Leone ( 1-4 November 1986)Cotonctu, IDAF Project, 66p., ÏOAF/WP/18.

Compte--rendu cje Le deuìème réunion des officiersde lieison du OLPA. Cotonou, Projet DLPA, 2?p.,DIPA/WP/ 1(i

Report oF the preporetor technicol meeting onpropulsion in fishing cenoes in West AfrìceFreetown, Sierra Leone C i5-i6 November 1966)Cotonou , lOAF Project. 86p IDAF/WF'/ '7

Rapports__techniquetdacumentschcisis/rlbedof technicol reports nd docurrients

Direction Netionele du Prjt Modèle 3énin, Mi.se en piece et pien1985 d'exécution. CotonLu, Projet PIPA, 43. + 3 Annexes.

Sheves, @T., Integrated smeil-scal fishries projeots prin-1986 cïplee epproaches, enJ progreus in the context of the

Benin protctyp projec t . Paper presented et the work-shop on 6mal 1--scale Fisheries Development end Menage-ment, Lomé 20 - 29 November Ï956, 33p.

Sheves, (3.1., Projets intégrés de pêches artieenole; approches1966 et évolution dens le contexte du projet pillote. Docu-

ment présenté à ï 'cte-liar régionel sur' le développementet l'eménagement des pêches artisanales, Lomé, 20 29Novembre 1985, 36p.

lOAF Newsletter/Lett.re du OIPA, 1, October-/Octobre 1985.lOAF Newslettsr/Lettre du PIPA, 2, Jenuery/Jenvier 1906.lOAF Neisletter/Lettre du DIPA, 3, Jure/Juin l986lOAF- Newci I ter/Lettre du DUPA, 8ep ¡0cc 198C

Pereiso F-X. Rapport sur steges de recyclage en idontifictìon1985 des poissons Cotonau, GCP/RAF/192/DEN 24p.

Coilert, A. et M. Giudicefli Développement des pêcheie mari--1964 times et continentales dele pisciculture eu Cobon

Rome, FAO (GCP/RAF/192JDEN) 77p

Johnson, J.P., et MP.. ìlkie, Pour un développement intégré é1966 pêches artisanales du bon usege de la perticipation

et de le planificetien. Cotonou Projet DIPA, 15'?p. +Annexes, Menuel de Terrain N, 1.