Se2 Ep08 Notes

8/20/2019 Se2 Ep08 Notes

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STUDY NOTES EPISODE 8: AIR ARCHIVE

VERBS – PRESENT PERFECT ANDSIMPLE PAST TENSES STUDY TIPS

When speaking or writing aboutsomething, which happened at anunspecified time in the past and isstill continuing in the present, usethe simple present perfect.

This is also the tense, which isused for news broadcasts, storiesin the newspaper and biographical

information about a living person.

When speaking or writing about the past,English uses a variety of different tenses,including:

the simple past (he wrote), simple presentperfect (he has written), pastcontinuous/progressive (he was writing),simple past perfect (he had written), presentperfect continuous/progressive (he has

been writing) and the past perfectcontinuous/progressive (he had beenwriting).

Knowing when to use which tense can be quite challenging because the time framewithin which an event, state or action takes place needs to be taken intoconsideration.

Mastering and differentiating between simple present perfect and the simple past,in particular, often poses difficulties because of the time reference.

The most important rules, which govern the use of these two tenses is presented and

contrasted in the notes below.

Simple Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses

Time Reference

Tense Period of Time

Simple Present Perfect refers to an event, state or action which has started sometime in the past but which may be linked with the present

Simple Past refers to an event, state or action which has beencompleted at a specific time in the past

Forms

Simple Present Perfect

Auxi liary Verb (to have) Past Part ic iple

I haveyou havehe/she haswe haveyou havethey have

-ed or -t endings: dwelled/dwelt,learned/learnt, looked, startedirregular verbs: become, drawn, felt, written

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Simple Past

regular -ed or -t endings

Infin itive Past Tense

burn burned/burnt

change changed

learn learned/learnt

look looked

start started

irregular

eat ate

become became

do did

fall fell

see saw

throw threw

write wrote

Compare Past Tense and Past Participial Forms

Infin itive Past Tense Past Particip le

arise arose arisen

become became become

build built built

come came come

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

give gave given

grow grew grown

make made made

pay paid paid

say said said

see saw seen

sing sang sung

teach taught taught

throw threw thrown

write wrote written

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Rules of Use – Simple Present Perfect

Simple Present Perfect

Use Example Meaning

a completed action or eventwhich is linked to thepresent; it refers to theaction or event whichstarted at some unspecifiedtime in the past, butextends into the present

The tsunami hasdevastated the touristindustry in the region.

Have you read the latestHarry Potter book?

the tourist industry is stillfeeling the effects of thetsunami which occurredsome time in the past;

if you haven’t read the bookearlier would you like toread it now

commonly used for newsbroadcasts and newspaperstories

The Treasurer has said

that the economy is strongand performing well.

There has been anaccident on the PacificHighway.

the period in which the

economy grew precedesthe present time, but isrelevant to the present;

the accident occurredearlier but is being reportednow

an action or event whichbegan in the past, andcontinues up to the present;the following adverbs arecommonly used – already,before, ever , never , often,seldom, so far , still, yet

Have you ever been to theMiddle East?

The film festival has been fabulous so far .

the question is askingwhether the person hasbeen to the Middle East atany time up to now;

the festival until now is

great but that can changelater

an action or event whichhas repeatedly happenedand continues to now; for and since are commonlyused

as a preposition, for + aduration of time, forexample, for twelve hours,for a day, for two hundredyears

as a preposition since + a

specific starting time, forexample, since February,since 2004; since can alsobe used as a conjunction

I have lived in Australiasince 2002.

Harry has known Sally for20 years.

He hasn’t slept since hearrived from Mongolia.

the person has been livingin Australia specifically from2002

they have been acquaintedfor the specified amount oftime

since is used as aconjunction; introduces theclause which specifies thestarting time

an action or event whichhas happened recently;adverbs such as just, lately and recently are commonlyused

Would you like somecoffee? I’ve just had mymorning tea.

Have you been to thebeach lately?

the person recently finishedhaving a beverage formorning tea

the person is askingwhether someone has beento the beach recently

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The different meanings of the prepositions used with the simple present perfect can be illustrated graphically as follows:

forfromsince

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past now future

justalready

ever/never

Rules of Use – Simple Past

Simple Past

Use Example Meaning

an action or eventwhich started andended in the past;time expressions mayalso be used such as

in 2004, yesterday,last night, two yearsago

She sat the IELTS test last weekend.

The new term started yesterday.

taking the test has beencompleted

the commencement ofthe term has already

ended, namelyyesterday

habitual past actionsor events or asequence of pastactions or events

I watched the boats come in everymorning.

I got up, had breakfast and caught the early morning train.

the habitual action ofwatching the boats

referring to a sequenceof past actions

Contrast – Simple Present Perfect versus Simple Past

Simple Present Perfect Simple Past

an action or event happened at an indefinitetime

I have seen the tall ships in the Harbour.

an action or event happened at adefinite time in the past

I saw the tall ships in the Harbour on Australia day.

an action or event which happened in thepast is relevant to the present

The negotiators have reached an agreement.

an action or event which happened inthe past bears no relevance to thepresent

The negotiators reached an agreement.

an action or event which is unfinished; itstarted in the past and is still happening

She has been in China for two years.

an action or event which is finished; itstarted and finished in the past

She was in China for two years.

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