NOTICE: When government or other dra_,ings, specl-ficat~ions or other data are used for any purposeother than in connection with a definitely relatedgovernmenL procurement operation, the U. S.Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor anyobligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Govern-ment may have formulated, fturnished, or in any waysupplied the said drawings, speci fications, or otherdata is not to be regarded by implication or other-wise as in any manner licensing the holder or anyother person or corporation, or conveying any rightsor permission to manufacture, use or sell anypatented Invention that may in any way be relatedthereto.

C-D1

CD

3est Avajilable Copy

co1 wL NOT P1

R _RESEARCH TRIANGLE ISTTE DRANTHCAROLINA

RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE

Operations Research and Economics I.-vision

OCD REVIEW NOTICE

This report has been reviewed in the Office of Civil Defense,and preparation in a form for limited distribntion is ap-proved. This approval does not signify that the contentsnecesuarily reflect the views and policies of the Officeof Civil Defense,

/

RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE

SDurham, North Carolina

FINAL. REPORT

R-CU-154

Cost and Protection Analysis of NFSS Structures

EdwaLd L.'i.l ] Iand Carolyn N. Parker

22 January .1965

Prepared forOffice of Civil Defense

Department of Ariny - OSAUnder

Contract No, OCD-PS-64-56Subtask 1115B

FINAL e PO''

R-OU- 1 5/i

Cost and Protection Analysis of NFSS Structures

Prepared for

Office of Civil Defense

DepartintnL of Anmy - OSA

u rider

Contract No. OCD-PS-64-56

Subtask l15B

by

Edward L. Hill and Carolyn M.- Parker

RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE

Operations Research' and Econ6mics DivisionPost Of-ice Box 490

Durham, North Carolina

Approved by"

Edgar A. Parsons.Direvtor

Robert S. Titchoai22 January 1965 Deputy Director l

ABSTRACT

This constitutcs the final report of the research on ;Irca tactors and Categori-

zation of hbuilding strtictural characteL-istics Which was complrI td 1uder Contract No.

OCD-PS-64-56 before management responsibilites wore transferred to USNRUL.

A statistical study of National Fallout Shelter Survey Phase 2 building struc-

tural characteristics extracted from OCD files is reported. A total of 844 build-

ings of the original Phase I sample of 1541 (reported in E. !1l.l, e t al. Analysis

of Survey Data. Final Report R-OU-81. Durham, lN. C.: Research Triangle Institute,

15. February 1964) was surveyed by Architects-Engineers in the NFSS Phaise 2. In-

'cluded in these buildings are 1030 basement shelter areas, 262 first story shelter

areas, and 838 upper story shelter areas. The modal valUe for basement sill heights

is 5. feet; whereas 80 percent of the sill heights for the first stories are from 2

to 3 feebi and for upper stories 90 percent ate from 2 to 3 feet. Parallel parti-.

tions occur in..51 percent of the basement sheltor areas, 68 percent6f the first

story shelter areas, and 78 percent of the upper story shelter area6. Cross parti-

tions occur in 761 of the 2130 shelter areas.

"Ar.ea factors" are multipliers used to estimate the fraction of the total floor

"area offering protection gr~ater than a predetermined value." 'A unique'bet-of area

-factors which do not vary with structural details of the building are used in the

"NFSS. Several'shoitcominges of these approximate area factors are discussed: (e)

Scases in which center PF's are lower than off-center PF's; (2) the effect of interi-

or partitions; (3) the effect of-floor thickness; (4) the effect of aperturea, and

' (5) shelterb with predominantly roof contribution. Analyses of shelters with'only

roof contribution and of shelters with both ground and roof contribution are pre-

sented. Methods of determining more nearly correct area factors for each situation

are given for use with simplified hand computational procedures. Lastly, for more

exact computations, it is reconmendud t.,hat the shelter areq ho calculated by com-

puting PF's at several off-center locations and determining graphically the areas

which reach a prescribed PF.

iii

I

CONTENTS

Abstract . ........ .. .. ....... ....... ........... i

Chmiptt-1 1. Surrolarv . . . . . . . . . . .

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

II. Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

A. Categorization. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B. Area Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 2 A Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Phase 2 BuildingCharacteristics on Fallout Radiation Shieldin ............. .4

I. Introduction................... . . . ... .. 4

I1. Sample Chnracteristies ...... . ............

III. Approach to Statistical Study in Phase 1 Categorization ... 7

IV. Phase 2 Categofrization Procedures. ...... . .v.

A. Introduction..9

*B. Baseme•it Areaways . ... ... ........ ..... . 9

C. Aperture-Sill Heights . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 12

Dý Interior Partitions . .......... ....... 12

V. Data Analysis-. ........ ....... ".".. 15.

A. Introduction .............. ..... ... ...... 15

B, Areavays .. .. .......................... 15

C. Aperture Sill Heights . . . ........... 16

D. Interior Partitions ............. . 16

Chapter 3 Area Factors.. 18.................... ..... 18

1. Introduction.. . . ... . . .... 18

11; Limitations of NFSS Area Factors.. . . ..... ... . 199

II1, RfTI Investigations . . . . . . ... .. . . ... . . . 23

A. Method of Approach. ....... . . . . .. .. . 23

B. Findings .. .. .. ............ ...... .. . . .. 24

IV. Recommandation. ....... ..... .............. - ., 31

References . . . ......... ... ........... . . .32

Appendix A - Shelter Area and Building Part Tabulations byPhase 2 Technical Shielding Characteristics ......... . . .. A-I

Appendix B - Characteristics of.Buildings Used in Area Factor Computations B-1

iv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Page

T Fýhas 1 and 2Categcriza tio Sample Characteristics 6

II NFSS Phase I Area Factors. . . . 18

III Area Factors - Roof Contribution Only .... .............. ... 27

A-I Building Parts with Areaways Reported ............ .......... A-3

A-If Areaways - All PF Categories. . . .............. ... A-4

A-Ill Areaways for PF Category 2 Shelter .reas ..... .............. A-5

A-IV Areaways for PF Category 3 Shelter Areas A-6

A-V Areaways for PF Category 4 Shelter Areas . . . . . . . A-7

A-VI Areaways for PF Category 5 Shelter Areas ......... ........... A-8A-VII Areaways for PF.Category 6 Shelter Areai A-

A-VIII Areaways for PF Category 7 Shelter Areas .. ....-.............. A-10.

A-IX Areaways for PF Category 8 Shelter Areas . A 1............. A

A-T Aeaw s for PFCtgr hlerg Areas................. ... ..Ali.

A-X Shelter Areas with Sill Heights Reported . . .. ..... A-12

A-XI Sill Heights in Basement Shelter Areas ..... .... A-13

SA-XIn Sill Heights in First Story Shelter Areas. . .. .......... , A-14

A-XIII Sill Hefigts in. Upper Story Shelter Areas....... ..... -15.

A-IXIV Shelter Areas with Parallel Partitions Reported....... .... A-16

A-XV Parallel Partitions in Basement Shelter Areas.,...... .... A-17

A-XV1 Parallel Partitions in First. Story Shelter Areas ........ A-19

A-XVII Parallel Partitions in Upper Story Shelter Areas ............. A.2

A-XVIII Total Cross Partitions Reported by Type (All Shelter Aroas) ... A-23

A-XIX Shelter Areas with. Types 1-4 Cross Partitions Reported ..... A-24

"A-XX Cross Partitions in Basement Shelter Areas (Types 1-4) ..... A-25

A-XXI Cross Partitions in First Story Shelter Areas,(Types l1-4).... A-29

A-XXII Cross Partitions in Upper Story Shelter Areas (Types 1-4). , . . A-33

v

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE Page

1 NFSS 'Phase 2 Data Collection Form .... ...................... 10

2 Code Number for Building Type ........ ............. ...... .... 14

3 Basement with Center PF Less Than Off-Center PF ............. ... 20

4 Detector Locations for Area Factor computationa4...... .... . . 23

5 Variation of PF with Detector Location -All Roof Contribution . 25

6 Area Factors - Roof Contribution Only& . . .. ..... ... 26

7 Variation of PF with Detector Location -and Dose Source e ..... 28

8ý' Area Factors - Ground and Roof Contribution ..... ............ .. 29

I• .

vi

Chapter- I

ý' 3 iiTln r v

I. INTRODUCTION

The OCD description of Subtask 1115B, Cost aud Protection Analysis of NFSS

Structures, Contract No. OCD-PS-64-56, is xq follows:

"Analyze Phase 2 data from the NFSS to indicate relative importanceof shielding chiaracteri.stics in order to improve PF calculations andto indicate the most important modifications to improve PF Utilizethis data and studies of recurring types of key facilities underVdtiULLb geographic and construction C",rft-inp to identify the mostcritical engineering characteristics of the structure which wculdrequire modification for occupancy and operation in a falloutsituation. Provide PF computational procedures for special.characteristics of those key facilities for the electronic computerprogram."

The Research Triangle Institute was informed on 12 May 1964 that the U. S.

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) was to have management responsibility

for OCD Subtask lll-B. A new contract, N 228-(62479)-66109, was executed by NRDL

for the completion of work begun under the original OCD contract.

This constitutes the final report of the research orn area factors and building

structural characteristics which was completed under Contract No. OCD-PS-64-56

before management responsibilities were transferred to NRDL. The data presented

in this report will be combined with the remainder of the research under OCD Subtask

lll5B in a more comprehensive Report R-OU-196 upon completion of the NRDL contract.

- 1.-

IT. FINDINGS

the resuits of a staLLkiLal V, dy MU NYSSI (Nnticn,,! FO***:,.*- .. rilr S,..y)

Phase "2 building struictural charactoristi•s are contained in Chapter 2 and

Appendix A. An analysis or building structural characteristics contained in

Phase I data was previously reported in Reference ] . Therefore, this study

completes the evaluation of all building characteristics reported in the NFSS

for an original sample of 1541 buildings. A total of 844 buildings of the

original 1541 was surveyed hy AE'q in the NFSS Phase 2. Included in this report is

an analysis of the occurrence of Phase 2 data on areaways, aperture sill

heights, and interior partitions in both building parts and shelter areas.

These data, classed by protection factor, are of interest in determining the

correlation between structural data and protection from fallout radiation.

There were 1030 basement shelter areas, 262 first story shelter areas, and

838 upper story -helter areas, giving a total of 2130 shelter areas reported.

A total of 493 areaways were reported in 337 building parts. Sill heights treported for basements had a mode of 5 feet, whereas 80 percent of the sill

heights reported for first stories were from 2 to 3 feet and for upper stories

90 percent were from 2 to 3 feet. Parallel partitions were reported for 51

percent of the basement shelter areas, 68 percent of the first story shelter

areas, and 78 percent of the upper story shelter areas. Cross partitions were

reported for 761 of the 2130 shelter areas.

B. Area Factors IArea factors represent fractions of total floor areas offering protection

greater than a predetermined value, For the intended objective of determining

gross estimates of the total number of available shelter spaces by machine

methods, the area factor approach used in the NFSS Phase I Computer Program was

excellent. However, it is reconended that a careful analysis of each building

-2 - 1

I

ti L L dL c z -ii a, t- a 1. a- -j -I I -, -- - - - - - -a; L -I- -III

sheIt-cr areal is mnadte. Sev'eral snortcowings of area factors arc discussed: cases

il w•hich center PF's are 1ower than off--ccnter PF's; the effect of interior parti-

tions, floors, and apertures; and shelters with predominantly roof contribution.

Analyses of shelters with al! roof contribution and of shelters with both

ground and roof contribution are presented. Methods of determining area factors

for each situation are given. For more exact computations, it is recommended that

actual sheller area be calculated by computing PF's at points in addition to the

center and determining the distances from the center that reach a prescribed PF.

IiII

I

?

Chapter 2

A Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Phase 2 Building

Characteristics on Fallout Radiation Shielding

I. INTRODUCTION

-S t-•rol drat-a nn buildinz configurations werc not av,•iable when the NFSS

(National Fallout Shelter Survey) Computer Program (Reference 2) was developed

to calculate protection factors, Therefore, assumptions had to be made in this

prograu•.regarding the importance of various building characteristics. Categor-

ization of building structural characteristics of NFSS buildings is, of interest

in determining the correlation between structural data and protection from fallout*

radiation afforded by shelter areas- and building parts.

Under OCD Subtask 1115A, Analysis of Sur vey Data, RTI "categorized the

surveyed structures-with respect to technical shielding characteristics.

V For that subtask, RTI made a statistical study of building characteristics which

were reported on NFSS Phase 1 POSDICS (Film Optical Snsifi8 Device for Input-

to Computers). The results of the study were reported in Chapter 3 of the 'final

report for Subtask 1115A (Reference 1).

Certain structural.shielding charat:e6ristics'uh-as areaways, aperture sill

heights, and interior partitions were not fully reported in the NFSS Phase I dama.

These characteristics were reported in Phase 2; however, summarized Phase 2 data

were not available at a single location in time to be categorized in Subtask

1115A. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to complete the categorization

of all technical shielding characteristics reported in NFSS data.

It is important to note that shelter areas are stories containing shelter ina building or building part. Thus, a "shelter area", as used in this chapteris not necessarily the entire extent of NFSS shelter in a single story ofabuilding.

4-

II. SAMIPLE CHARACTERISTICS

ThV .iamnplc of Phase: 1. data which was categorized in Subtas.k I.15A contained 1541

buildings. However, there are only 844 buildings in the sample of Phase 2 data to

bh categorized. Phase 2 instructions state that all shelier areas surveyed in

Phase I must be at least PF Category 2 or better for additional analysis in Phase

2. Therefore, 483 of the 1541 buildings in the Phýase I sample were eliminated in

the Phase Z' sample because they contained only PF Category I shelter areas. Also,

Phase 2 data were not reported for 214 other buildings in the sample for one of

the following reasous:

1. .Permission to survey the building in Phase 2 was not given by the

building owner.

2. The building'had been destroyed since the Phase l survey.

"3. In most casea.-no an&1ysis or cost estimates'were mide for shielding

imhprovements above the first story.

General characteristics of' the Pties laa id Vhase 2 date used in categorization

and characteristics of their parent population are l_,,icd in Table I.

.5 -.

TABLE I

Phase 1 and 2 Categorization Sample Characteristics

1. Total number of shelter areas on N2 file (Total NFSS Phase 1) = 1,042,027

2. Total number of buildings (Total NFSS Phase 1) 308,130-

3. Total number of buildings rejected-(Build-ings containing no shelter areas

rated in PF Category 1 or higher were rejected) = 73,646

4. TQta1rnuiber of :buildings in the Phlase 1 sample-= 1541

"5. Total number of buildings in the Phase 2 sample , 844

6. Tota4. number of building parts in the Phase 1 sample = 2091

7. TOLtaI number of building parts in the Phase. 2 sample 1167

8. Total number of shelter areas (PF Categories 1 through 8) in the Phase 1

sample 4421

9. Total number of shelter areas (PF Categories 2 through 8) in the Phase 2

sample , 2031

6 6-

i

l11. APPROACH TO STATISTICAL STUDY IN PHASE I CATEGORIZATION

The statistical study made in categorizing Phase I data was presented in Chapter 3

of Lhv final report fo, Subtask 1!!5Aý In that study, a random sample of 1541 buildings

was selected ýrom the NFSS Phase I MI and M2-files.'(Reference 2), Which are Maintained

at the National Bureau of Standards Computation Laboratory.

Statistical studies of detailed structural properties were made to determine the

correlation between structural data and protection from fallout radiation. More

specifically, the study involved preparation of statistical tabulations relating-

protection factors with the number of shelter areas (PF Category 1-8) and number of

buildings falling within selected incremental ranges of certain structural

characteristics. The specific structural characteristics studied for shelter areas

were:

I. story." iber

2. percent apertures

3. interior partitions

L4. floor area

"5. wall mass thickness (psf)

6. contaminated plane wiý'th

7. dose source

8. percent basement exposure.

The specific stv.ectural characteristics studied for buildings werei

1. story number

2. percent apertures

3. interior partitions

4, floor area

5. wall mass thicknesb (Pafj

6. physical vulnerability (PV code)

7, number of building parts

All data processing and calculations were performed on the National Bureau of

Standards IBM 7090 computer. A tabular presentation of this study is given in

Appendix E of Reference i.

It is expected that the tabulations of the above structural characteristics

for the sample of 844 Phase 2 buildings would differ slightly from those for the

sample of 1541 Phase I buildings. The tabulations for the 483 buildings in the

Phase 1 sample that had only PF Category I. shelter areas are readily identified;

therefore, only the 21.4 buildings not included in the Phase 2 data for other

reasons would modify the statistics. Because only slight modifications are

expected, it is not deemed essential to re-categorize the Phase 1 data for the

same 844 buildings that were evaluated in Phase 2. Doing this would also be

complicated by the fact that shelter area PF's were often changed in Phase 2 and

there iu•.1o merged record of Phase 2 PF data and Phase I structural data.: Accord-

ingly, it is recommended that where structural data are required for all N`FSS

Phase 2 buildings, they be based upon the analysis of Reference 2 after deletion

of PF Category I shelter areas.

V

I

IV. PHASE 2 CATEGORIZATION PROCEDURES

A. Introduction

Tho snurce of Phase 2 data is the Phase 2 DCF's (Data Collection Foms)(Figure i)

on whiclh structural data were entered for the buildings by AE (architect-engineer)

contractors (Reference 3). These Phase 2 data were transferred to magnetic tape

by the Bureau of the Census. In order that RTI could categorize Phase 2 data, the

Bureau of the Census prepared a printout from their magnetic tapes of the Phase 2

data for the 844 buildings, 1167 building parts, and 2031 shelter areas (story of

a building or building part) in the sample. Using this printout, RTI categorized

the building parts and shelter areas with respect to areaways, aperture sill heights,

and interior partitions. The data which were taken by hand from the printout are

presented in Appendix A in tabular form, with a fractional table computed for each

element of data categorized. All fractions are rounded to four significant figures.

B. Basement Areaways

Information concerning basement areaways is given in columns 70 through 76 of

the Phase 2 DCF. Data entered in these columns described the location, length,

distance from corner, and width of basement areaways and the height of window open-

ings in the basement walls exposed by the areaway. RTI categorized the data-in

columns 71, 74, and 75. Column 71 contains the length of the areaway, expressed

to the nearest (estimated) 10 percent of the length of the side in which it was

loceted. Columns 74 and 75 reported the width, to the nearest foot, of the areaway.

Table A-1 of Appendix A shows the total number of building parts which had areaways

reported. Tables are also presented for the total areaways in'all PF categories

(Table A-If) and for each PF category (Table A-Ill - A-IX). The areaway informa-

tion was tabulated by width (from 2 to > 10 feet) and by percent of building side

length (0 through 90 percent).

"9-

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Iz l IF

A 1.

~~ 0.

.41

liti

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C. Apertrrp Sill Heiahts

Aperture sill height data were entered by the AE's in columns 54 through 57

of the Phase 2 DCF. The predominant sill height, to the nearest foot, of the

window openings (apertures) in exterior tall "A" through "D" above the appropriate

floor level was-entered in these columns by the AE's. If the wall under considera-

tion had no apertures,an "x" was entered in the appropriate column.

Table A-X gives the total numbers of basement, first story, and upper story

Sshelter areas in each PF category with sill heights reported. Da'ta for sill

heights reported in the basement, first, and upper stories are given in Tables

A-XI through A-XIII. In these three tables, an average of the sill. heights re-

ported in the Phase 2 DCF columns 54 through 57 is tabulated by PF category. If

an "x" appeared in columns 54, 55, 56, or 57, the column or columns were excluded

from the average.I

D. Interior Partitions ,

1. Parallel Partitions

* The number 'and the average psf, estimated to the nearest 10 paf, of

parallel partitions (Lnose partitions such as corridor walls extending

parallel to Sides A, B, C, and D) were recorded by the AR's in the Phase

2 DCF columns 58 through 65. The total numbers of basement, first story

and upper story shelter areas with parallel partitions reported are pre-

sented in Tablr, A-XIV by PF category. In order to categorize these par-

allel partition data by shelter areas, it wai necessary to determine an.

average partition psf for each shelter arda. Therefore, RTI multiplied

the average psf reported for each of the four sides by the number of

parallel partitions reported for that side, added these four products, and

divided this total by four in order to get the average psf for einch shelter

area. These parallel partition data were categorized and are reported in

Tables A-XV through A-XVII for basement, first, and upper stories by Pr

" 12 "

category and average psf per shelter area.

2. Cross PartitioIIs

Cross partition (those partitions separating adjacent rooms and not

recorded elsewhere) data are found in columns 66 through 69 of the Phase 2

DCF. The estimated average spacing in feet is found in columns 66 and 67,

The average psf, estimated to the nearest 10-paf, is in column 68, The

general pattern of the cross partition arrangement in the shelter area

is indicated incolumn 69 using the code number for the type which

corresponds to the one of the four general patterns presented in Figure 2

considered to best resemble the building part described. RTI categorized

the data found in columns 68 and 69. The numb'ers of each type cross

partition reported are shown in Table A-XVIII and a breakdown by shelter-

area and PF category is given in Table A-2tIX. These data were categorized

separately for each type of cross partition (Types 1-4) by PP category and

average psf for basements, first, and upper stories and reported in Tables

A-XX through A-XXII.

" 13 "

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__________________________________

I- 14..

I

V. DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

The Phase 2 data categorized in this report concained 844 buildings and 1167

building parts. In these building parts, there were 1030 basement shelter areas

(story in a building or building part)i 262 first story shelter areas, and 838

upper story shelter areas, giving a total of 2130 shelter areas reported. It is

interesting to note that 1030 (88 percent) of the 1167 building parts in the

Phase 2 sample have basement shelter areas which account for 48 percent of the

total shelter areas. The Phase. 1 data indicated that 81 percent of the building

parts contained basement shelter areas (PF Category I through 8). The increased

percentage of basement shelter areas in Phase 2 is expected because of the number

of Phase I upper story shelter areas, in PF Category 1 which were not further

evaluated in Phase 2. - .

As dtated previously,-this report presents a categorization of areaways,

aperture sill heights, and interior purfiti-ohe contalned in the Phase 2 data

printout which RTI obtained from the Bureau of the Census.. A few of-the--more

interesting facts noted in categorizing these technical shielding characteristics

are discussed below.

B. Areaways

There were-4934 areawayt reported by the -AE'Si orthe 844 buildings categorized

in this chapter, Of the 1167 building parts reported, 337 have one or more area-

ways. A total of 109 of these building parts had areaways reported on more than

.one building side. It is interesting to note that seven areaways were reported

with their percent of building side length from 0' 5 percent,. The number of area-

ways reported are rather evenly dispersed for adjacent shelter areas in PF Category

2 through 8. These areaways are reported in Appendix A with widths ranging from 2

L;o, 10 feet; howevcer, a'definite trend tn.ward.. rr-w widths iR shown by the fact

- 15 -

that 437 of the 493 areaways reported have widths of from 2 to 6 feet. These

data indicate the importance of including areaway contributions in basement PF

computations.

C. Aperture Sill Heights

In basement shelter areas, the average aperture sill heights reported are

rather evenly dispersed from 0 to 9 feet with a mode of 5 feet. However, 80 percent'

of the sill heights reported for first stories are from 2 to 4 feet and for upper

story shelter areas 90 percent are from 2 to 3 feet high. For upper stories, ,-

there were no.sill heights reported higher than 5 feet. Sill heights were reported

for only 625 of the 1030 basement shelter areas categorized; however, it is more

interesting to note that 56 of the 262 first story shelter areas and 19 of the 838

upper story shelter areas had no sillheights reported, thereby -indicating no

apertures for these 75 shelter areas. This would cause the shelter area to have'

higher PP's, but it also means.that t";ese areas would require additional ventilation

to be eligibleafor matking at 10 square feet per shelter space.

D. Interior P-artitiors

1i. Parallel Partiti6nd

Parallel partitions are reported in Appendix A with average psf-a ( s Section........ .... .- "i" --

(pounds per squaze foot).per shelter area (see Section IV.D.i.) of-fr6--

5 to > 300 psf. Parallel partitions were reported for 525 of. the 1030

basement shelter areas (51 percent)-i 178 of.the 262 first story shelter

areas.(68 percent), and 656 of the 838 upper. story shelter areas (78.

*. percent). In the IWFSS Phase i categorization sample, only 17 percent of

all shelter areas had interior partitions reported. The numbers of

parallel partitions reported in Phase 2 are rather evenly dispersed by

average psf for basement, first,.and upper shelter areas. They also have

a median of 95' rf for hbmPmnt nshpfer sir a.s, 19,5 pkf fer fir-- story

shelter areas, and 25 psf for upper §tory shelter areas.

-16-

I

2. Cross Partitions

Cross partitions w~ere reported for 761 of the 2130 shelter areas

categorized. Of these cross partitions, there were 245 reported for

basement shelter areas, 98 for first story shelter areas, and 418 for

upper story sheltt&,' areas.

There were four types of cross partitions reported an the Phase 2

DCF's (see Figure 2). For basement shelter areas, 89 'percent of the cross

partitions reported are Type I or Type 2 partitions. In the first story

shelter areas, 60 percent are Type 2 partitions, "Finol~ly, for upper

story shelter areas, 72 percent are Type 2 or Type 4 .p~rtitions.. Of the

761 shelter areas with cross partitions reported, 48 percent are Type 2.

it should -be noted that of.-the total cross partitions r~eported only 9

percent are Type 3_partitiopPs..

.The cross partitions are-vAategorized by PF' category and average paf

(see Section IV.D.2.), as well as by type. For atvl PFcategoties (2 through

.8),the different types of cross partitions are rather evenly -dispersed

from 10.through 90 psf. The median psf for all, types is 40 paf- for

basemrents, 30 psf for first stogi.es, and 30 pof for upper stories. the

modal. psf for all. types-is 90 psf for basements, 30 psf for first stories,

and 30 psf for upper storieks.

-17

Chapter 3

Area Factors

I. INTRODUCTION

The protection factor (PF) computational procedure (Reference 2) of. the

National Fallout Shelter Survey (NFSS) used area factors to represent frictions

of total floor areas offering protection greater than a predetermined value.

SThe area factors used in the NFSS, shown in Table II, for shelters in PF Category

*4-8 (PF 100 to >1000) are based on the extent of the area which does not drop

below PF 100; for shelters with a center PF within PF Category 1-3 (PF 20 to 99),

area factors are based on shelter areas with a perimeter VF of approximately 70

percent of the S-AREA center PF.

TABLE II

NFSS PhaseI Area Fadtore

PF Category PV Range Area Factor,

6 -8 250- over 1000 _ 1__ c0-

5 150 - 249 0.7

4 100 - 149 0.3

1 - 3 20- 99 0.5

This chapter presents analyses of the effecis of building characteristics

and combinations of ground and roof contributions on the usable shelter area of

1 a building.

1 18

- " • . .I

II. LIMITATIONS OF NFSS AREA FACTORS

The-NFSS area fnrtIors represent usable areas in the first story of a windowless

square building receiving ounly ground contribution. A previous RTI evaluation of

area factors under OCD Subtask 1115A (Reference 1) for this type *of structure indi-

cated that the ares factors presented in Table ii are significantly conservative

(from .1 to .2 added for each factor) when compared to results of the Engineering

Manual procedure (Reference 4).

For theintended objective of determining gross estimates of the total number

of available shelter spaces by machine methods, the area factor approach is

excellent. However, a careful analysis of each building in qtgestion should be

made before final determination of the actual area of the shelter is made. The

considerations that must be made for an actual building are:

1. Center PF - All applications of area factors are--based on the PF at the

ceneer of a building. This means that if the center PF is not in P1'

Category;.2-81 no area factor is applied and the entire story is-considered

to have a PF less than the denter PF,ý' In reality,--thii•g•su ptIn may-

"be wrong. Because of mutual shielding, irregularly spaced interior

partitions, grade level, etc., the PF might be higher at the end of a

building story than at the center. An illustration of a basement with

a center PF possibly less than the off-center PF is given in Figure 3,

2. Interior Partitions - If a buildingcontains interior partitions, the

PF may drop rapidly outside the area bounded by partitions. In Phase t

of the NFSS the location of partitions was not given unless a core was

reported. A core is defined in Reference 5 as "a central portion of a

story surrounded on two or more sides by interior partitions of heavy

construction." Cores weresreported in Phase I for only the first and

. second stories of a building and allowed only one partition per building'

side to be noted.

- 19

F'IGURE 3

Basement with Center PF Less than Off-Center PF

(PP's in Parentheses)

Adjoining

+ Building(35) (05)

Plan View

A dJ oning

, ýGrade Elevation Section

I -20-

!I1I...The area factor for a building with a core area or any interior

partitions may be quite different from one for a building with no

partitions. For example, if the area bounded by partitions in a story

with a center PF in Category 4 is greater than .3 (Category 4 area factor)

of the total floor area, the area of the shelter very likely extends to

the partitions rather than jut-;3 of the total area. It is shown in

Chapter 1 that approximately 78 percent of the NFSS Phase 2 upper story

shelter areas-have parAllel partitions. This in itidlf is reason to

believe that substantial increases in total shelter area might be gained

1. through. use of a PF computational procedure ,that would consider the

location ot -interior .artitions and give PF-results at points other

t"ian th Oenter -of the building,.

"3. .Tlool Thlckness The- iajority of W-iuildings in the NFSS and- ll those

surveyed by :RTI are.'expoad.d to. limited planes of contamination. An RTI

statistical study of NFSS Phase I data (Reference 1) indicated the

modal width of the total planes of contamination contributing to a

.shelter story to be less than 60 feet for every PF category, Because

of these narrou planes of contamination, the thickness of floors for

Sstories above grade is an important patameter to consider when determining

the total area of the shelter. -Dtie to the narrow-planes of contamination,

ground contribution to stories above grade often must penetrate the floor

below the detector. The PF is therefore quftt dependent .on the mass

thickness of the floor through which the radiation must penetrate. For-

example, for a plane less than 300 feet wide, Technical Operations

Research determiined that the dose rate at an upper story corner position

Iin a windowless building with light floors (Xf =20 psf) was 1.4 times

that at the center position whereas it was 2.5 tines greater than that

at the center for thick floors (Xf = 80 psf) (See Table 42 of Reference 6).

- 21 -

- ~ ~ . .- .- ..- .- ..

r!

-4. ALe-rture ---Previous RTI analyses of aperture contributions in a square

building indicated that the usable area of a shelter depends on the per-

centage of apertures (Reference 1). For example, on the second floor of a

5000 square foot hypothetical building with a center PF of 125, the frec-

tion of the area having a protection factor. greater than 100 is 0,43 with

no apertures and increases to 0.56 with 10 percent apertures.- When aper-

tures were added, the wall mass thickness was increased to maintain a

center PI of 125.

5. Roof Contribution - In shelters where the predominant contribution comes

from ground sources surrounding the building, the center of an-above-ground_shelter- should be the'po-n- with the highest PP. The PP would'deorease

closer to the exterior wall. However, when roof or ceiling contrithution is

also present, the shelter may be quite different in size and location from

that with no'suoh contribution. For eximpli+b with the predominant contri- 4.

bution coming from the roof, the safest area 'wouidbe closest to the an-

terior wall-and the PP would decrease as the center is app.roached. upper

stories of'high rise buildings, as well. as basements, are, shelter areas

where roof contribution can often'exceed ground contribution... .

22-

I

III. RTI INVESTIGATIONS

A. Nethod of Approach

Using Engineering Manual and AE Guide (Reference 7) procedures, RTI made

numerous computations to determine the range of PF's ft various size buildings

subjected to combinations of roof and ground contributions. After the exterior

wall mass thickness giving a desired center FE in a building was determined,

computations vere made for 6 other points in the building as illustrated in

Figure 4.....

Points I and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 are on the perimeter of areas: arbitrarily

"taken to be equivalent to 30, 50, and 70 percent, respectively, of the total

building area. These points are located at approxima~ely 54.8, 70.7, and: 83.7

percent of the distance from the center perpendicular to the exterior wall and

from the center to the corner.

FIGURE 4

Detector Locations for Area Factor Coputafons

i23 I

'Ii

$ l l3 "

- 23 .

Roof contributions were determined by the Engineering Manual Method; ground

iontributions by the AE Guide which assumes all areas to-be square. Calculations

were made for buildings with the characteristics given in Appendix B,

B. Findings

1. Roof Contribution Only

Using the same structural data required to give a desired PF in

the center of a square building, Engineering Manial PF computations

were made for the 6 points shown in Figure 4. These data were then

plotted as illustrated in Figure 5 in order to determipe by interpolation

the boundaries of the area with a selected PF. The illu~tration shows

the distances from the center of a I0,000 square foot building to points

where the PF-reaches 100 on a line perpendicular-.to the exterior wall

(line through points 1, 3, and 5 of Figure 4) and on a diagonatljine

(points 2, 4, and 6).

These points determine the boundaries of the area having a PF of at

least 100 within a building story and it was thus possible to calculate

the area of the shelter. For the case of all roof contribution the

shelter is adjacent to the exterior walls and not in the center of the

building. Very littLe variation was noted in the usable shelter,

expressed as a percent of the total area, for buildings in the

2,500 - 10,000 square foot range.

Conservative area factors for buildings with all roof contribution

are given in Table III and they are graphically presented in Figure 6.

These area factors may also be used for rectangular shaped buildings

when the AE Guide procedure, which does not consider the building shape,

is used. This is because a rectangular building with the same area and

coinsrriirricn chnaactprlstics Ls a square building will have less roof

contribution.

- 24 -

no=13 5

variation of P7 vith DeteoetgS LocatiOn -All Ro.Of ConItibutIOnA

(10,000 Squiare.Foot buailding-- Center Pr of 85)

160

140

S 120

to

so

.4 .5 .6 .7 .5.91.

Fraction of Distance from Building Center to Exterior Wall

-25-

FIGURE 6

Area Factors -Roof Contribution Only

1.*00

.80

.60

.40

.20

0 20 40 60 s0 100 120

Center N'

1 -26 -

TABLE III

Area ractors -Roof Contribution 0nl1

PP Categor Area Factor

Area Greater Thtan PF 100 4 a 1.00

3 .56

2 A18

Area Greater than PP 40 2 -8 1.00

-1 .26 7

If the center PF is known, it is possible to find the approximate bound-

aries of any shelter area through the tee of Figure 6. It is impor~tant to

note that shelter areas with a center PP less than 40 and receiving pro-.

dominantly roof contribution still have conisiderable -area of PP 40 or better.

2. Ground and. oof Contribut-ion

Most stories of structures receive -some combin-ation of ground and-roof

contribution. Therefore,: area-factors for this type offitructure are very

important in determining.the shelter area of a story.

Various combinations of grqoaud and-ro'of contributions. rang in.g from

a.1l ground to all roof, were calculated for upper stories of, the hypotheti-

cal buildings~described in'Appendix B. The contributions for each build-iftg

size and center P'F were platted as shown in Figure 7. This figure illustrates_

the variations in PP on a line from the center perpendicular to the exterior

wall in a 10,000 square foot a-jaa with a center PP of 85. Similar graphs

were prepared for PF's on a line from the center of the building to the cor-

ner of the building. The boundaries of shelter area within a given PP range

were then determined from these charts.

As was found for all roof c ontribution, the shelter areas were fairly

insensitive to changes in cotal builditig area. Thereore, consor-vative

data were again used and are presented in Figure 8 to show the area of a

-27-

V ar-i aio Li 0- FE withO>. 1 .2t Sou ~r,,:(10, 000 Coot(. >1 iý.idi nl Cu (L! C.i Ji,)

140. ...

120 ~ Ul¶.. 77

1200

.. ... 1.0

a

Area Factors -Ground and Roof Contribution

(Arxtnr4 Greateir thani PF 100)

Note: For center PF's less than 100, #-heshelIter area is closest to the exteriorwalls.

. H II .....

All -----d A:Tll!RoRuof ~ ~ 1 CT r utn/rud±Ro

__JITT T9

story with a PF of 100 or bettor when exposed to infinite planes of con..

ramination. This figuru shows Whie area f;4eLr.uts MY any combination of

ground and roof contribution when the center PF is known. This is there-

fore a very valuable figure for use with a simplified procedure such as

the AE Guide.

- 30 -

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS

For simplifiCd hard ctmputnLtional procedures whcre only a center PF is

g:.r(rallc caiculntId, it is recommended that Figure 8 be used to determine the

,C',a wi h a PF of 100 or more.

Due to the complexities of the combined effects of apertures, interior

partitions; floor thickness, etc., the area of shelter in buildings of similar

size with the same center PF can be quite different. The PF computational pro-

cedure which has beer programmed by RTI under Contract No. OCD-PS-64-65 for

use on a ControlData Corporation CDC 3600 Computer therefore does not use pre-

determined area factors. The PF is calculated at the center and at 8 pre-

determined off-center detector locations, which allows the computer to determine

the approximate areas of a building having a PF of a predetermined value. The

effect of each of the above characteristics is therefore considered in each

building.

- 31 -

R(EFE RENC I.S

I F. 1. lill, W. i;. Grogm , R. 0. 1'vdav, and It. C. NormintL. Anaksiis of S,,rvtcv]):I L:1. Eljii l, Pepoi R-Oi '-S! (Parts I and II). tirhilmii, North Carul.iila: ResearchTrilangl lC ns) it In t, Opiarations Resoearch Divisi on I5 Fc, lruarv 1964.

2. National llreiau of Standard.s,. Doscription of Compuuter Program for National

Fallout Sheo1l er SIrvey. National Butea. of Sta'ndards Rcport No. 7826.Washingtonw ii. S. Department of Commerce, 15 'March 1963.

3. Office of Chief of Engineers. Fallout Shelter Survey Instructions (Phase 2Data Collection Form Instructions ). Washington: Office of the Chief ofEngincers,. 1. S. Army, 21 March 1962.

4. Office of Civil Defense. Design and Review of Structures for ProteLtion FromFallout Gamma Radiation. (Engineering Manual). Revised Edition. Washington:Office of Civil. Defense, Department of Defense, 1 October 1961.

5. Office of Civil Defense. Instrutctions for Filling Out DD Form 1356 (1 Nov. 61)jNational Fallout Shelter Survey - Phase 1. Washington: Office of CivilDefense, Department of Defense, I December1961,

6. John r. Batter 3 Albert W. Scarbird, and Nancy-Ruth York. Final Report - TheEffect of Limited Strips of Contamination on the Dose Rate in a Multi-storyWindowles-s Building. Report No, TO-B 62-58. Burlington, Massachusetts:Technical Operations, nc., August: 1962.

7. Office of Civil Defense. Fallout Shelter Surveys: Guide for Architects andEngineers. Washington: Office of Civil Defense, Department of Defense,December 1961

- 32 -

Appendix A

Shelter Area and Building Part Tabulations by

Phase 2 Technical Shielding Characteristics

Tlii appendix presents in tabular form the categorization of the Phase 2

structural data.for a statistical sample of 844 buildings. Shelter areas and

building parts are categorized by areaways, aperture sill height, and interior

partitions. These data are presented in tables in the following order:

Areaways

TABLE A-I Building Parts with Areawaysa Reported ..

TABLE A.II Areaways - All PP Categories

TABLE A-Ill Areawayc for PF Category 2 Shelter Areas

TABLE A-IV Areaways for PF Category 3 Shelter Areas

TABLE A-V Areawdys foa PF Category 4 Shelter Areas

TABLE A-VI. Areaways for PF Category 5 Shelter Areas

TABLE A-VII Areaways for PF Category 6 Shelter Areas

TABLE A-VIII Areaways for PF Category 7 Shelter Areas

--- TABLE A-IX -Areaways for PF Category 8.Shelter Areas

Aperture Sill Heights

TABLE A-X Shelter Areas with Si1l Heights Reported

TABLE A-XI Sill Heights in 'Ba f,,L -SheI Le r ArLs

TABLE A-XII Sill }fei;tL in First Story Shelter Areas

TABLE A-XIII Sill Heights in Upper Story Shelter Areas

Parallel Partitions

TABLE A-XIV Shelter Areas with Parallel Partitions Reported

TABLE A-XV Parallel Partitions in-Basement Shelter Areas

TABLE A-XVI tarallel Partitions in First Story Shelter Areas

TABLE A-XVII Parallel Partitions in Upper Story Shelter AreaE

-A-1

Cross Partitions

TABLE A-XVTTI Total Cross Partitions Reported by Type (All Shelter Areas)

TABLE A-XIX Shelter Areas with Types 1-4 Cross Partitions Reported

TABLE A-XX Cross Partitions in Basement Shelter Areas (Types - 4)

TABLE A-XXI Cr:oss Partitions in First'Story Shelter Areas (Types I - 4)

TABLE A-XXII Cross Partiti ins in Upper Story Shelter Areas (Types 1 - 4)

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Appendix B

Characteristics of Buildings Used in Area Factor Computations

PF computations were made for the six points shown in Figure 4 of Chapter 3

Sfor the fifth story of a square, seven story, windowless building exposed toinfinite planes of contamination. •These computations were made using the sameinfiniteuraldaan rqles o co tamnon e"

structural data required to giv'..a desired PF in the center of the building.

For ground contribution, using the AE dbide, a height correctioh factor of 0.5.

was used. For roof contribution, usingte Engineering Manual, the distance

from the detector to the roof (Z) was 27 feet. Because of no apertures, there

was no floor weight correction actor required,

The wall and overhead -mass thicknesses used for given center PF's ir, .he

various sized buildings subject to combinations of roof and -ground contribution

were:

[1. Fx~aior Walls-• Mass hi... ... -- sf

Area Cent-rFT A1]7 'R --+R i c * G R AUG

(s q. ,t- )

5,000 55 - -- 166 133 115 "10385. 188 154 134 123

125 - 203 172 153 1407,500 55 - 158 125 109 95

85 - 180 1-48- 127 114125 - 1.95 164 147 133

10,000 55 - 152 120 103 918,5. - 174 142 121 106

125 - 189 159 141 127

2. Overhead

5,000 55 95 109 124 15585 114 126 144 178 -

125 130 142 161 191 -

7,500 55 98 Iil 126 157 -

85 117 128 146 180 -

125 132 144 162 192 -

10,000 55 100 113 127 158 -

85 119 130 147 181 -

125 133 145 163 193 -

* R = Roof Contribution

G = Ground Coiitribution

-B--I-

Unc lass if iedSecurity Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D(Security classificationt of ftit. body, of ebo,.act and indexing ann~otation moust b~e entered when, the overall report icý e tn.sfied)

IORIclINATIN r, ACT1I"I'Y (Co-potots author) 2ma. nrPORT SE URITY C LASýIt,;CA lION

Research Triangle Institute UnclassifiedPost Office Box 490 21 b GOUP

.1 11EPORT rIrTLF

COST AND PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF NFSS STRUCTURES

A DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report end inclusive dAtea)

Final Report5 AUTHOR(S) (Last name, first oname. Initil/)

Hill, Edward L.Parker., Carolyn M.

6. REPORT DATE 7ai TOTAL NO. OF PAGES! 7NOOF REFS

22 January 1965 75 788 CONTRACT 0 GRANY NO. 9e. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

OCD-PS-64-56 R-OUJ-134b, PROJECT NO.OCD Sixhtask 1115B Operations Research & Economics Division

C, 1 Shete Resarh Dviion 9L, qTHnR nrCOnTT ./ (Aaywuheiriurbero that may he ac atigned~ .~eearc ~thin report)

d. OCD Research Directorate ..- ..-

10. A V A IL ABILITY./LiMiTATION NOTICESQualified Requestors may obtain copies of this report from the Defenae Documentatiai*Perter, Alexandria, Virginia, 22314. Foreign announcement and dissemination ofth'is report by DDC is not authorized. Not releasable to OTS.

11 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

The data in this report will be combin- OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSEed in a more comprehensive Report . DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYf_R-OU-196. WASHINGTON. D. C. 2031013 ABSTRACT This constitutes the final report off the research on area factors and cat.egorization of building structural characteristics which was completed under Con,tract No. OCD-PS-64-56 before management responsibilities were transferred to USNRD]

A statiatical study of NFSS Phase 2 building structural characteristics extract-ed from OCD files is reported. A~total of 844 buildings of the original Phase Isample of 1541 was surveyed by AE's in the NFSS Phase 2. Included in these buildingare 1030 basement shelter areas, 262 first story shelter areas, and 838 upper storyshelter areas. The modal value- for basement sill heights is 5 feet; whereas 80%/ ofthe sill heights of the first stories are from 2 to 3 feet, and for upper stories9M% are from 2 to 3 feet. Parallel partitions occur in 51% of the basement shelterareas, 68% of the first story shelter areas, and 78% of the upper story shelterareas. Cross partitions occur in 761 of the 2130 shelter areas.

"Area factors" are multipliers used to estimate the fraction of the total floorarea offering protection greater than a predetermined value. A unique set of areafactors which do not vary with structural details of the building are used in theNFSS. Several shortcomings of these approximate area factors are discussed: casesin which center PF's are lower than off-center PF's; the effect of interior parti-tions, floor thickness, and apertures; end shelters with predominantly roof contri-bution. Analyses of shelters with onl~y roof contribution and of shelters with bothground and roof contribution are presenteci. Methods of determining more nearly corIrect area factors for each situation are given. For more exact computations, it isrecomnmen~ded that the shelter area be calculated by computing PF's at several. off-

center locations and determining graphically the areas which reach a prescribed PF.

PD D AM 1473 u i

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Unclassifiedsecutlt 'l~ik Ic; a l u loltl

LIKALINK 0 LINK CK E-Y W( RrS .. . - I . ........ .R01_17e

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ShcListical Analysis 4Shc iter s 2 3

Classification 10 2 1Shielding 5 2Geome try 5 2Surveying 10 I IData I 3,Buildings 1 1

National Fallout Shelter Survey 8 4Protection Factor 10 4Fallout Shelter 8 4Area Factor I 8 4Procedures 10 j2

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