SDSU Biochar Projects Presentation
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Transcript of SDSU Biochar Projects Presentation
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SDSU Biochar Projects
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INTERACTIONS OF BIOCHAR
SOURCE/PROPERTIES IMPACTSON SOIL PROPERTIES, C
,AND CROP MANAGEMENT
D.D. Malo and S.A. Clay (project leaders), T.E. Schumacher,H.J. Woodard, D.E. Clay, and R.H. Gelderman, SDSU Plant
Science Department; and H. Lei and J.L. Julson, SDSUAgricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
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Others involved in projectResearch Associates:
Steph HansenCarrie WerkmeisterBev Klein
Undergraduate trainingMitch OlsonKaitlynn KrackDan ClaySusie Rodriguez
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Introduction
MaterialsMethods
Future research
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BiocharCo-product of pyrolysis,
an incineration method to gain energy (orethanol) from organic materials under low orzero oxygen environments
Many different starting materials includingWoodCorn stover
switchgrassThe end-product is typically a fine-grained,highly porous charcoal
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Why land spread biochar?
disposal method
reuse nutrients remaining in biocharfor carbon sequestration
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Soil characteristics or processes thatmay be affected by biochar addition
Recent studies have focused on using biocharas nutrient sourcesFew studies have examined how biochar may
including:Soil water holding capacity and releaseSoil warming
Soil microbial activitypH and EC (salt content)Herbicide sorption
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SDSU AG and Biosystems Engineering Dept.SDSU AG and Biosystems Engineering Dept.Task 1: Conversion process data collectionTask 1: Conversion process data collection- - Year 1 WorkYear 1 Work
Assembled a microwaveAssembled a microwave- - aided pyrolysis process.aided pyrolysis process.
Completed pyrolysis of woodchips, switchgrassCompleted pyrolysis of woodchips, switchgrassand corn stover samplesand corn stover samples- - based on a centralbased on a centralcomposite experimental design.composite experimental design.
Source of biochar for herbicide sorption studies.Source of biochar for herbicide sorption studies.
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ObjectiveDetermine the
pH and EC of biochar produced from various materialsand conditionsherbicide sorption characteristics of biochar alone
soil pHsoil ECsoil microbial communities
herbicide sorption
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MaterialsBiochar from three sources
SwitchgrassCorn Stover
Corn stover and switchgrass were processed by. .
Julson and Dr. H. Lei)Temperatures used were 550, 600, or 650 CProcessing time 8 to 25 minutes
9 samples of each materialWood ash [obtained from CVec Plant(Benson, MN)]
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CVEC Plant* (Benson, MN)
* Chippewa Valley Ethanol Company - Source of wood bioash/biochar used in initial parts of project
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Low temperature(550 C)
High temperature(650 C)
Increasing time
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Low temperature
(550 C)
High temperature(650 C)
Increasing time
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Corn stover biochar image from Scanning Electron Microscope (HITACHI S-3000N),operated at 10 kV with pyrolysis condition at 550C; The size of the hollow area wasaround 2-10 m.
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Microbial Studies InitiatedDenaturing Gradient Gel electrophoresis
(DGGE). Three soils and two different levelsof biochar additions were established and arebeing incubated. At selected times samples
are taken and DGGE and fluoresceindiacetate hydrolysis (FDA) tests will be run todetermine if changes in soil microbial
community occur as a result ofbiochar/bioash additions.
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Herbicide sorption studiesTwo herbicides
Atrazine2,4-D
Biochar alone or mixed with a Brandt silty
c ay oam so p . at1% biochar (w/w) or10% biochar (w/w)
0.01 M CaCl 2 with or without herbicide wasadded 4:1(v/w) when soil was present or 5:1(v/w) if biochar alone
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Measured
pHECHerbicide remainin in solution after 24 hr of
agitation,sorption coefficient (K d) for each herbicide wascalculated
Three replications/trt; replicated in time
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Results to date
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Wood Chip Bioash/BiocharProperties
% Total Carbon = range from 37.7 to 36.4
with average of 37.0%)% Total Nitrogen = range from 0.15 to 0.17with average of 0.16%)
C:N ratio = range of 249:1 to 224:1 with anaverage of 239:1
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Wood Chip Bioash/BiocharProperties
pH values (range from 11.8 to 9.8 with
average of 11.0)Electrical conductivity [salt measurement](range = 2.9 to 4.7 average = 3.6 dS m -1)
Water soluble bases (Na + = 11.6 cmol c kg -1;K+ = 19.1 cmol c kg -1; Mg2+ = 0.04 cmol c kg -1;and Ca 2+ = 3.5 cmol c kg -1)
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1.5
22.5
3
EC (dS/m)
Switchgrass Biochar EC
10
0
0.5
1
550 600 650
Processing temperature
22
Soil ECWood chip EC = 3.6
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8
9
10
Switchgrass biochar pH
* 671 C
3
4
5
6
7
550 600 650
16
22
10% soil
Processing temperature
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7
9
pH
Switchgrass vs Corn stover Biochar pH
10
3
5
550S 550C 650S 650C
Processing Temperature
1620
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607080
90
Atrazine sorption by corn stoverbiochar
010
203040Kd
550 600 650
Temperature
101622
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101214
16
Kd atrazine in soil with 10%switchgrass biochar
0246
550 600 650Processing temperature
101622
Kd atrazine tosoil = 3.8
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8
10
12
Kd atrazine in soil with 10% cornstover biochar
0
2
4
550 600 650Processing temperature
1622
Kd atrazine tosoil = 3.8
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AtrazineAtrazine sorption is known to increase at when soil
pH is either low (8)The increased sorption (Kd) when biochar is presentimplies
controlLonger residence time at high pH (due to unavailabilityto soil microbes)Shorter residence time at low pH (due to chemicalhydroxylation)Changed leaching potential
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30
40
50
2,4-D sorption by switchgrass biochar
0
10
20Kd
550 600 650
Temperature
101622
Kd 2,4-D tosoil = 1.0
*
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101214
16
Kd 2,4-D in soil with 10%switchgrass biochar
0246
550 600 650Processing temperature
1622
2,4-D sorptionby soil
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2,4-D2,4-D is not a soil applied herbicide, however,
small sorption coefficients to soil due to itsnegative charge give a model compound ascomparison
2,4-D sorption also increased when specificbiochar types were addedLess leaching by the negative compounds
Longer residence time
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Example of how Kd value affects
leaching through a matrix
Input values for each scenario:Matrix layer = 20 and Pore value = 85
Red line = breakthrough curve ofnonadsorbed carrier (water)
Green line = breakthrou h curve for chemical
Kd = 1
Kd = 1
of interest
Kd = 4Kd = 9
Simulationrun throughNetLogo 4.1
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SDSU AG and Biosystems Engineering Dept.SDSU AG and Biosystems Engineering Dept.
Year 2 PlanYear 2 Plan - - Conversion process data collectionConversion process data collection
Determine composition of biofuels components.Determine composition of biofuels components.
Determine composition of biochars.Determine composition of biochars.Determine energy content of biofuels components.Determine energy content of biofuels components.
..
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Plant Science Dept.Year 2 Plan
Examine herbicide sorption characteristics
using wood ashExamine desorption characteristics whenbiochar is amended to soil
Examine herbicide availability to plants ingreenhouse studiesColumn leaching experiments