SDPM - Lecture 2 -The STEP WISE Approach to Project Planning
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Transcript of SDPM - Lecture 2 -The STEP WISE Approach to Project Planning
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
STEP WISE
The STEP WISE Approach to Project Planning Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
1 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science Dates
Feb. 1 14:45 – 17:30 Introduction, Project Description Feb. 2 13:45 – 16:30 STEP WISE Approach to Project Planning Feb. 9 13:45 – 16:30 Selecting an Appropriate Software Dev.
Approach Feb. 15 14:45 – 17:30 Activity Planning and Resource Allocation Feb. 16 13:45 – 16:30 Software Effort Estimation Feb. 22 14:45 – 17:30 Risk management, project escalation Feb. 23 13:45 – 16:30 Project monitoring and control Mar. 1 14:45 – 17:00 Exam Mar. 2 13:45 – 16:30 Software Quality Assurance Mar. 8 14:45 – 17:30 Managing People; Contract Management Mar. 9 13:45 – 16:30 Various Mar. 15 14:45 – 17:30 Trade Fair
2
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
3
Deadlines
February 18, midnight Assignment 1: Project proposal (‘bid’)
February 25, midnight Assignment 2: Project Plan including functional specification
March 1, midnight Assignment 3: Deutsche Bank case, 5 ppt slides
March 1 (14:45 – 17:00) Exam March 15 (14:45 – 17:30) Trade fair March 16, midnight Assignment 4:
Personal reflection paper on project management
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Save Energy Applications
! Project Control Book: Template ! ! ProjectControlBook.doc (Blackboard)
! Project proposal (bid) due by Feb 18, midnight
4 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
STEP WISE Approach to Planning ! STEP WISE Approach to Planning Software
Projects ! STEP WISE aspirations
! Practicality • Tries to answer the question „what do I do now ?“
! Scalability • Useful for small project as well as large
! Range of application ! Accepted techniques
• E.g. borrowed from PRINCE, etc. • PRojects IN Controlled Environments
5 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
STEP WISE overview
6 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
1. Identify project objectives 0. Select Project 2. Identify project infrastructure
3. Analyze pr. characteristics
4. Identify products and activities
5. Estimate effort for activity
6. Identify activity risks
7. Allocate resources
8. Review / publicize plan 9. Execute plan
10. Lower level planning
For each activity
Review lower level detail
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Example: A project scenario ! Hardware / software engineering company (C++
language of choice) ! Teams are selected for individual projects – some
friction has been found between team members ! HR manager suggests psychometric testing to select
team ! Software package to be used to test staff ! MS Access suggested as a vehicle for
implementation ! Usability is important – decision to carry out usability
tests 7 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Program management
! Individual projects vs. Program components ! Collection of projects that contribute to the
same overall organizational goals ! Well-defined program goal, projects selected
and tuned according to this goal: ! Contribution and visibility ! Timing and resourcing ! Financial outcome
8 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Feasibility study ! Introduction: identifies what the document is ! Description of current situation ! Problem description ! Proposed development:
! Business and financial aspects ! Technical aspects ! Organizational aspects
9 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Feasibility study (cont‘d) ! Estimated costs
! Development costs ! Setup costs ! Operational costs
! Envisaged Benefits ! Direct Benefits ! Assessable indirect benefits, e.g., increased
accuracy ! Intangible benefits
! Recommendations
10 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Cost-benefit evaluation techniques ! Net profit ! Payback period ! Return on investment (ROI)
! The profit or loss resulting from a project
! Net present value (NPV) ! An approach used in capital budgeting where the present value of cash
inflow is subtracted from the present value of cash outflows.
! Internal rate of return (IRR) ! Often used in capital budgeting, it's the interest rate that makes net present
value of all cash flow equal zero. Essentially, this is the return that a company would earn if they expanded or invested in themselves, rather than investing that money abroad.
! Decision trees, etc.
11 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 1: Establish project scope and objectives
! 1.1 Identify objectives and measures of effectiveness ! How do we know if we have succeeded ?
! 1.2 Establish a project authority ! Who is the boss ?
! 1.3 Identify all stakeholders in the project and their interests ! Who will be affected / involved in the project ?
! 1.4 Modify objectives in the light of stakeholder analysis ! Do we need to do things to win over stakeholders ?
! 1.5 Establish methods of communication with all parties ! How do we keep in contact ?
12 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Example: Continued ! Project authority
! Should be a project manager rather than HR manager ?
! Stakeholders ! Project team members to complete online
questionnaires: concern about results ? ! Revision to objectives
! Provide feedback to team members on results
13 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Stakeholders
14 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
! = individuals/organizations that are involved in or affected by project activities. ! Can have tremendous impact on project development. ! Conflict among stakeholders is inevitable. ! Bargaining and negotiation required. ! Often, all stakeholder groups are slightly annoyed with the
project team. ! Tradeoffs among stakeholder groups.
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 2: Establish project infrastructure ! 2.1 Establish link between project and any
strategic plan ! Why did they want the project ?
! 2.2 Identify installation standards and procedures ! What standards do we have to follow ?
! 2.3 Identify project team organization ! Where do I fit in ?
15 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 3: Analysis of project characteristics ! 3.1 Distinguish the project as either objective or product-based
! Is there more than one way of achieving success ? ! 3.2 Analyze other project characteristics (including quality-based
ones) ! What is different about this project ?
! 3.3 Identify high-level project risks ! What could go wrong ? ! What can we do to stop it ?
! 3.4 Take into account user requirements concerning implementation ! 3.5 Select general life cycle approach
! Waterfall ? Increments ? Prototypes ? ! 3.6 Review overall resource estimates
! Does all this increase the cost ?
16 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Example: Continued ! Objectives vs. Products
! Use paper questionnaire then input results of the analysis ?
! Some risks ! Team members worried about implications and do not
cooperate ! Project managers unwilling to try out application ! Design difficult to implement in MS Access
! Answer ? – Evolutionary prototype ?
17 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 4: Identify project products and activities ! 4.1 Identify and describe project products –
What do we have to produce ?
! PBS: Product Breakdown Structure
18 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Usability testing
Change requests Test results Testing arrangements Selected subjects
Analysis report Completed questionnaire
Questionnaire design Booked machine
A product breakdown Structure (PBS)
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Products ! The result of an activity ! Could be (among other things)
! Physical thing („installed PC“) ! A document („logical data structure“) ! A person („trained user“) ! A new version of an old product („updated software“)
! The following are NOT normally products ! Activities (e.g., training) ! Events (e.g., „interviews completed“) ! Resources and actors (e.g., „software developer“) – may be exceptions
to this ! Products CAN BE deliverable or intermediate
19 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Product description (PD) ! Product identity ! Description – what is it ? ! Derivation – what is it based on ? ! Composition – what does it contain ? ! Format ! Relevant standards ! Quality criteria
Create a PD for „test data“
20 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 4 (cont‘d) ! 4.1 Document generic product flows
! PFD: Product Flow Diagram Sequence in which products are to be created
21 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Testing plan
Test results
Booked machine Questionnaire design Selected subjects
Change requests
Completed questionnaire
Questionnaire analysis
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 4 (cont‘d) ! 4.3 Recognize product instances:
! The PBS and PFD will probably have identified generic products, e.g., „software modules“
! It might be possible to identify specific instances, e.g., „module A“, „module B“ …
! But in many cases this will have to be left to later, more detailed planning
! 4.4 Produce ideal activity network: ! Identify the activities needed to create each product in the PFD ! More than one activity might be needed to create a single
product ! Hint: Identify activities by verb + noun but avoid „produce …“ (too vague)
! Draw up activity network
22 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
An „ideal“ Activity
23 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Plan testing Design questionnaire Conduct tests Analyze results Draft change requests
Book machine
Select subjects
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Step 4 (cont‘d) ! 4.5 Add check-points if needed
24 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Design system Design module B Test system
Design module C
Design module A
Code module B
Code module C
Code module A
Design system Design module B Test system
Design module C
Design module A
Code module B
Code module C
Code module A
Check-point
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 5: Estimate effort for each activity
! 5.1 Carry out bottom-up estimates ! Distinguish carefully between effort and elapsed time
! 5.2 Revise plan to create controllable activities ! Break up very long activities into a series of smaller
ones ! Bundle up very short activities (create check lists ?)
25 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 6: Identify activity risks ! 6.1 Identify and quantify risks for activities
! Damage if risk occurs (measure in time lost or money) ! Likelihood of risk occurring ! Problem of assumption
! 6.2 Plan risk reduction and contingency measures ! Risk reduction: activity to stop risk occurring ! Contingency: action if risk does occur
! 6.3 Adjust overall plans and estimates to take account of risks ! E.g., add new activities which reduce risks associated with other
activities, e.g., training, pilot trials, information gathering
26 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 7: Allocate resources ! 7.1 Identify and allocate resources to activities ! 7.2 Revise plans and estimates to take into
account resource constraints ! E.g., staff not being available until a later date ! Non-project activities
27 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Gantt charts
28 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
March April 5 12 19 26 2 9
Jean-Paul
Nita
Percy
Ali
Franz
Dylan
Design module A Design module B
Code module A
Code module C Code module B
Design module C Design module D
Code module D
Test module C
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Step 8: Review / publicize plan
! 8.1 Review quality aspects of project plan ! 8.2 Document plan and obtain agreement (from
stakeholders)
! Step 9 and 10: Execute plan and create lower level plans
29 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Upcoming project proposal („bid“) ! Use project control book template – project plan ! For the bid: Feasibility study outline - bid ! Distinguish between level one and level two
functionalities (must have vs. nice to have) ! Draft basic timeline, projects charts needed for later,
updated version ! Grading criteria:
! Amount of detail ! Clarity ! Comprehensiveness ! Consciseness ! „Theory“ use
30 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Summary of Terms
31 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
! PBS: Product Breakdown Structure ! What do we have to produce?
! PFD: Product Flow Diagram ! Sequence in which products are to be created
! AN: Activity Network ! Identify the activities necessary to create each
product in the PFD
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PRINCE II
An excursion Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
32 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2
! Very similar to STEP WISE ! Also, very product based
33 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
PL1 Design Plan
PL2 Define and analyze products
PL3 Identify activities and their dependencies
PL4 Estimate effort for each activity
PL5 Schedule
PL6 Analyze Risk
PL7 Complete Plan
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Project Organization ! Users: Of products of the project ! Suppliers: Of goods and services needed by the project ! Executive: Ensures that project meets business requirements ! Represented on Project Board: Overall accountability for success ! Project Manager: Managing on day-to-day basis
! Delegates to Team Managers for large projects ! Project Stages: More manageable segments. ! Each phase might have
! Req. Analysis and specification ! Logical design ! Physical design ! Build ! Testing ! Installation
34 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Project Procedures
35 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Programme Management
Project Board
Project Manager
Team Manager
Team Member
DP SU
IP CS
MP
SB CP
Project Management Team
SU: Starting up a project IP: Initiating a project DP: Directing a project CS: Controlling a stage MP: Managing product
delivery SB: Managing stage
boundaries CP: Closing a project PL: Planning
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Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Directing a Project:
! Authorizing initiation ! Authorizing a project (agree after planning: go ahead) ! Authorizing stage – or exception plan ! Giving ad hoc direction ! Closing project
! Starting up the Project: ! Programme management (group of projects) ! Project Mandate (document, identify customer, scope) ! Project Brief (document, objectives of project) ! Project Approach (document, general technical approach)
36 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Initiating a Project:
! Project Quality Plan ! Project Plan
• Major products to be created • Main activities to be undertaken • Project risks and counter-measures • Effort requirements • Time scales • Key decision points
37 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Controlling a Stage:
ID Processes
CS1 Authorize Work Package
CS2 Assess Progress
CS3 Capture Project Issues
CS4 Examine Project Issues
CS5 Review Stage Issues
CS6 Report Highlights
CS7 Take corrective action
CS8 Escalate Project Issues
CS9 Receive Completed Work Package
38 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Managing Product Delivery:
ID Processes
MP1 Accept Work Package
MP2 Execute Work Package
MP3 Deliver Work Package
39 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Excursion – PRINCE 2 ! Managing Stage Boundaries:
ID Processes
SB1 Planning a Stage
SB2 Updating the Project Plan
SB3 Updating the project business case
SB4 Updating the Risk Log
SB5 Reporting a Stage End
SB6 Producing an Exception Report
40 System‘s Development and Project Management - Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck