Scout Award Notes - · PDF fileScout Award Notes 2 © 2014 ... Also called the Artillery...

Scout Award Notes 1

© 2014 - THE TRIBE WWW.STCSCOUTS.COM

SCOUT AWARD NOTES

Revision: 2014 January

Notes for Scout Award compiled in accordance with the syllabus set out by the Sri Lanka Scout Association.

© 16th Colombo Scout Troop,

S. Thomas’ College, Mount Lavinia.

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Edited and compiled by: S.C. Gajanayaka (© SG Creations 2014 January) The E-book version of this booklet may be found at:

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Scout Award Notes 2


CONTENTS

Item Page No.

1. Promise and Law .......................................................................... 04 2. Savings .......................................................................................... 04 3. Personal Log .................................................................................. 05 4. Display, Variety Entertainment, Campfire .................................... 05 5. Excursion - Place of Interest ......................................................... 05 6. Three Knots ................................................................................... 06 7. Lashings ......................................................................................... 07 8. Projects: (1) Trestle (2) Flag Pole ................................................. 09 9. Flag Ceremony .............................................................................. 09 10. Hand Axe and Knife ..................................................................... 09 11. Emergency Message ...................................................................... 11 12. Woodcraft Signs .......................................................................... 12 13. Compass ........................................................................................ 13 14. Six Exercises .................................................................................. 13 15. Observation .................................................................................. 15 16. Directing Strangers ....................................................................... 15 17. One Night Camping ...................................................................... 15 18. Cooking ......................................................................................... 15 19. Expedition ..................................................................................... 15 20. Accidents ...................................................................................... 16 21. Environment & Agriculture ........................................................... 27 22. Marching ....................................................................................... 27 23. Social Health ................................................................................. 28 24. 15 Trees ........................................................................................ 29

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NOTES

1. This booklet consists of 38 pages. 2. This booklet has been typeset in font ―Optane‖ – 14 pts. 3. Scout Award:

a. Proficiency Badges: Should win two Proficiency Badges from the following groups – Public Service, Education, Sports, Social, Culture, Practical Science and Hobbies. When attempting the Proficiency Badges, if the Scout is under 15 years of age he should select the badge syllabus for under 15 and if over 15 years of age he should select the badge syllabus for over 15. Both the Proficiency Badges should not be selected from the same group. If desired, could do up to 04 more Proficiency Badges from the above groups.

b. Service: To complete the Scout Award, 06 months service after the investiture.

c. Eligibility: i. The Scout Award could be presented only after reaching 12

years of age. ii. The Scout is not eligible to receive the Scout Award after he is

18 years of age.

Scout Award Notes 4


SCOUT LAW AND PROMISE

Scout Promise: ―On my honour, I promise to do my best, to do my duty to my religion and country, to help other people at all times and to obey the scout law.‖ The 3 parts of the promise: To do my duty to my religion and country To help other people at all times To obey the Scout Law Scout Law: 1. A scout is trustworthy – A scout is reliable, i.e. that a scout can be

entrusted with a responsibility, and expected to carry out it with diligence, honesty and integrity.

2. A scout is loyal – A scout will remain faithful. 3. A scout is friendly and considerate – A scout will be warm, friendly

and understanding. 4. A scout is a brother to every other scout – A scout treats another scout

as he would treat his own brother. 5. A scout is courageous – A scout is brave. 6. A scout is kind to animals – A scout will not harm animals and will

help them if needed. 7. A scout is co-operative – A scout will work co-operatively with others. 8. A scout is cheerful – A scout should always will cheerful under

whatever circumstances. 9. A scout is thrifty – A scout is efficient in using the resources around

him and manages them well to achieve an objective i.e. money, time, labour etc.

10. A scout is clean in thought, word and deed – A should be clean in thought, word and deed and should do anything entrusted to him genuinely. A scout also keeps a calm and peaceful mind under all circumstances, free from jealousy, hatred and anger.

SAVINGS

Show evidence that the scout still maintains and practices savings and that

he has saved more since the last badge.

Scout Award Notes 5


PERSONAL LOG

The scout should have up to date logs.

DISPLAY / CAMPFIRE

Should participate in a show or campfire where public or the Group Scout Leader is present.

EXCURSION - PLACE OF INTEREST

Visit a place of historical, cultural or educational interest and write an

article of not less than 200 words, about the visit.

Specimen article - Sigiriya: The rock fortress Sigiriya, rises some 600 feet above the scrub jungle plain in the north central part of Sri Lanka. It is situated in Inamaluwa Korale in the Matale district. It is this very feature that drove young prince Kasyapa, after killing his father King Dhatusena, by entombing him alive, to this lonely rock in the jungle to hide from his older brother who was gathering an army to retake the throne. It is treated as the 8th wonder of the world. It also has been named as a world heritage by the UNESCO. Kasyapa while in self imposed exile made his new kingdom as liveable and pleasant as possible by surrounding himself with his loyal followers, parks, two water canals as for his personal enjoyment, what could only be described as "pinups". It is believed that there is a similarity between the frescoes at Sigiriya and frescoes at "Ajantha" cave in India. The women in the frescoes are his wives. These frescoes are to this day preserved in a grotto in the sheer west face of the rock. The top of the rock in itself is a marvel of agro-engineering. About 3 acres in area, every square foot was utilized.

Scout Award Notes 6


Bathing pools were cut out of living rock and every drop of (rain) water was used and re-used. Sigiriya (lion's throat) was so named because the visitors had to go through the throat of a lion to get to the top of the rock. So these tell us the uniqueness of this great kingdom. It is probably the best art gallery in the Sri Lankan history. Today Sigiriya is a bustling tourist-attracted city with world class hotels for the weary traveller.

THREE KNOTS

1. Fishermen’s Knot:

As the name indicates this is a knot used by fishermen and is used for joining two pieces of gut, which would not hold if we used a reef knot or sheet bend. It can be used for joining thin twine, if you think the normal method would slip, remember however this knot tends to jam and therefore is difficult to untie. To tie, lay the two pieces to be joined alongside one another with the ends in opposite directions, make an overhand knot in each end around the standing part of the other, pull the standing parts in opposite directions and draw the two overhand knots together.

2. Man Harness Knot:

Also called the Artillery knot and the diagonal figure of eight. A loop knot tied in the bight through which an arm can be put up to the shoulder to assist in hauling, while leaving the hands free. Formerly used on gun carriages, one end of the rope being fastened to a ring on the end of the axle. Good for tying

Scout Award Notes 7


a 2nd boat/raft into the painter of a boat already tied to the only decent point on the shore. 3. Timber Hitch:

This important hitch will hold firmly and can be tied and untied quickly. This hitch is used to draw two spars together when starting a diagonal lashing. It is also a quick and easy method of fastening a rope to a spar for a short time, to haul it up or along. It will hold only if a steady tension is kept on the rope; if spar is to be hauled along pointing in one direction, it is better to put a half hitch on the spar first in the direction you want it to point. To tie take a turn around the spar bending the tope back around itself and twisting the end two or three times and pulling on the standing part to tighten.

LASHINGS

1. Diagonal Lashing:

This lashing is used to "spring" two spars together. The lashing is started with a timber hitch around both spars. The timber hitch is tightened so as to draw the two spars together. Three or four turns are then taken around one fork, and three or four turns around the other fork. Two frapping turns are taken about the lashing at the point where the spars cross, and the lashing is finished off with a clove hitch around the most convenient spar. 2. Square Lashing: This lashing is used whenever spars cross at an angle, touching each other where they cross. The lashing starts with a clove hitch (or timber hitch)

Scout Award Notes 8


around the upright spar immediately below the horizontal spar. The lashing is then taken in front of and up over the horizontal bar. It then passes behind the upright spar, down in front of the horizontal spar and finally around behind the upright spar, just above the original clove hitch. The process is repeated four times keeping outside the previous turn on the horizontal and inside on the upright. Then three or four frapping turns are taken. The lashing is finished by a clove hitch on the horizontal spar; A. This clove hitch must be snugged and slid near the lashing. 3. Sheer Lashing:

This is used for lashing together parallel spats and for forming "sheer legs" which support bridges and the like. Begin with a clove hitch around one of the spars. Take seven or eight turns about both spars. These turns need not be very tight but the frapping turns taken around them should be pulled very snug. Finish with a clove hitch on the spar opposite to that on which the first clove hitch was laid. 4. Tri-pod Lashing:

To lash three spars together to form a tripod, lay the spars on the ground pointing in alternate directions. Begin with a clove hitch or timber hitch on one of the end spars. Take seven or eight loose lashing turns around all three spars and loose frapping turns in the spaces between. Finish with a clove hitch on the centre spar and hoist the tripod.

Scout Award Notes 9


PROJECTS

The scout should demonstrate his skills in lashing by constructing a trestle and a portable flag pole (H Base, A Base etc.).

Trestle:

FLAG CEREMONY

Should know how to perform a flag ceremony, hoist a flag, make

preparations for a flag break or flag hoisting ceremony.

HAND AXE AND KNIFE

1. Hand Axe:

An axe can be a very useful tool in camp. Note however that there are many different types of axe and they tend to be suitable for a limited range

Scout Award Notes 10


of work. In Scouting this should not present too much of a problem as we tend not to use the more 'specialist' types of axes. Hand Axe - Names of Parts:

Care of an Axe: 1. After use clean and sharpen the blade 2. Put it in a case to prevent accidents 3. Keep the axe on a shelf facing the wall 4. Never play with the axe 5. Always see that the axe head is tightened Rules of Safety: 1. Keep a clean radius of about five feet from the chopping block. 2. Keep your eyes open and take a rest when tired. 3. Always use a chopping block. 4. Never use an axe if the blade is even slightly loose. How to Chop Wood: To chop wood get something strong to act as a chopping block. It would be good if it’s long and heavy but it should be made out of wood. Cut across the chopping block at an angle.



2. Knife:

Care of a Knife: Keep the knife clean and dry Clean the blade each time after use Avoid hitting metal objects with the blade as it damages it Put it in a case after use How to Use a Knife: Never try to catch a falling knife Never keep a knife in your pocket Keep it in a proper case Always use a sharp knife with caution Clean it after use

EMERGENCY MESSAGE

Know how to send an emergency message to Police, Hospital, Ambulance, Fire Brigade and Bomb Disposal Units. Their telephone numbers are given

below:

1. Accident Service (General Hospital) 011-2691111 2. Bomb Disposal (Army Squad) 011-2434251 3. Fire Service (Colombo) 011-2422222 4. Ambulance (Accident Service) 110 5. Police Emergency Service 119 6. Police Emergency (Colombo) 011-2433333 7. St John’s Ambulance 011-2437744 8. Sri Lanka Red Cross 011-2672727 9. National Help Desk 118 10. Government Information Centre 1919



WOODCRAFT SIGNS



COMPASS

The eight main bearings or directions in a compass are: North – 0o South – 180o East – 90o West – 270o North East – 45o South East – 135o South West – 225o North West – 315o

However there are eight other bearings on a compass as well. They are: North North East (NNE) – 22.50 East North East (ENE) – 67.50 East South East (ESE) – 112.50 South South East (SSE) – 157.50 South South West (SSW) – 202.50 West South West (WSW) – 247.50 West North West (WNW) – 292.50 North North West (NNW) – 337.50

SIX EXERCISES

The six exercises taught and practiced by B.P were as follows: 01st Exercise: This exercise is mainly considered as a warming up for our head and

neck. Rub the head, face and the neck firmly over several times with the palms

and fingers of both hands. Thumb the muscles on the neck and throat. 02nd Exercise: This mainly for the chest area.



From the upright position bend to the front, arms stretched downwards with the back of the hands together in front of the knees and breathe in slowly.

Gradually go up and raise your hands above your head and exhale as you say the words ―Thank You‖

03rd Exercise: This is for the stomach area. Stand upright and send out both arms, fingers

stretched straight to the front. Then slowly swing around to the right from the

hips. Without moving your feet, point the right arm as

far behind you as possible. Both arms should be always kept at shoulder level. Now come back to the starting position and repeat

this again in the same direction six times. After you have done this six times to the right change direction and do

this six times to the left. 04th Exercise: This exercise is done for the trunk and is also

called the ―cone‖ exercise. Stand at alert and raise both hands together as

high as possible over your head. Link your fingers together. Now lean backwards and sway in the shape of a

cone, in a way that the hands make a wide circle above and around the body.

Your eyes should see all movement behind you. Repeat six times to the right and six times to the left. 05th Exercise: This is for the lower body and the back of

your legs. You simply stand up and reach high as you

can skywards with both hands, stretched upwards.



Then you bend downwards till your fingers touch your toes. Once again you come up and bend yourself backwards as far as

possible, while your two hand act as a support for your head and neck. If you find you cannot touch your toes you mustn’t force yourself to do it

or allow anyone else to force you down. The value of this exercise lies in the backward and forward strokes. 06th Exercise: This for the legs, feet and toes. Stand barefoot at alert. Keep your hands on your hips and go down (as shown in the

figure given below) while keeping your back straight. Do this a dozen times.

OBSERVATION

Play Kim’s Game. Remember a minimum of 16 items out of 24 after 2 minutes observation and 3 minutes given to write down from memory.

DIRECTING STRANGERS

Know the location of important buildings and other important places in the

village or town and be capable of directing strangers.

ONE NIGHT CAMPING

Should camp for a minimum of one night with the patrol or the troop. The log of the relevant camp must be written.

COOKING

Should know practically how to cook, light a fire outdoor and prepare a

curry and tea.

EXPEDITION

Should go on a 12 Km on foot, canoe or boat on a specific hike route. After this a hike report should be prepared and handed to the Hike instructor. This should be done only after the completion of other

requirements for the Scout Award.



ACCIDENTS

I. Shock II. Bleeding III. Broken Bones IV. Burns V. Snake Bites VI. Fainting VII. Electrical Shock VIII. Poisoning

IX. Chocking X. Fits

Facts to Remember:

1. The heartbeat of an average human is 72 – 80 beats per minute. 2. When treating a patient you as the first aider must remain calm and

decisive. 3. All ways call for help as first aid is only a temporary solution to the

problem. 4. Always asses the emergency situation before rushing in. 5. Always asses yourself in accordance to the situation. 6. Identify yourself as a first aider before taking any action. 7. Make sure the patient is safe and calm. 8. Educate the professionals such as the medics or the doctors on the

situation and what treatment you administered. 9. In an emergency, take leadership as a first aider.

1. Shock Shock can in a way, can classified as a dangerous condition that has in many instances, lead to death. This condition comes with almost all kinds of injuries. Causes for shock: Fear Allergy Pain High Fever



Some people can go into shock more easily than others. Usually a person suffering from shock becomes instantaneously unconscious. Lay him down immediately on the floor, put his head to one side and keep him warm. Also make sure that his feet are higher than his head. Call immediately for help. 2. Bleeding To stop serious bleeding, lay the affected person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk, or elevate the person's legs. If possible, elevate the wound above the level of the heart to reduce blood flow. Apply steady, firm pressure directly to the wound using a sterile cloth. Maintain this pressure until the bleeding stops. Then wrap the wound tightly with a gauze bandage, and secure it with adhesive tape. If the bleeding continues and seeps through the bandage, add more absorbent material. Do not remove the first bandage. If the bleeding doesn't stop, apply pressure to the major artery that delivers blood to the area of the injury. When the bleeding has stopped, immobilize the injured part of the body. You can use another part of the body, such as a leg or the torso, to immobilize the area. Be sure to leave the bandages in place. Then get immediate medical attention. If the patient is suffering from nose bleeds lean him forward and tell him to breath through his mouth and let the nose bleed. Tell him to pinch the soft part of the node. 3. Broken Bones A fracture is a broken bone. It requires medical attention. If the broken

bone is the result of a major trauma or injury, call 911 or your local emergency number. Also call for emergency help. Do not attempt to move the patient. Identifying a fracture -

Even gentle pressure or movement causes pain. The limb or joint appears deformed. The bone has pierced the skin. The extremity of the injured arm or leg, such as a toe or finger, is numb

or bluish at the tip. You suspect a bone is broken in the neck, head or back. You suspect a bone is broken in the hip, pelvis or upper leg (for

example, the leg and foot turn outward abnormally, compared with the uninjured leg).



Given Below are the various ways in which to handle these fractures.



4. Burns To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the degree and the extent of damage to body tissues. The three classifications of first-degree burn, second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you determine emergency care: First-degree Burn: The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned. The skin is usually red, with swelling and pain sometimes present. The outer layer of skin hasn't been burned through. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint. Second-degree Burn: When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is termed a second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling. If the second-degree burn is no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, get medical help immediately. For minor burns, including second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, take the following action: Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for at

least 5 minutes, or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn.

Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton,

which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burned skin reduces pain and protects blistered skin.

Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen

(Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Never give aspirin to children or teenagers. Minor burns usually



heal without further treatment. They may heal with pigment changes, meaning the healed area may be a different colour from the surrounding skin. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help. Avoid re-injuring or tanning if the burns are less than a year old — doing so may cause more extensive pigmentation changes. Use sunscreen on the area for at least a year.

Caution: Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging your skin. Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are vulnerable to infection. Third-degree Burn: The most serious burns are painless and involve all layers of the skin. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn. For major burns dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: 1. Don't remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smouldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. 2. Don't immerse severe large burns in cold water. Doing so could cause shock. 3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). 4. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. 5. Snake Bites Most snakes aren't poisonous. Some exceptions include the rattlesnake, coral snake, water moccasin and copperhead. Most poisonous snakes have slit like eyes. Their heads are triangular, with a depression, or pit, midway between the eyes and nostrils. Other characteristics are unique to certain poisonous snakes: Rattlesnakes make a rattling sound by shaking the rings at the end of their tail. Water moccasins have a white, cottony lining in their mouth. Coral



snakes have red, yellow and black rings along the length of their body. To reduce your risk of snakebite, avoid picking up or playing with any snake. Most snakes usually avoid people if possible and bite only when threatened or surprised. If you've experienced snakebite: Remain calm. Don't try to capture the snake. Immobilize the bitten arm or leg and try to stay as quiet as possible. Remove jewellery, because swelling tends to progress rapidly. Apply a loose splint to reduce movement of the affected area, but make

sure it is loose enough that it won't restrict blood flow. Don't use a tourniquet or apply ice. Don't cut the wound or attempt to remove the venom. Seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if the bitten area

changes colour begins to swell or is painful.

Given below are and images of the above mentioned snakes so you can identify them:

6. Fainting Fainting occurs when the blood supply to your brain is momentarily inadequate, causing you to lose consciousness. This loss of consciousness is usually brief. Fainting can have no medical significance, or the cause can be a serious disorder. Therefore, treat loss of consciousness as a medical emergency until the signs and symptoms are relieved and the cause is known.

Coral Snake Water Moccasin



If you feel faintish: Lie down or sit down. If you sit down, place your head between your knees. Discuss recurrent fainting spells with your doctor. If someone else faints: Position the person on his or her back. Make sure the legs are elevated,

if possible above the heart level. Check the person's airway to be sure it's clear. Watch for vomiting. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If

absent, begin CPR. Call 110 or your local emergency number. Continue CPR until help arrives or the person responds and begins to breathe.

Help restore blood flow. If the person is breathing, restore blood flow to the brain by raising the person's legs above the level of the head. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive clothing. The person should revive quickly. If the person doesn't regain consciousness within one minute, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. If the person was injured in a fall associated with a faint, treat any bumps, bruises or cuts appropriately. Control bleeding with direct pressure.

7. Electrical Shock The danger from an electrical shock depends on how high the voltage is, how the current travelled through the body, the person's overall health, and how quickly the person is treated. Call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately if any of these signs or symptoms occur: Cardiac arrest Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) Respiratory failure Muscle pain and contractions Seizures Numbness and tingling Unconsciousness While waiting for medical help, follow these steps: 1. Look first. Don't touch. The person may still be in contact with the

electrical source. Touching the person may pass the current through you.



2. Turn off the source of electricity if possible. If not, move the source

away from you and the affected person, using a non conducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.

3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If

absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately. 4. Prevent shock. Lay the person down and, if possible, position the head

slightly lower than the trunk, with the legs elevated. Caution: Don't touch the person with your bare hands if he or she is still in

contact with the electrical current. Don't get near high-voltage wires until the power is turned off. Stay at

least 20 feet away much farther if wires are jumping and sparking. Don't move a person with an electrical injury unless the person is in

immediate danger. 8. Poisoning Many conditions mimic the signs and symptoms of poisoning, including seizures, alcohol intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction. So look for the signs and symptoms listed below if you suspect poisoning, but check with the Poison Control Centre before giving anything to the affected person. Signs and symptoms of poisoning: Burns or redness around the mouth and lips, which can result from

drinking certain poisons Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner Burns, stains and odours on the person, on his or her clothing or on the

furniture, floor, rugs or other objects in the surrounding area Empty medication bottles or scattered pills Vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness, confusion or other unexpected

Signs When to call for help: Call 110 (Sri Lankan emergency number) immediately if the person is:

I. Drowsy or unconscious



II. Having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing III. Having seizures

If the person seems stable and has no symptoms, but you suspect

poisoning, call the Poison Control Centre. Provide information about the person's symptoms and, if possible, information about what he or she ingested, how much and when.

What to do while waiting for help: If the person has been exposed to poisonous fumes, such as carbon

monoxide, get him or her into fresh air immediately. If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read

the label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. If the product is toxic, the label will likely advise you to call the Poison Control Centre at (800) 222-1222. Also call this 800 number if you can't identify the poison, if it's medication or if there are no instructions.

Follow treatment directions that are given by the Poison Control Centre. If the poison spilled on the person's clothing, skin or eyes, remove the

clothing. Flush the skin or eyes with cool or lukewarm water, such as by using a shower for 20 minutes or until help arrives.

Take the poison container (or any pill bottles) with you to the hospital. What not to do: Don't administer ipecac syrup or do anything to induce vomiting. In 2003, the American Academy of Paediatrics advised discarding ipecac in the home, saying there's no good evidence of effectiveness and that it can do more harm than good. 9. Choking Choking occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. In adults, a piece of food often is the culprit. Young children often swallow small objects. Because choking cuts off oxygen to the brain, administer first aid as quickly as possible. The universal sign for choking is hands clutched to the throat. If the person doesn't give the signal, look for these indications: Inability to talk Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing



Inability to cough forcefully Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky Loss of consciousness If choking is occurring, begin to perform the Heimlich manoeuvre. If you're the only rescuer, perform the Heimlich manoeuvre before calling 110 (Sri Lankan emergency number) for help. If another person is available, have that person call for help while you perform the Heimlich manoeuvre. To perform the Heimlich Manoeuvre on someone else: Stand behind the person. Wrap your arms around the waist. Tip the

person forward slightly. Make a fist with one hand. Position it slightly above the person's navel. Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press hard into the abdomen with a

quick, upward thrust - as if trying to lift the person up. Repeat until the blockage is dislodged. To perform the Heimlich Manoeuvre on yourself: Place a fist slightly above your navel. Grasp your fist with the other hand and bend over a hard surface - a

countertop or chair will do. Shove your fist inward and upward. Clearing the airway of a pregnant woman or obese person: Position your hands a little bit higher than with a normal Heimlich

manoeuvre, at the base of the breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs.

Proceed as with the Heimlich manoeuvre, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick thrust.

Repeat until the food or other blockage is dislodged or the person becomes unconscious.

Clearing the airway of an unconscious person: Lower the person on his or her back onto the floor. Clear the airway. If there is a visible blockage at the back of the throat or

high in the throat, reach a finger into the mouth and sweep out the



cause of the blockage. Be careful not to push the food or object deeper into the airway, which can happen easily in young children.

If the object remains lodged and the person doesn't respond after you take the above measures, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The chest compressions used in CPR may dislodge the object. Remember to recheck the mouth periodically.

Clearing the airway of a choking infant younger than age 1: Assume a seated position and hold the infant facedown on your forearm,

which is resting on your thigh. Thump the infant gently but firmly five times on the middle of the back

using the heel of your hand. The combination of gravity and the back blows should release the blocking object.

If this doesn't work, hold the infant face up on your forearm with the head lower than the trunk. Using two fingers placed at the centre of the infant's breastbone, give five quick chest compressions.

If breathing doesn't resume, repeat the back blows and chest thrusts. Call for emergency medical help. If one of these techniques opens the airway but the infant doesn't resume

breathing, begin infant CPR. If the child is older than age 1, give abdominal thrusts only. 10. Fits The brain cells work by a form of biological electricity. Occasionally this electrical system goes wrong and everything discharges at once. This produces an epileptic attack or fit. There are two main types of fits – major and minor. Minor epilepsy (Petit Mal): This usually occurs in children and is nothing more than a short loss of consciousness. It often so brief that the child looks simply dazed or distant and may not even fall over. There can be many such fits during the day and children get so used to this they carry on as though nothing has happened. Major epilepsy (Grand Mal): This is a much more serious condition and takes place in the following order:



Aura - A short warning that a fit is about to happen. It lasts a few seconds or may not occur at all. There is often no time to do anything about it. Rigid stage - The victim tightens all his muscles and falls to the ground. He may cry out as all the air is forced from his lungs and he may pass water or open his bowels. He does not breathe and may go blue in the face. This stage lasts only about half a minute so it is not necessary to start mouth to mouth resuscitation. In any case the muscles are so tight that it is impossible to blow air into the lungs. Shaking stage - This is known as the convulsion. The victim shakes violently. Even the jaw vibrates and the victim may hurt his tongue. After several minutes this stops. Coma stage - After the convulsion, the epileptic often stays quietly unconscious for about half an hour. During this time he may vomit or obstruct his breaching. What to do: Try to prevent injury when the victim falls. Stop the victim biting his tongue during the shaking stage. This is best

done by putting a knotted handkerchief or other soft material between the teeth.

But be careful that you are not bitten. Put the epileptic in the recovery position during the coma stage. Make sure the airways remain clear.

If the victim recovers soon (within 10 to 20 minutes) do not call an ambulance.

There is nothing more annoying to an epileptic than to be taken to a hospital every time he has a fit.

ENVIRONMENT & AGRICULTURE

Spend two months and prepare a file containing pictures, letters, drawings, logs etc. regarding the importance of protection of the environment. Grow

a useful plant and look after it.

MARCHING

March a 100 meters with your patrol. Ask a senior scout or scout leader to train and supervise your marching properly.



SOCIAL HEALTH

Understand what activities could be done to help prevent drug abuse.

Drug Abuse: Drug abuse is characterized by taking more than the recommended dose of prescription drugs such as barbiturates without medical supervision, or using government-controlled substances such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, or other illegal substances. Legal substances, such as alcohol and nicotine, are also abused by many people. Abuse of drugs and other substances can lead to physical and psychological dependence. Drug abuse can cause a wide variety of adverse physical reactions. Long-term drug use may damage the heart, liver, and brain. Drug abusers may suffer from malnutrition if they habitually forget to eat, cannot afford to buy food, or eat foods lacking the proper vitamins and minerals. Individuals who abuse injectable drugs risk contracting infections such as hepatitis and HIV from dirty needles or needles shared with other infected abusers. One of the most dangerous effects of illegal drug use is the potential for overdosing-that is, taking too large or too strong a dose for the body's systems to handle. A drug overdose may cause an individual to lose consciousness and to breathe inadequately. Without treatment, an individual may die from a drug overdose. Drug addiction is marked by a compulsive craving for a substance. Successful treatment methods vary and include psychological counselling, or psychotherapy, and detoxification programs-medically supervised programs that gradually wean an individual from a drug over a period of days or weeks. Detoxification and psychotherapy are often used together. The illegal use of drugs was once considered a problem unique to residents of poor, urban neighbourhoods. Today, however, people from all economic levels, in both cities and suburbs, abuse drugs. Some people use drugs to relieve stress and to forget about their problems. Genetic factors may predispose other individuals to drug addiction. Environmental factors such as peer pressure, especially in young people, and the availability of drugs, also influence people to abuse drugs.



15 TREES

Ability to identify 15 common trees, know their economical, medical and other values.

Following is a specimen list of articles on trees: 1. Coconut Coconut, common name for the fruit of a tree of the palm family, widely distributed in tropical regions. The mature coconut, is oval shaped and has a thick, fibrous outer husk and a hard inner shell. The lining, or kernel, of the inner shell is a white, oily meat that is dried to produce the commercially valuable copra. Copra yields oil used in the manufacture of soaps and candles. Within the kernel is a sweet-tasting, milky fluid. The meat of coconuts, either raw or prepared, is an important food in the Tropics. The terminal bud, known as palm cabbage, is considered a delicacy, and trees are often cut down for the sake of it; the central part of the young stem is also succulent and edible. The sap, or toddy, like that of some other palms, is a favourite beverage in tropical countries, either in the natural state or after fermentation, which takes place in a few hours. Palm wine, or arrack, also spirituous liquor, is obtained by distillation of fermented sap. The tree root possesses narcotic properties and is sometimes chewed. The dried leaves of the coconut palm are used for thatch and, by plaiting the leaflets, mats, screens, and baskets are made. Coir, the fibre of the nut's husk, is used to make rope. Scientific classification: The coconut palm belongs to the family Arecaceae (formerly Palmae). It is classified as Cocos nucifera.



2. Banana

Banana, common name for any of a genus of tropical, treelike herbs and also for their fruit. Species of the genus are native to Southeast Asia but are now grown extensively in all tropical countries for their fruit, fiber, or foliage. A stalk bears only once, dies down, and is replaced by sprouts, two or three of which are allowed to bear fruit. The fruit of the plantain, or cooking banana, is larger, coarser, and less sweet than the kinds that are generally eaten raw. The edible part of the banana contains, on the average, 75 percent water, 21 percent carbohydrate, and about 1 percent each of fat, protein, fiber, and ash. Other parts of the plant abound in fiber, which can be used in the manufacture of paper and cordage. Half of the world's banana crops are grown in Asia, and much of the produce is used locally. The leading banana-export regions are Central America and northern South America. Scientific classification: The plantain, or cooking banana, is classified as Musa paradisiaca.

3. Coffee Coffee, common name for any of a genus of trees of the madder family, and also for their seeds (beans) and for the beverage brewed from them. Of the 30 or more species of the genus, only three are important: Arabian, robusta, and Liberian. The mature fruit, which resembles a cherry, grows in clusters attached to the limb by very short stems, and it usually contains two seeds, or beans, surrounded by a sweet pulp. Coffee grows well on the islands of Java and Sumatra and in Arabia, India, Africa, the West Indies, and South and Central America. The Americas, where Arabian coffee is grown,



produce approximately two-thirds of the world's supply. Both the trees and the fruit are subject to insect infestation and microbial diseases, which may be controlled by spraying and proper agricultural management. Scientific classification: Coffee makes up the genus Coffea of the family Rubiaceae. Arabian coffee is classified as Coffea arabica, robusta coffee as Coffea canephora, and Liberian coffee as Coffea liberica.

4. Mango Mango, common name for a tree, and for its fruit. The tree, is native to India. The fruit, which is a fleshy drupe, is somewhat kidney-shaped or oval, from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) in length; greenish, yellowish, or reddish in color; and contains a large flattened stone. Scientific classification: The mango belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. It is classified as Mangifera Indica. 5. Apple Apple, common name for certain related trees of the rose family, and for the pome fruit of the trees. The fruit is a firm, fleshy structure derived from the receptacle of the flower. Apple wood is hard, durable, and very fine-grained. The physical characteristics of the fruit are subject to considerable variation. The skin color may range from green to a deep, blackish red. Shapes, also, are diverse and include oblate and oblong fruits and fruits of a size hardly larger than a cherry or as big as a medium-sized grapefruit. Apples are eaten in the fresh state; served as the chief ingredient of such desserts as baked



apples, apple pie, and apple strudel; and processed into dried apples, canned sauce, slices, jelly, and pasteurized juice, cider, and vinegar.

6. Date Palm Date Palm, common name for several related trees found in tropical regions. The common date palm is native to northern Africa, southwest Asia, and India and is cultivated extensively in hot, dry regions throughout the world. In many parts of northern Africa, Iran, and Arabia, date palms are the main wealth of the people, and dates are the chief article of food. The fleshy part of the fruit contains about 58 percent sugar and 2 percent each of fat, protein, and minerals. Leaf stalks are used for basketry and wickerwork, leaves are woven into bags and mats, and fiber from both is made into cordage. Another species, the sugar date palm, or toddy palm, is cultivated in India for its sap. The sap may be boiled down to form jaggery, or gur, a crude sugar; or it may be used as a fresh beverage, or to make palm wine, from which arrack, a rumlike liquor, may be distilled. Scientific classification: Date palms belong to the family Arecaceae (formerly Palmae). The common date palm is classified as Phoenix dactylifera.

7. Banyan

Banyan, common name for a large Indian tree (see Mulberry), remarkable for numerous aerial roots that, growing down from the branches, take root in the soil and form prop roots or secondary trunks. In this manner the tree spreads over a large area. As the tree ages, the original trunk decays, and the tree breaks up into several sections, the props becoming separate trunks for the various sections.



The seeds seldom germinate in the ground, but, deposited by birds in the crowns of palm trees, germinate there and send down roots that embrace and eventually kill the palms. Scientific classification: The banyan belongs to the family Moraceae. It is classified as Ficus benghalensis. 8. Tea

Tea, common name for a family of mostly woody flowering plants, and for one of its important genera. The family, which contains about 600 species placed in 28 genera, is distributed through tropical and subtropical areas, but most species occur in eastern Asia and South America. Most members are evergreen trees with broad, simple, resin-containing leaves, although a few climbers and herbs occur. The most important source of timber in the order is a family that dominates the rain forests of Malaysia and is also a source of useful resins. This family contains more than 500 species. Members of the family produce a characteristic two-winged fruit, which is distributed by the wind; the wings are formed by persistent sepals. The tea plant is attacked by several injurious insects, the most important of which is the fagot worm. The tea plant itself is a native of Southeast Asia. The tea brewed from the dried leaves of this plant has been drunk in China since perhaps the 28th century BC and certainly since the 10th century BC, from which time written records of its use survive. It was first brought to Europe by the Dutch in the early 17th century AD. After the introduction of tea there in 1657, England



became the only European country of tea drinkers rather than coffee drinkers. Scientific classification: Teas make up the family Theaceae of the order Theales. The tea genus is Camellia. The tea plant is classified as Camellia sinensis.

9. Rubber

Rubber, natural or synthetic substance characterized by elasticity, water repellence, and electrical resistance. Natural rubber is obtained from the milky white fluid called latex, found in many plants; synthetic rubbers are produced from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Natural rubber production begins with the collection of latex, a milky white substance produced by the cells of several plants. Through an initial cut and selective removal of bark. In its natural state, rubber exists as a colloidal suspension in the latex of rubber-producing plants (see Colloid). The most important of these plants are the tree Hevea brasiliensis of the spurge family. The term Para rubber was then also applied to the product of H. brasiliensis trees cultivated in the rubber plantations of Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, and Sri Lanka. These trees produce about 90 percent of all the new natural rubber consumed. Crude rubber from other plant sources is generally contaminated by an admixture of resins that must be removed before the rubber is suitable for use. Such crude rubbers include gutta-percha and balata, which are products of various tropical trees in the sapodilla family, Sapotaceae. Rubber Production Producing rubber involves several stages. Workers on a plantation begin by drawing latex from trees in a method called tapping. Once the milky liquid latex is tapped and collected, it is placed in a treatment tank where the liquid will begin to gel, or coagulate, into a more solid form. Then, in a roller mill, the gel is pressed into sheets called crepe. Finally, the rubber is smoked, dried, and baled for shipping to manufacturers.



10. Papaya

Papaya, common name for a small family of soft-wooded, sparsely branched trees of tropical America and western tropical Africa, and for its representative genus. The common papaya, also called papaw and pawpaw, is native to the New World, but its exact origin is unknown. Scientific classification: Papaya is the common name for the family Caricaceae. The representative genus is Carica. The common papaya is classified as Carica papaya.

11. Strawberry

Strawberry, common name for low, perennial herbs of a genus of the rose family, and also for the edible fruit of these herbs. Strawberries, which are native to temperate regions throughout the world, were first cultivated in the United States about 1835 and have since become an important and widely distributed crop on farms and in home gardens. Common enemies of the strawberry plant include



such insects as the rose chafers, which riddle the leaves or lay eggs in the flower beds; the black vine weevil; and the leaf rollers. Scientific classification: Strawberries make up the genus Fragaria of the family Rosaceae. The wood strawberry is classified as Fragaria vesca, the meadow strawberry as Fragaria virginiana, and the beach strawberry as Fragaria chiloensis.

12. Mahogany

Mahogany, common name for a medium-size family (about 550 species in about 50 genera) of tropical trees and shrubs important for high-quality woods. True mahoganies are members of an American genus and an African genus. Members of the family usually have pinnately compound (branching) leaves and three to five sepals and petals. Mahogany wood is heavy, strong, and easily worked and resists rot and termites. It is used in cabinetry and veneers and formerly, before all the large trees were cut, in construction. Scientific classification: Mahoganies belong to the family Meliaceae. True mahoganies are classified in the American genus swietenia and the African genus Khaya. The chinaberry tree is classified as Melia azedarach. 13. Teak

Teak, common name for a tall, deciduous timber tree, of the verbena family. The tree is native to India and the Malay Archipelago and is cultivated in the Philippine Islands and Java. Because of its durability and strength, teakwood is used throughout the world as lumber in shipbuilding. In the tropics, the wood is used primarily for the construction of furniture; teak furniture has been known to resist the



attacks of insects and the corrosive effects of weather for hundreds of years. Substitutes for teak, which have been under extensive cultivation because of the increasing demand, are loosely termed teaks. African teak, or African oak, is a hardwood tree of the spurge family. Scientific classification: The teak tree belongs to the family Verbenaceae. It is classified as Tectona grandis. 14. Bamboo Bamboos occur mostly in tropical and subtropical areas, from sea level to snow-capped mountain peaks, with a few species reaching into temperate areas. They are most abundant in southeastern Asia, with some species in the Americas and Africa and none in Australia. Most bamboos are erect, but some are viny, producing impenetrable thickets in some areas. It has hundreds of practical applications, such as in construction and decoration and as paper or food. The plant's stems, called culms, consist of hollow sections called internodes which are interrupted by regularly spaced nodes, giving bamboo its jointed appearance. Bamboos are easily recognized by their woody, jointed stems, called culms. The culms consist of hollow sections called internodes, which are interrupted by regularly spaced solid partitions called nodes. At each node a sheath protects a bud, which may develop into either a branch or an inflorescence. The culms of bamboos are green because they contain abundant chlorophyll in the tissue immediately below the surface. Thus, the culms serve as a major photosynthetic surface, especially because they elongate before the leaves themselves develop. Bamboos are among the plants most widely used by humans. In the tropics they are used for constructing houses, rafts, bridges, and scaffolding. Split and flattened culms can be used as flooring and interwoven to make baskets, mats, hats, fish traps, and other articles; culms of large species may be used as containers for liquids. Paper



is made from bamboo pulp, and fishing rods, water pipes, musical instruments, and chopsticks from other parts. Many bamboos are planted as ornamentals, and young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. The grain is also a food. Scientific classification: Bamboos belong to the family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae). 15. Orange Orange (fruit), common name for citrus fruit of several trees. Different varieties include the sweet orange, the sour orange, and the mandarin orange, or tangerine. The fruit is technically a hesperidium, a kind of berry. It consists of several easily separated carpels, or sections, each containing several seeds and many juice cells, covered by a leathery exocarp, or skin, containing numerous oil glands. Three essential oils are obtained from oranges: oil of orange, obtained from the rind of the fruit and used principally as a flavoring agent; oil of petigrain, obtained from the leaves and twigs and used in perfumery; and oil of neroli, obtained from the blossoms and used in flavorings and perfumes. Oranges, of great commercial importance, are cultivated in warm regions, although they are native to southeastern Asia. The sour orange was introduced to the Mediterranean region by the Arabs about the 10th century, and the sweet orange was introduced by Genoese traders in the 15th century. Scientific classification: Oranges belong to the genus Citrus, of the family Rutaceae. The sweet orange is classified as Citrus sinensis; the sour, or Seville, orange as Citrus aurantium.

Scout Award Notes - · PDF fileScout Award Notes 2 © 2014 ... Also called the Artillery...

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Transcript of Scout Award Notes - · PDF fileScout Award Notes 2 © 2014 ... Also called the Artillery...