Deyane BrunaFrancisca Valentim

Renato Mendes

Begins around 10,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit what is now Scotland after the end of the last ice age. Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age civilization that existed in the territory, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind.

The founders of Scotland of late medieval legend, Scota with Goídel Glas, voyaging from Egypt.

Prehistoric; During the Roman Empire; Early Middle Ages; High Middle Ages; Wars of Scottish Independence; Late Middle Ages; Scottish Reformation; Early Modern Era; Scottish Enlightenment; Modern Era; Timeline of Scottish history.

The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the independent Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

The First War (1296–1328)

The Second War (1332–1357)

At the end of both wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent nation. The wars were important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in medieval warfare.

Robert Bruce VII was one of the most famous and courageous warriors of his generation. He commanded the Scots during the Wars of Scottish Independence against the overwhelming dominance of England. He claimed the throne as a descendant (sixth generation) of David I of Scotland

House of Alpin (843–878; 889–1040); House of Moray (1040–1058); House of Dunkeld (1058–1286); House of Balliol (1292–1296); House of Bruce (1306–1371); House of Stuart (1371–1707); Acts of Union 1707.

These regimes and dynasties were formed by the royal family of several clans, and some members were kings of Scotland.

Scottish clans give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world. Most clans have their own tartan patterns, and members of the clan may wear kilts, plaids, sashes, ties, scarves, or other items of clothing made of the appropriate tartan as a badge of membership and as a uniform where appropriate.

Kilts: The kilt is a knee-length garment with pleats at the rear, originating in the traditional dress of men and boys in the Scottish Highlands of the 16th century. Since the 19th century it has become associated with the wider culture of Scotland in general, or with Celtic heritage even more broadly. It is most often made of woollen cloth in a tartan pattern.

Tradicional Kilt Tradicional Wedding

Depending upon how "different tartan" is defined, it has been estimated that there are about 3,500 to 7,000different tartans, with around 150 new designs being created every year.

Speakers of Northumbrian Old English settled in south eastern Scotland in the 7th century, at which time Celtic Brythonic was spoken in the south of Scotland to a little way north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde, and Pictish was spoken further north: almost nothing is known today about the Pictish language. At the same time Gaelic speakers began to spread from the Western Coast of Scotland north of the Clyde into the east.

Over the next five hundred years with the founding of Scotland and spread of Christianity across the north of Britain by the Columban Church the Gaelic language slowly moved eastwards and southwards across the lowlands. When Northumbrian lands were incorporated into Scotland in the 11th century Gaelic became the prestige language there and had some influence, but the south east remained largely English speaking. In the far north, Viking incursions brought Old Norse speakers into Caithness, Orkney and Shetland.

(Northumbrian) Old English to 1100; Pre-literary Scots to 1375; Early Scots to 1450; Middle Scots to 1700; Modern Scots 1700 onwards.

Dialects

Insular Scots; Northern Scots; Central Scots; Southern Scots; Ulster Scots.

Edinburgh: the country's capital and second largest city;

Glasgow: Scotland's largest city was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation;

Aberdeen: the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital and a important North Sea port.

Is a rugged, barren region that covers the northern two thirds of Scotland. There are two major mountain ranges, the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mountains rise in this region.

Scotland has some 790 islands, most of which are located off the northern and western coast of the country. The northern and western islands of Scotland can be found in three main groups: Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides which can be divided into the Inner Hebrides and the Outer Hebrides.

Medieval Scottish LiteratureGael – The word “scot”;Some Gaelic texts written in Scotland have survived in Irish sources;Monasteries.

Romance LiteratureFrance and Roman de Fergus;Latin and Carmen de Morte Sumerledi;The most important: Vita Columbae.

1950 to the presentJames Kennaway;

Alexander Trocchi in the 1950s and Kenneth White in the 1960s left Scotland to live and work in France;

Edwin Morgan - The officially-appointed national poet.

Edwin Morgan

Best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language;

Pioneer of the Romantic movement; Burns also collected folk songs from

across Scotland; Poems: A Red, Red Rose; A Man's A Man

for A' That; To a Louse; To a Mouse; The Battle of Sherramuir; Tam o' Shanter, and Ae Fond Kiss.

Closely linked with the rest of the United Kingdom;

Service sector;

Currency: Sterling.

Bank of Scotland

Responsible for sustaining 200,000 jobs; Scotland is connected to England by a

road, rail and air network. The airports Glasgow-International, Glasgow-Prestwick, Edinburgh and Aberdeen serve as the main international gateways to Scotland.

Loach Ness

Edinburgh Castle