Submitted by Dr Rajesh Kumar Sahu

What is BIOTECHNOGY ?Biology+Technology

Involves the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating useful products/services

The use of living microorganisms in systems or processes for the manufacture of the useful products , it may be algae, fungi, yeast bacteria ,viruses , cells of higher plants and animals or their subsystems or isolated components from living matter

- It consists of scaling up of biological processes

Biotechnology

We’ll examine:

Animal cloning

Gene cloning for pharmaceutical production

The promise and perhaps perils of embryonic stem cells

CONTINUE.....

BIOTECHNOLOGY- ITS APPLICATIONSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGEBiochemistryCell biologyComputer scienceGeneticsImmunologyPhysiologyMicrobiologyMolecular biologyBiochemical engineering

BIOTECNOLOGICAL TOOLSBiosensor technologyCell & tissue culture technologyGenetic engineering technology(recombinat

DNA tech)Monoclonal antibody technologyProtein engineering technologyAntisense technologyBioprocessing technology

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGPOLLUTION PREVENTIONBIOREMEDIATION

AGRICULURAL FIELD

DEVLOPMENT OF GOOD QUALITY CROPPREVENTION OF DISEASES IN LIVESTOCK

SECTORNEWER VARITIES OF CROP YIELDTRANSGENIC PLANT AND ANIMAL

PRODUCTIONAlternatives of expensive fertilisers

MEDICAL SECTOREfficient diagnostic techniqueVaccine productiobn & application Therapeutics

BIOSENSORSBiosensor technology couples our knowledge of

biology with advances in microelectronicsA biosensor is composed of a biological

component,such as cell, enzyme,or antibody, linked or tiny transducer.

HELPFUL IN1- Measuring nutritional value, freshness & safty of

food2-Locate & measure the environmental pollution3-Detect & quantify explosive, toxins and

biowarfare agents

CELL CULTUREIt is the growing of cells outside the living

organisms1- plant cell culture2- animal cell culture3- insect cell cultureBENEFICIAL. Production of transgenic plant & animal

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 1- Recombinant DNA technology, joining together of DNA

molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations those are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

2- Since the focus of all genetics is the gene, the fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and to manipulate genes

COUNITUE........

The Inner Cell Mass is the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells

The embryo is destroyed by separating it into individual cells for the collection of ICM cells.

A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fragments of different size will be produced by a restriction enzyme that cuts at the points shown by the arrows.

DNA Fingerprinting Basics

If DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that recognizes sites on either side of the region that varies, DNA fragments of different sizes will be produced.

A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced from a number of different sites in the genome that vary in length.

The more common the length variation at a particular site and the greater the number the sites analyzed, the more informative the fingerprint.

NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGYNanobiotechnology is a new technology that works

at the scale of a single molecule or about a thousandth of a micron. It is the study and manufacture of super‐small structures and tiny machines made on the molecular scale.

These can be used to build structures that might be used in microchips for super‐fast computers made of DNA rather than silicon.

Nano biotechnology could be used to miniaturize sensors and improve drug delivery

BIOTECHNOLOGY – DIOGNOSTIC Help diagnose prostate cancer or cholera or high cholesterol

Determine if women have a predisposition to breast cancer

Ensure that our blood supply is safe and doesn’t carry diseases from blood donors, such as HIV or mad cow disease and find out if a baby in the womb have issues like Down syndrome or spina bifida

Biotechnology is allowing us to diagnose disease earlier in the disease process, which greatly improves patient’ s prognosis

PROTEIN ENGINEERINGProtein engineering is used often in conjuction

with recombinant DNA technology to improve existing proteins, such as enzymes, cell receptor,antibodies.

These proteins may be used in drug devlopment, food processing, industrial devlopment

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODYMonoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large

amounts of pure antibodies in the following way: We can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture. If we form a hybrid that combines the characteristic of "immortality" with the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory to produce antibodies that worked around the clock.

In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a "hybridoma," which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell.

Biotechnology

Dolly and surrogate Mom

Genetically modified rice.

Embryonic stem cells and gene therapy

(Science (2002) 295:1443)

Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet

Significantly, Carbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the animal she was cloned from.

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ORGANISM BIOTECHNOLOGYHelp the organism live better or be more

productiveGoal – improve organisms and the

conditions in which they grow

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

Is important because it brings science closer to creating life in the lab

Cells and tissues may be developed to treat human injury and disease

THERAPEUTICS Treat cancer, arthritis, asthma, heart disease, and

hemophilia.New drugs have been developed that Produce

antibiotics, birth control pills, vitamins, and growth hormones.

Treat the side effects of chemotherapy and give cancer patients a better chance for a cure.

Prevent hepatitis, meningitis, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus through vaccines.

Grow skin replacements for burn victims and materials that help broken bones heal better

FOOD PRODUCTION & PROCESSINGAgriculture companies are also using biotechnology to

improve production of meat and dairy products and to improve processing of other foods. Examples include:

Using Bovine somato‐tropin (BST), a hormone that helps to increase milk production.

Cloning cows that are high milk producers or beef stock. Reducing soy sauce fermentation from a few months to a few

days.Improving the processing of cheese, cocoa and tea. Using industrial enzymes to process corn syrup to high

fructose corn syrup which is used in many food products such as sodas, sauces, salad dressings tomato paste and ketchup.

Developing preservatives to replace sulfur and nitrates.Developing healthier vegetable oils with reduced saturated fats

crop produced Have the resistance power against the

wormsHave production ability maximumBetter improvement prior to previous

practiceHigh % of food suppliments

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HUMAN HEALTHThe biotechnology pharmaceutical industry has

grown immensely in the past 25 years.The first drug produced through biotechnology,

human insulin, has been helping to save lives since 1982. Since then, the biotechnology industry has brought to market more than 200 new drugs and vaccines that treat and prevent diseases. More than 400 new biotechnology drugs are in the process of being tested to see if they can be brought to market.

MICROARRAYSMicro arrays technology is transferming

laboratory research because it allows us to analyse tens of thousands of samples simultaniously

1- DNA micro arrays2- protein micro arrays3-Tissue micro arrays4-whole –cell micro arrays

SOME OF IMPORTANT POINTS MULE HINNY etc………..

THEY ARE THE PRODUCTS OF SPECIES HYBRIDISATION

IT IS THE CROSS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TWO SPECIES & SPECIES DEVLOPS CONTAIN BOTH OF CHARACTER OF TWO SPECIES

USU’s Contribution – A Cloned Mule and the First Cloned Equine

The Biotechnology of Reproductive Cloning

Even under the best of circumstances, the current technology of cloning is very inefficient.

Cloning provides the most direct demonstration that all cells of an individual share a common genetic blueprint.

Plant Tissue CultureA Requirement for Transgenic Development

A plant part Is cultured

Callusgrows

Shootsdevelop Shoots are rooted;

plant grows to maturity

Harnessing the Power of Recombinant DNA Technology – Human Insulin Production by Bacteria

Human Insulin Production by Bacteria

6) join the plasmid and human fragment

and cut with a restriction enzyme

Human Insulin Production by Bacteria

Mix the recombinant plasmid with bacteria.

Screening bacterial cells to learn which contain the human insulin gene is the hard part.

BioremediationBioremediation can be defined as any

process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.

Genetically Modified Food It’s the blessings of biotechnology. tomato is incorporated with cat fish gene

which will be the fishy in taste

Personality As the work is largely related to scientific

research. It becomes quite important to have a good

academic background in science. Hard work and high level of intelligence with

a scientific bent of mind, determination, perseverance, imagination,

innovative attitude, ability to work for long hours, originality,

team spirit, These are some important essentials for

becoming a successful biotechnologist!!

Professional Courses Candidates having background in science at the

intermediate level can take up B.Tech. programme in Biotechnology. P.G. courses available are M.Sc. Biotechnology, Agriculture Biotechnology, M.V.Sc. (Animal) Biotechnology, M.Tech. Biotechnology, Biomedical Engineering M.Sc./M.V.Sc. in Veterinary Biotechnology,M.Sc. (Marine) Biotechnology,Medical Biotechnology, M.Tech. in Biomedical Engineering /Biotechnology. - PHD in biotechnology.

Qualified  biotechnologists are employed in leading business companies, pharmaceutical companies, chemical industries, bio-processing industries, agriculture related industries and pollution control activities of the major industries etc.

They can even join government and corporate run research and development organizations.

On the whole making it a good career opportunity for the bright young people like you.

THAT MUCH OF DISSCUSSION IS NOT

SUFFICIENT

ABOUT

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

THANK U ALL HAVE A NICE DAY

Dr Rajesh Kumar Sahu MVSc( VPH) 2013V 21M