Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in Private Industry ...teristics of scientists and engineers...
Transcript of Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in Private Industry ...teristics of scientists and engineers...
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TITLE
INSTITUTION
PEPORT NOPUB DATENOTEAMIABLE IPPON
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DOCUMENT RESUME
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Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in PrivateIndustry: 1978-80. Special Peport.Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOLI, Washington, D.C.:National. NIcience Foundation, Washington, D.C. Div. ofScience RdSources Studies.NSF -90 -320Oct 8034p.Superintendent of Dqbusents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402 (no price quoted,.
NF01 /PCO2 Plus Postage.College science: Employment Patterns: *EmploymentStatistics: Engineering Education: *EngineeringTechnicians : ,* Engineers: Government Publications:Higher Education: *Industrial Personnel: Industry:Science Education: *Scientists
ABSTRACTThis publication provides data on scientific and
;engineering (S/E1 personnel employed in private industry, whichemploys about 75 percent of the total work force and over 60 percentof the *cork force of scientists and engineers. Information on the
.supFlvw, graining: employment, and other personal and professionalcharacteristics of S/E personnel is provided, by detailed .
occupational field and industry. (CS)
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!************************4t*******************************************p**Oeproductions supplied by ERRS are the best that can be made
, from the otiginal document.*********-***************************1**********************************
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FOREW RD
The Nation's scientific and technical human resources represent prime as-sets in achieving a high degree of social and cultural development, economicgrowTh, technological advancement., and national security. Whereveremployedindustry, universities and colleges, government facilities, or non-profit organizations scientific and engineering (S/E),personnel have pro-duced impacts disproportionately greater than their numbers.
-i'In continuing recognition of the vital role played b, this resource,, the Na-
t tional Science Foundation (NSF) has attempted to ensure.a flaw of data on thesupply./ training, employment, and other personal and professional charac-teristics of scientists and engineers to governrrit, industry, educators, andthe general public. One major gap in the developmeniof employment data haseen the lack of detailed emplOyment statistics forIcientists, engineers, and
technicians in private industry. This sector employs about 75 percent of the/ total work force and over 60 percent of the work fprce of scientists and en-
gineers. Information about the dynamics of this sector (erg.. changes in indus-trial composition and within industries, changes, in the'occupational dis-tributions of employed workers) is necessary to erovide an understanding ofutilization. patterns of scientific and technical personnel. Such informationalso aids in human resour s analysis and planning, siWce it. provides bench-marks for projecting future ccupational requirements. These requirements, inturn, influence the decisions of edecational planners, employers,, and indi-viduals making career plans:. .- , .
This report presents the findings of employmentstudies based on data fromsurveys conducted by the 'Bureau of Labor Statistics, for IsiSF,,,it encompasses,for the first time, comprehensive and up-to-date, employment'estimates of sci-entists, engineers, and technicians by detailed occupationakfield and industry.
'Charles E. FolkDirector, Division 9f Science
Resources StudieS7Directorate for Scientific.,
Technological, and InternationalAffair's , ...-di 4
October 1980
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acknowledgments
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This report reflects the joint efforts of the National Science Foundation'sDivision of Science Resources Studies and the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Divi-sion of Periodic Employment Statistics Programs, The Bureau of Labor Statis-tics' staff members who participated in the data collection and estimation wereElli Abramson Brian MacDonald,, and Tom Shirk.
Within the National Science Foundation, Joseph Cangialosi was responsiblefor the analysis of the statistical material developed by the Bureau of LaborStatistics and preparation of the final report, under the general direction ofJoel L, Berries, Study Director., Utilization Studies Group, with overall guid-ance by Alan Fechter, Head, Scientific and Technical Personnel Studies Sec-tion.
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Highlights .IntroductionTrends in S/E Employment in Private Industry ...... ....Employment by Industry .
Concentration and Technological Intensity . ,. ...........Employmiant by Occupation .
'Appendixes:A. Technical NotesB. Statistical Table& .
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highlights
rScienc nd engineering (SIE) employment in privateindustry remained virtually unchapged 'between 1970and 1980-2.1 million. A long-rurrdecline in SIE em-ployment in manufacturing industries was counteredby steady growth of SIE employment in nonmanufac-turing, industries. Between 1978 and 1980., gowever,employment in manufacturing increased slightly. 4
Emplciyment of scientists, engineers and techniciansin private induitry is concentrated in relatively few in-dustries. Among the 17 industries surveyed, 4 ac-counted for over one-half of the scientist., engineer,and technician (SE&T) employment: miscellaneousservices (primarily engineering and architecturalservices), electrical equipment manufacturing,machinery manufacturing, and business services (in-cluding commercial computer Service firms).
Reflecting more general tendenciei toward a serviceeconomy, recent employment growth was more rapidin nonmanutacturing industries. Nonmanufacturing in-
,: dustries account for 41 percent of SE&T employmentin 1980, but accounted for 60 percent of the SE&Temploym nt growth between 1978 and 1980.
Projec ns through the eighties suggest, that non-ma acturing activity will continue to grow at a morerapid rate than manufacturing activity. The majorbeneficiaries of these projected industrial trends areexpected to be civil. engineers, computer specialists,geologists, and geophysicists.'
Technologically intensive industries can be identified.by the concentration of employment of scientisTs and
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engineers relaWe to an industry's total employmenOn this basis, the most technologically intensive non-,manufacturing industry is the miscellaneous servicesindustry. This industry includes firms providing en -'gineering,' architectural, and Surveying services. intmanufacturing, the most technologically intensive 41-dustries are petroleum refining and chemical and re-lated products, ,
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Within manufacturing, the -largest engineering spe-cialties were 'electricatftronic and rriecharucal engineering, reflecting the elative irnportance of theelectrical equipment and machinery- industries. Civilengineers were the largest engineering specialty innonmanufacturing, reflecting the importance of theeggineenng and architectural services industry.... ,
Chemiits were by far predominant among scientistS in'the.manufacturing industries and computer specialistsin the nonmanufaciuring industries. .
tOf the 2.1 million industrial Stientists, engineers, andtechnicians in 1980.:almostepne-half were technicians.Of the' remaining 1.1 'million most (about 80 percent)were engin rs.
* The ratio of sci ntists and engineerk to technicians is
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. an index of the "skill-intensity" of SE&T employment.This index varied widely among indUstries. On.,aver-age, manufactunnd4industries tend to be more skillintensive than rK;nmanuficturing industries (1.25 vs:0.92). Within these broad sets of industries, the index
.exceeded 2.0 in transportation equipnrintccrude pe-troleum and natural gas extraction, and petroleum re-fining. Ilk
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A relative shift Of.resources.out of primary activities., such as agriculture ,andmining, into tertiary activities, such as services, has been occurring in theUnited
I States and in other advanced industrial societies for a considerable period of time.This shift reflects such factors as changes in consumer demand, govetnment pol-icy, patterns of foreign trade and technology. These changes also affect the em-ployment demand for scientific-and technical personnel and can result in redis- ,tribution of this demand by field, degree level, and type of work activity. Since alarge proportion of the Nation's scientific and technical activities are 'undertakenby private industry, information on these activities in this sector of the economy is ':useful and important. The National Sbience Foundation has been supporting thecollection of data on the employment of scientists, engineers, and technicians in.industry by supplementing and using the Occupational Emppymenf Survey con -'ducted regularly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. .
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This report summarizes 1980 employment patterns and recent and expectedtrends In the industrial and occupational distribution of scientists, engineers, andtechnicians. The report explores pattern implicatidris for future demands .for dci-entific and technical personnel in various occupations, Results are limited to themanufacturing sector and largely to nonregulated 'industries in the nonmanufac-turing sector (i.e., they exclude wholesale and retail trade, transportation, com-munications, and public utilities):
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s,tre in sie employiment in privateindustry
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The long-run trend in employmentof scienlista and engineers I in pri.vate industry has been flat Over the1970-90 period: 1.1 million inJanuary 1980,comPard`to 1.0 millionin 1970. Within the private iiiidustrysector, however,*-two distinct trendsare apparent. In the Manufacturingsector, the long-run trend has shownsome decline but An noemanufac-
. 1'luring, it' has shown steady, growthchart 1). Between 1970 and 1980,manufacturing employment of scien-fists:and engineers fell at an averagerate of about 1 perent per year until197.8, with a small recovery bet we+)
1978 and:1980 of 4 percent. Within.manufacturing, most of the 1978-65'
is growth was -accounted for by threeindustrieselectrical equipment:.machinery., and professional and sci-entific instrurnents. Growth in thenonmanufacturing sector'. hoWever,has been continuous over the1970-8(rperiod incieasing kom
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316.000 in 1970 to 413.000 or almost3 percent per year. Between 1978 and1980 estimated growth in non-. Itmanufacturing was over 9 percent;In nonmanufacturing, most of thegrowth occurred in miscellaneousservices, business services, and crudepetroleum and natural gas extraction(chart 2). It
Because of the lack of growth inmanufacturing between 1970 and1980.'eRployrnent in nonmanufac-turing rose from 30 percent of totalprivate industry SIE employment in1970 to 31 percent by 1980,
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...By occupation. scientist employ-.
ment increased at an average annualroe of about 4.7_percent oy.,,er the1970-80 decade, while engineeringemployment increased at an averageannual 'rate of 2.2 percent..However,over the 1978-80 period, employ-ment of scientists and engineers in-creased at roughly similar rates,about S percent per year.
' 1 he 1970 estimates are from 1J S Department ofLabor. Bureau of Labor Statisttes. Emploment ofS(tetiftsts and kngtneers 14511-70 H401111n 1.98fiWaShInglOn, DC. Supt of Documents, US Gov-
,ernment Prowl:II Office. 144731 The comparable1974 estimates are from unpublished data of BLS
. }or definition of st ientists. engineers. and tech- and the 1978-80 period represents comparable Matinc pans see the technical notes Lorrertin trend tnti and January 1980 estimates Sy NSF based ondata for tertnic ians are pot available data of the BLS Dechnscal notes)
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employment byindustryManufacturing .
Industries
Of the estimated 2 1 million scieri-tisk,. engineers. and technicians ern...plowed In private industry in January1980. the manufacturing sector is es-timated to'have employed over 12:r?
tapercent of industrial im-gineers., 45 percent of industrial St 1-entists. and 55 pltent of industriallet hnicians i ). Within thilsector. major employers Were the-electrical equiipmeni industry:.machin&v. transportation equip-ment: and chemicals. The largestemployer- of engineers was the elec-trical equipm,ent industry: thechemicals industry employed themost scientists: and the machineryindustry employed the largestnumber of technicians (chart 3).
Nonmanufacturing;Industries 3
Nonmanufacturing industries are_estimated to have employed about850.000 scientists.- engineers. andtechnicians in January 1980. or 41percent of private ociustry employ.ment. Engineering opployment wasestimated at a r oueno2.55,000. em-'ployment of sci tests at aeboto1:15;000 and employment- of tethrii-ctantat about 450.000. Major em,
tploving industries witin this sector
ct lodes trade and rei.ulatecl inI1UNIrtec 14 orninto tiations trancrittation and puhili titili leyI he estimate.' for 198n ate based on extrapolk Loriof silts It data lot 14170 for the nottnsanufai thongter. o find 1-117Z for the ruppg ter tar
add amplida, sad Idanicllis larked isdldry.,lop leder d selpIrdst: )1101
Told 6101.81.11.1i .
lrimos80 mil NO
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were: mistellaneous'serviqs,. busk Della.neous servie .s. and-trudeness seryices;' fin total ,SE&T em- troleti'm and natural gas. eictra$ lionployment:, (miscellaneous services. ll'or scientists); and miscellaneousbusiness servicesl; 'and construction servites and business services (forfor engineers. busitiess services. mis- hnicians) -
\It* ellaneous sets', PS Ulf 10(1P au h ac Ili II IPS eiSenRilleetitist are bilqt tural and Nurse% mg ....tilt es?noniounkftett tat edito ationai No tentif Jo and; toSetif( 1; °flout/at tows act ouItting audiring, and,huldatteintIR Nets t(e, and ierVlt out
1.14111k..1 .ers it eti 191 jock. t (Impute, and4a4a nrS ...sing e: 3ne biding projirainfmstl111.% tesato it and dr% ehiptoont abotlintiillattatternent .11)41 ionsuli gig sts pi es. 41111 11$01117TIPftat teNttng labvt:Ifortes
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Table 1: Estimated emPforent of scientists, engin s, and technicians in private induStry' by sector,
and cicc ional giouP: January 1980
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Industry
TotalManutacjilfing
t Scientists gineersandi ns total.
Number 1 PercentY.
,2 113 100 0'1 251 T 59 2. ;
Duf,atfe goods 05 845
Primary metals 44. "2 1Fabricated metals 71 3 3Machinery 255 12 1Decimal equIpmerll 275 13 0iTransportation .
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- Iequipment 186 * 88
Instruments 120 5 7All other durable
goods . 36 1 7Nondurable goods 266 12 6Chemicals 1'47 . 6 9Petroleum relining 26 1 2 ._
MI other nondurablegoods 93 44 .
NonmanutaclumngCrude petrolettm and
__.862.. 4p 8
'natural gas extraction ' 55 2 6 '-----Other mining 18 8Construction' 96 4 5Finance InsUrance"/
and real estate '85 4 0Business services 253 12 0Miscellaneous.
services 305 1 4 4
All other services 51 2.4 '
{Thousands) .
. Scientists and engineers._
Technicians
Totala .
Engineers Scientists
Number Percent Y Number Percent Number, Percent f Number Percent.4f
1.1I0 100 0 824697 62 8 567544 19 0 189
24 22% 2035 3 1 31
"121109` , 110
158 14 2 146
127 114 11562 5 6 55
.16 ; 1 4 12
154 13 9 7890 8 1*". 3918 1 6 11
46 42 29413 37 2 257_
37 ':
3 3 18
11 1 0 7
51 4 6 49
41 3 7 6
125 11 2 62
139 r 12 5 1 1 t
11 . 1 0 I 2
'Excivairrg trade communications transportation and 'blic utilities
Source National Science FoundAtion
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100 0 216 100 9 1.004 100 0.6813 130 45 1 - 54 '55 259 3 , 51 16 9 143 44_1
24- 4 t 5 20 2 O'Ik37 4 13 36 36
134 11 40 13* 13317 7 12 4 3 11,7 11 6
' 146 11 40 59 5 96:6 7 6 58 5 8
1 5 4 1 4 20 2 09 6 76 28 5 112 11 14 7 52 .18 1 56 5 6.1 3 7 2 3 9 9
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35 17 6 0-5 47 47*.- 2 156. 54 6 449 ' 44 8.31
2 2 ` 19 6 5 18 1 89 4 1 3 7 7
6 0 1 9 45 4 5
7 35 12 1 _ 44 4 47 6 62 21 7 129 12 8
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concentration andtechnological intensity
Employment of scientists., en-.gineers, and technicians in these in-dustries is not widely dispersed. Ofthe 17 industries examined, the fourbiggest employed over one-half of thetotal scientists, engineers, and tech-nicians:,miscellaneous services 14percent.; electrical equipment., 13percent: machinery an.d businessservices, each 12 percent (chart 3 andtable 1j. By broad occupationalgroups, the major employing indus-tries for engineers are electricalequipment industry, transportationequipment, miscellaneous services,;and machinery, each employing 13percent to 18 percent of the total.Scientists are highly concentrated intwo industriesbuSiness services;22 percent, and chemicals, 18 per-cent. The concentration of scientists- -in these industries results ftorrh theheavy utilization of computer scientists in-the former and chemists inthe latter:
The concentration of scientists andengineers in a relatively smallnumber of industries is the result ofeither the concentration of industrial_activity in these industries,, or thefact that their industrial technologyrequires a relatively large number of
i employees with SEE skills.,,One wayto determine the relative effect othese two determinants on the idustrial distribution of scientists and-engineers is to develop a "conce'n-
medarttlart 4. tomontrallim raft el WWI*s_f
"0110011trallellraip
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.iiliplar$ VI Nasky:,,Concentratila goo
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1=MMEMiscellaneous services
Crude petroleum andnatural gas extraction
Metallic mineralsmining
Businessservices
IntGeneral constructionexcept building
Insurance
Coal mining
Im Nonmetallicminerals mining
AI General buildingconstruction
IBanking
I Special tradeconstruction
Nonmanulacturing
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Petroleum
Chemicals andallied products
Electricalequipment -*
Transportationequipment
Professional andscientific instruments
Machinery
Primary metals
Tobaccomanufacturers
Fabricatedmetals
Rubber andplastic products
Paper and alliedproducls
Stone. clay, andglass products
Miscellaneousmanufacturing
Textiles
Food and kindredproducts
Manulacturing
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tration lane for each industry, re-lating that industry's share of Semployment to its share of total (i e..Si and nonS,E1 employment A ratioclose to unity for the industrieswhich were large employers impliesthat the large S E employment isprimarily the result of large amciuntsof industrial activity (reflected bytotal einplotment) A ratio greaterthan unity implies that these indus-tries aft' relatively technologicall%intensive
trot.koit It the tI1. ramp, of Tet Iltiolris;tral4 , 1 art hint 8 . 1 i t 410 it din Till re
purl 1,.t I irif Roiled
111 an qk.I.11 1E14 Um, nI 1fir reldrig Mit 1411 l'41111tis 4,1
I 1,1, and Pitgl'1/4.1,, I or ri.mritioll "I the t 41f1vritiatothiarro ,,,,, oh, r.1 brut now,
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Regarded another way. the UM,ceraration ratio is a means of decom-posing two effects on the emplo-merd of scientists and engineers inart industry the scale effect, resultingfrom the level of produdtion, and theeffect of differing tec hnology in pro-ducing each industry's output. Ap-plying this type of Analysis to the in-dustrial employment distribution 01scientists, engineers. and techni-cians, wet find that the concentrationof the four industries cited above isprimarily clue to high technology in --tensity.. The same conclusion holds at
one narrows the focus to only sc ien-tists and engineers.
Continuing our focus on scientistsand engineers. we find that, among
the rionmanufac taring industries. themiscellaneous servi«,s industry hadthe most technologically concen-trated work force. employing almostnine times the number Of scientistsand engineers e\peCted. fudged Kitsshar of total nonmanufacturing employment (( hart 4) Other highly«inceritrated 11011111(111(1141( luring in-dustries were crude petroleum andnatural/gas esdraction. 4 3. metallic.mires]: mining. '2 8. business serv-ices 2 5; and general construction,except budding, 1 8 In the man-utac luring Itetor, petroleum refiningand chemicals and allied productshad the greatest concentration of so-entises and engineers -2.6 and '2.5.r(id)e rid Y
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employment byoccupation
Within the industries examined, yrengineers outnumber scientists byalmost 3 to I (chart 5). Engineers are 3amote heavily utilized in manufac-turik, while scientists are more in-tensively utilized in nonmanufac-turing industries (table 1). Techni-cians are more equally distributedbetween these two sectors,
Within manufacturing, the largestengineering specialty is electrical/eleCtionic, followed by mechanicalengineers. The predominance ofthese two specialities reflects thelarge amber of electrical engineersin the electrical equipment man-ufacturing industry and the employsment of relatively large numbers ofmechanical engineers ih the machin-ery industry. Within nonmanufac-turing civil engineers predominates;reflecting the large numbers em-ployed in engineering and architec- 4.4?
tural services firms.-
Chemists make up the lafieit sci-ence specialty in manufacturing in.dustries and computer systemanalysts predominate.in the non-manufactiging sector, Each accounts .
for about 45 percent of all scientistsin their respective sectors., Within
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Other
Other
Social scientists
Geologists/geophysicists Aeronautical
Mathematical Chemicalscientists
Industrial
Chemists
Computerscientists
Civil
Mechanical
trial/electronic
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nonmanufacturing, computer spe-cialists are concentrated in the serv-ice sector. primarily business serv-ices. Most of the remaining scientistsin nonmanufacturing are physicalscientists. primarily geologists andgeophysicists employed in the pe-troleum and natural gas industry.
Through the seventies, total em-ployment in nonmanufacturing in-dustries increased more rapidly thanin manufacturing, and long-rangeprojections indicate that these trendswill continue at least through themi6deighties.° Assuming no 'radicalshifts in the occupational. distribu-tions within these industries, the rel-ative shift from manufacturing tononmanufacturingtindustries that hasoccurred and is expected to continuein the United States has importantimplications for the demand for sci-entists. engineers. and technicians byspecialty.. The major beneficiaries ofthis shifting pattern of industrialgrowth have been and will be thosespecialities with'high concentrationsin the nonmanufacturing sectorcivit engineers. computer spe-
, ciailista., and geologists andgeophysicists. They -will probablycontinue to enjoy above - average rates ical changes and/or dramatic shifts inofernployment growth in the indus- the relative costs of employing thesetries examined. specialties could alter the projected
Radical sIifts'in fliture'occupa ,ernployment outlook. It should alsotional distributions within Vreseln: be rbmembereethat these implica-dustriestaUsed either by technolog- tions are based only tin the' ediplay.
ment patterns found in the industriesexamined in this report. The ern-ployment impliCations for specialties
V Protections for 1985 are based on iltipliblished that have relative employment con-daia of B1.S Trends in aggregate employment by ,oentrations in other sectors of theindustry were generated by BLS as put of their on- economy where growth has been lessgoing program for studying alternative patterns of rapid than in the industrial sector areeconomic growth ,See S Depirtment of Labor.Bureau of Labor Statisiics. Handbook of Methods more pessimisticfor example, infor Surt ess and Studies. Bulletin 19111. 1976 and the academic sector where employ-fimployment Protections for the 1980's. Bulletin ment growth has been tapering. off2030. 1979 (Washington. D C Supt of Documents.II S Government PrintingOfficel, and is expected to continue to grow
Table 2: Ratio of scientists andengineers to technicians in privateindustry by selected sector: 1980
. .Industry Ratio
Total. private industryManufacturing, totalPrimary metalsFabricated metalsMachinery
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s' 91Electrical equipment 1 35Transportation equipment . 2 13Instruments 1 06All other
durable goods 81
Chemicals 1 61
Petroleum refining 2 04M othernondurable goods . 9Q
Nonmanutacturing* 92Crude petroleum and
natural gas extraction 2 08Other mining 1 61
Construction 1 11
Finance, insuranceand real estate 94,
Business se(vices 97Miscellaneous services 83All other services 27
Source Bureau of Labor Statistics and Na-tional Science Foundation
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slowly because of dem/dgraphic fac-tors. Most Of the science spe,cialties(with the exception yf computer sci-entists and possibly /chemists andgeologists and gfio/Physicists) areconcentrated in tp'e academic sector.
The ratio of,scientists and en-gineers to technicians can be used.asan index of the "skill intensity". ofSE& employment. Technicians aregenerally less skilled and are useddirectly orndirectly to support sci-entists and engineers in every ,phaieof their work. The skill intensityindex far the private sector was 0.90in 1978. showing that for every 100scientils and engineers, there were
,90 tec nicians, and varies widelyamon industries (table 2). rangingfrom 0.27 in the least skill-intensiveindustry. all other services, to 2.13 fpthe;most skill-intensive industry,transportation equipment'. On/aver-age. manufacturing Industrie/ aremore skill-intensive in their utiliza-tion .of scientists. engineers, andtechnicians than nonmanufacturingindustries. Within manufacturing, inaddition to the transportation equip-ment industiy.,the chemical and thepetroleum refining industries wererelatively skill-intensive users of sci-entists, engineers. and technicians.Within nonmanufacturing, the in-dustries that ,perform crude petro-leum ;and natural gas extraction and"other': (he., nonmetal and noncoal).mining activities were highly skill-intensive. The wide variation in skillintensity among .industries summarized in tattle 2 is the result ofseveral facthrs including:,the tech-nology of the industry; and the sub-stitutability of technicians with other.occupations including scientists andengineers, and the relative costs ofscientists and engineers versus tech-nicians.
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appendixes"...a....
/A. Technical NotesB. Statistical Tables
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appendix a
technical notesGeneral
The national estimaths of employ-ment in scientific, technical.. and en-gineering occupations in non-manufacturing industries are basedon data from the 1978 OccupationalEmployment Statistics (OES) Non-rrianufacturing Industries survey. TheOES programs is a Federal: State co-operative effort 'Which enables Statesto conduct their own surveys to pro-duce State estimates. The Buireau ofLabor Statcs (BLS) provides sur-vey procerlills, technical guidance,,and assistance with problems. Thecooperating State agencies are'-theState Employment Security Agencies.Forty-three of the 50 States (51 _in-cluding the District of ColumbiaLcooperated in the OES program at the.-time of the nonmanufacturing in-d'atries survey. A supplemental sur-vey, funded in part by the. NationalScience Foundation was conductedin the eight noncooperating states byBLS in order to provide national es-timates. All estimation was done by
Geographically, the survey coveredall 50 States plus the District of Co-lumbia.
Method 'of Collection
The survey schedules were ini-tially mailed to most sample estab-.liShments while personal visits weremade for some larger companies.
Two additional mailings weremade to nonrespondents at approxi-mately 6-week intervals. Telephonefollowup and in some cases personal
o visit followups were made for thoienonrespondents considered (becauseof size) critical to the survey.
BLS.,
Scope of Survey
The survey covered private nOn-.;manufacturing establishments inStandard Industrial ClassifiCation(SIC) codes 10 -17, 60-67, 72, 73, '75,,76,,, 78, 79,, 80 81., 83,, 84, 86,, and 89.The reference date of the survey, Wasthe week that included April 12, May12, or June 12, 1978, depending onthe SIC of the sampled unit as shownat right.
I The survey reference date is the date for whichemployment data were requested from re.spondents
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Sampling Procedure .
The sampling frame for this surveywas the list of units in the specifiedSIC's as reported in the State Unem-ployment Insurance (UI) files(excluding government units). Be-cause each cooperating State selectedits own sample, t14 reference date ofthe sampling frame2 varied accord-ing to when the last updates., to theframe were made and when sampling
jibe sampling frame reference date refers to thedate at which the IA files were most recently MI,teed and updated
Industry SIC Reference Date
Metal mining 10 May 12,Bituminous coal mining 11 May 12Anihracile coal mining 12 May 12Crude petroleum and natural gas
extraction 13 May 12Nonmetallic minerals mining 14 May 12General building construction 15 June 12General constration, except:building 16 June 12Special trade contractors 117 dune 12Banking 80 June 12Credit agencies other Man banks 61 May 12Seciinty commodity, etc brokers 62. June 12Insurance 63 May 12Insurance brokers - 64 May 12Beal estate 65 May 12Combination real estate,, law
insurance 66 May 12Holding and investment companies 67 June 12Hotels 70 May 12
Other personal services 72 May 12Business services ,73 June 12Auto repairs 75 May 12Other repairs 76 June 12Theaters 78 April 12Miscellaneous enlertainmenl 79 April t2Medical services 80 May 12Legal services 81 June 12Social services 83 May 12
A Museums 84 April 12Nonprofit membership organizations 86 April 12Miscellaneous services 89 June 12
1 fp
todk place. The reference date for theframe used for sampling in the eightsupplemental States was thefirstquarter of 1977.
The universe was stratified intoSIC and size classes.. The size classeswere determined by employment asfollows:
Size Class Employees1 1-32 4-93 10-1945
20-4950-99
6 100 -2497 250-499
soa-9999 l000+
State Samples
UI reporting units with three orfewer employees were not sampled 'nall States, but units with four to ninemployees were given larger weightsto represent the employment in thesmaller size class, UI reporting unitswith 250 or more employees were in-cluded in the sample with certainty.For noncertainty size classes, a sam-ple size intended to produce Stateestimates with target relative errorsof between 10 percent and 15 percentat one stand'ard deviation was de-veloped. This was done for groups ofSIC's based on analysis for employ-ment distributions by occupation andcoefficients of variation (CV's) fromthe previous survey for a set of typi-cal pccupations.. This sample sizedeteimined for the noncertainty por-tion of each SIC industry was allo-cated to the size classes within thatSIC proportional to employment ineach sizerclass. The sample wasselected/sYstematically with equalprobability within each StateISICIsize-clasecell.
National Supplement Sample
The sample size for the eight sup-plemental States was developed byfirst determining the sample size re-quired for national estimates in each-2-digit SIC with a target relative errorof 15 percent at one standard devia-tion. This was done by analyzingCV's and employment distributionsby occupiation for a set of scientific,technical, and engineering occupa-
tions from the previous survey. Thisnational SIC sample size for the non-certainty segment was then allocatedto-the noncooperating Stateslsize-class cells proportional to employ-ment in each cell. Establishmentswith 1.000 or more employees wereincluded with certainty. The aboveallocations resulted in a total initialsample size for all States of 333,115reporting Units:
Response
There were 321,916 final eligible;units in the sample (i.e.,, excludingout-of-business, out-of-scope. etc.).Usable responses were obtained from214.686 units producing an overallresponse rate of 66.7 percent basedon units and 62.9 percent based onemployment. Subsequent to the na-tional estimates,*additional data were
-received by States and used in pre-7paring States estimates. Responserates in most States were signifi-
,ca.ntly higher than the response. rateused to develop national estimates.
Estimation
A weight was determined for eachsample unit from which a usable're-sponse was received. Each weightwas composed of two factors.. Thefirst factor was thetinverse-bf tiheprobability of selection. For qu'is-tionnaires that were not returned orotherwise not usable,, a nonresponseadjustment was made to correct forthese nonrespondents. For each ofthe 3-digitISICisize-class samplingsells, a nonresponse factor was cal-culated that was equal to:
Weighted sample employment of alleligible units in sample
Weighted sample employment of allresponding eligible units
maximum factor. For size classes onethrough six, homogeneous cells,determined to be other size ellswithin the SIC and State. For sizeclasses seven through nine, homo-genous cells were determined to beother State cells within the SIC andsize. The weight for each establish-ment was the product of the two fac-tors.
If the collapsing procedure termi-nated (i.e.,. no more cells were avail-able for collapse) before satisfyingthe above constraint, then the appro-priate maximum factor was used.
A combined ratio estimate of occu-pational employment was used todevelop the national estimates.. The
.auxiliary tariable used was total em-ployment)
The estimating forinulli is:
where15
kW
p
{V 1 \*.k W ilk P .,,.fl 1 :: M
=. 4-digit industry occupational ern-:oy=
rdigit industry within a 2-digitMent estimate
industry=size clas=:e s iment
weight after nonresponse adjustment
# occupational employment in i "y4dustry., i " size class and k es b.lishmentA total employment in the i Indus- ,
; try. / " size class and k estab-lishment
M, : = benchmark Wird employment in iindustrk
Thel population value of total em-ployment (1t,I ,) was obtained from theBLp Survey of Employment, ;Hoursat Earnings.
he 'standard form for the samplingviriance for a combined ratio esti-mate is.3
N ii-f4 n
ISZ,,j+R 12S2fo)4Ropl, Sari
1/(pi = variance of 0whereThe sample employments were`
= .3D-dduigstirtyindustry within a 44:118it
= sitti class
taken from the sampling frame. If thefactor in a cell was greater than apredetermined maximum fitior(based on previous survey experi-ence) which increased as the numberof respondents in a cell increased,the cell was collapsed with otherhomogeneous ceps within the SICuntil the factor for the combined cellswas not greatei glen We appropriate
19
tJ
Arow.-..
'This tumuli/ is derived from the equation fortcomputing the variance of a ratio estimate given inSampling Techniques by William Cochran (New'York. John Wiley and Sons. 1977), p. 166
13
R
Sp4j
= total number of units in the 1* in-dustry and j* size classsampling fraction -in the 1" Indus.try and- i* size class
= number of sample units in theindustry and /* size class
, 14 W IMP414
1; W t= Ilk- lb
= stand deviation of p within thedustry and ) size class
tandard deviation:of e within the" industry and.) "-size class
= correlation coefficient between pand e within the t industry and
size class
The variances for the occupationalestimates were estimated 'using thefollowing formula.
Varfp) = , T V .a
T =
where
M11
[e. W110) c).k W ijk)11.4
rLv, v., W e J'
and
VI., YkW IP; (PIA R pe113 R te.,)11
where= benchmark total employment in the
industry and size classe = Eft e tOt
All other terms are as definedabove.. This formula is .almost atom-putational form of the standar r-mula.given above. One sim dyingassumption has been made. his as-sumption is:ut4, = ci, for oil ic in a given if cell
That is, the weights are equal to aconstant c within a given 3-digitindustrylsize cell, At this time, thetotal effect of this assumption on thevariance estimates has inot beenmeasured.
Reliability of Estimates
There are two types of errors, sank-piing and nonsampling, possible inestimates, such as those reportedhere, which are based on a simplesurvey. Sampling errors occur because observations are m e only ona sample, not on the enti e Ovula-tion. Nonsampling errors- can be at-tributed to many sources, e.g., in-ability to obtain information about allcases in the sample, differences in
14
)the respondents' interpretation ofquestions,, inability of respondents toprovide correct information, errorsmade in recording,, coding, or proc-essing the data errors made in es-timating values for missing data,failure to represent adequately allunits in the population, etc.
The particular sample selected isone of a large number of samples ofthe same type and size that« by
might have been selected.Estimates from each of the differentsamples would differ somewhat fromeach otkez, and from the results of acomple canvass conducted underessentiak,the same conditions as thesutvey7rhis#variation among thepossible estimates is defined by thesample errors measured in standarderror units. The complete canvasstotal would be included in therange
(1) From one standard error belowto one standard error above thederived estimate for 68 percentof all samples.
(2) Froni two standard errors belowto two standard errors above thederived estimate for 95 percentof all samples,
(3) From three standard errorsbelow to three standard errorsabove the derived estimate fornearly all samples.
An inference th the comparablecomplete canvass total would bewithin the indicated ranges would becorrect in approximitely the relativefrequencies shown. Those propor-tions indicated in previous items (1),(2), and (3), therefore, may be tinter -
as defining the confidencediat the estimates from a particularsample would differ from completecoverage results by as much as one,two, or three standard errors, respec-tively, .
For example, suppose an estimatedtotal is shown as 5,000 with an as-sociated standard error of 100. Thereis a 68-percent chance that the com-plete coverage total would be be-tween 4,900 and 5,100 and if is al-most certain that the complete cover-age total would be between 4;700 and5.300. The relative error of this esti-mate is (100/5,000) = .02, or 2 pe!cent.
-4) if
These relative errors indicate themagnitude of the sampling, error. Ef-forts were made to reduce the biasesbecause of errors in recordi'ng.
and processing the dato. Theadjustments made for nonreapon-dents assumed that the characteris-tics of the nonrespOndents were thesame as those of the respondents..
Particular care should be exercisedin the interpretation of small esti-mates estimates based on a smallnumber of cases. or small differencesbetween estimates because of rela-tively large sampling errors of theseestimates.
Table B4 presents relative errors ofthe estimates resulting from this sur-vey. The relative error is defined asthe standard error divided by the es-timated value expressed as a percent-age of the estimated value.
Current EmploymentEstimates
Based on the assumption that theskill-mix within industry changesrelatively slowly over a short periodof time it is possible to use the re-sults of the 1977 and 19?) OES sur-veys for estimating changes in scien-tist, engineers and technician (SE&T)requirements without surveying thesectors each year. B9 applying the
Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Tommorrow's Manpower Needs Research Reporton Manpower Protection Mettpds. Bulletin 1769'Washington. C , 1973) Th s report concludesthat about one-half the change in occupational employment in the to-year period 1960-70 is ac-counted for by changes in industry employment Ifthe change in skill-mix is assumed to occur at aconstant rate. and if the change for SECT occupa-tions is assumed to occur at the same rale as forthose occupations reported on in the study. emeitiorlincorporeungonly the change in industrialmix will account for 95 percent of the change inSE&T occupptional employment when using in-dustrial employment. data one year removed fromthe base period Given these assumptions. theanalysis reported in the text is probably within 0percent of the actual change in SE&T employmentin nonmanufacturing for the period between theOES survey date (April. May. and June of 19711) andJanuary 1930. and within 13 percent of the actualchange in manufacturing between 1977 andJanuary 460
percentage distribution of the occurpational mix in the base period tocurrent estimates of industry em-ployment.' updated estimates of oc-cupational employment may be ob-tained. For example. according to the1978 OES survey. in the miscellane-
t ous services industry civil engineers-ere 4 I) percent of total employs
ment. Since total employment in this'industry grew 10.7 percent from the-date of the survey to tannery 1980.'the assumption of constant occupa-tional shares implies that etil-Ploy-ment of civil engineers in this in-dustry also increased 10.7 percent-from 42.800 to 47.400 in that periOd.
Expanding this procedure to theentire aonmanufacturing sector. itestimated that in January 1986-em-ployment of scientists. engineers.and technicians was about 9.6 per-cent higher than at the survey dateEngineering employment is esti-mated to have increased 8.7 percent:employment of scientists increasedby 1p.7 percent; and technician em-ploynient increased by about 11 per-cent The validity of the assumptionsunderlying the foregoing analysiscannot be empirically validated untilcomparable data Tor 1980 becomeavailable.
By using data from the previous1977 OES survey of manufacturing
1).ilintmeni ol Libor tituredli of 1 dbor Shotsii ti
I orrpi,,t nrr tit mid Euruuotti 'n0111111%1 11/4%.0slimist-
Pm, I) t Supt at Doc 11171tlit I S ho%rnmelliOlti I.
industries and applying the same machines. materials., instruments,method, it is also possible to generate pro( esses. aria servit i's. engaged inestimates of employment in the man- _such work al -a rel el uhich repuiresufacturing sector for the same' time knowledge ol engineering at leastperiods- These estimates show that equivalent to that acquired throughtotal .SE&T employment grew -4 5 the compretion of a 4-ye,arpercent from 1978 to January 4980. course with a Moor in one of the en-less than half as fast as the growth in ginvering field,. sul who spend thenonmanufacturing. Engineers in this major proportion ut their lime insector grew at a 4 6 percent rate. sci- such aY t1t itv "Technicians" in-entists at 2.6 percent, and techni- dudes persons usually workingdarts at 4.8 percent. The growth in under the direction.of a scientist orthis sector was considerablygreater engineer. who assist the former in thein the durable goods' producing in- applitati m of engineering or scien,dustries (5 'percent fof all scientists. Wit:: la and principles.. or in re-engineers, and technicians) than in- search..nondurable goods industries (LI,percent).
Definition of Scientists,Engineers, andTec6nicians
"Scientists"' includes persons con,cerned with research in science or inthe application of scientific laws andprinciples to specific situations. en-gaged in work which requires a'knowledge of the field equivalent tothat acquired through completion ofa 4-year college course with a majorin the specific field. and who spendthe major proportion of their time insuch activity. "Engineers" includespersons concerned with the practicalapplication of physical laws andprinciples ofengineering for the de-velopment and utilization of
At-21
Concentration Ratios.,1
The "Concentration ratios" shownin_this report are detined as follows.
(S, S.) (E, K).
where C. thp c oncentratioh riirio forindustry 1. S, is the number otscien-fists and engineers in industry i. S. isthe total number of scientists and en-gineers intthe sector (manufacturingor norimariufacturing). K is the totalemployment In .industry i and E. isthe total: employment in. non--manufacturing. The concentrationratios shown are bised on the 1978estimated employment mix in,:non-manufactnring. and the 1977 em-ployment mix in the manufacturingsector
AL
15
appendix b,'
1
16
4
..
I.
a
STATISTITA
J.
f.
z
'.
1.
1. IS .5,
o .Page
8-1 Employment of scientists, engineers., and technicians in eloohmanufacturing industries. 1978. . . ;
82 Employment distnbution of scientists, engineers, and technipana in .lo
nonmanufacturing industries by industry (percent): 1978 . . 208-3 Employment distribution of scientists and engineers in nbn- °:manufacturing industries by occupation (percent) 1978 ,, ... ?2,3v
8-4 Relative error (in percent)'of estimated emplpyment of SCISIVEIVS,engineers, and technicians in nOnmanufecturing industries. by,imdusky and detailed occupation: 1978 . ... , . 25
t
1
,table B-1. Employment of soientists, engineers, and technicians in nonmanufseturing Industries: 1978
Industry . ,, scientists, Total - - - -
01111,6911. stientists
EngineersI Total
-and and I Electrical, Indus- Aechan- Wrap-. , Metal-
. -___..
Total nonmanufacturing
Total ;. nautical: Chemical Civil electronic trial ical-.-
r r -- ,cal,
Mining .
795 4 379 1 236 4 5 1 9 5 . 65 8 49 9 7 1 . 45 8 i 2 70 g 1 1
-r-----I-
1 3 1- -45 "C'Y
Metal mining . 6 8 4 4 2 2 0 i 1 I: 0 2 2 f- 4
Coal mining .. . 6.8 4 2 3 5 0 0 2 I 0 2 1 ! 1
Crude petroleum, natural gasi
45.8 30 8 15 4 0 7 . . 7 i 1 3 ; 0 7 0Nonmetalic mining 3 3 4 1.8 .1 2 0 i 1 1 0 , 1 1 . .1
Construction .. :. . . . 95 9..1
gi 5 50 0 .fl_i__, 0 I is 81 1------fi
7 6 . 0 !3 01
General building . . 21.9 108 10 5 0 I 0 1 ,;5 3 6-1- 0 ,--t- 20 I 0General except building . . 43.7_ 28 6 27 5 0 I 0 I 9 1 4 4 0 6 7 8
Finance, insurance, real estate ' .
.
86 0 i 38 3 8 1 044 26 ' 0
'
46 Q_
0 1
Special trade . 30 3 12 1 12 1 . 0
Banking and drier credit . . 24 1 10 2 4 0 0 0* -t 0 I -0 , 0--Insurance . ... .. . 40 5 ' 199 28 0 1 1 I 0 1 0 i 0 0 1
Other finance, insurance. real estate 153 1 8 1 24 9 0 L 0Services
Business services. . 554 7 4 248 0 158 3 51 86 Ell 9i _402 6 $ 31 3 2 2
9 i 0
J
0 0
125 1 110 4 55 9 38 47 1 30 -1 217 : 36 10 2 1 5 `Repairs, except auto . 17 2Miscellaneous services 1273
3 0 0 1 0 2 I 0 1 1 i 01 284 8 100 6 i 3 349 1428 " 189 i 30 ; 21 0
Other services 08
I '25 1 44 10 2 2 2 : 0 s '0 , I 1 : 1 I 1 1
:
'"Industry
Total nonrnanuladuringMining .
Metal mining .Coal mining.Crude petroleum, natural gNonmetalic mining
ConstructionGeneral building .
General except buildingSpecial trade
Finance, insurance., real estateBanking and other creditInsurance .
Other finance, insurance, real estateServices
Business servicesRepairs. except auto .
Miscellaneous services .
Other SWIMS
. Engineers__ __ _ -
Scientists
Mining
3 3
Petro..leum
t t 3
'Safety
21---4 3
Allother
31 6
'
Total PhysicallChemistslgeophys-
t42 7 36 7
1
il Gel sOi slot.
1,
100 j 187
OceanogPhysii raphers
4
oistS
460
, 0--000
31 98 17 24 190 158 15 t 1401 @---1---0
I 2I 120; 3
0j,
--*-
000
815
34'
009.80 .
29
. 4f
.3.s
1.5, 1
2.27
1556
20.5
1276
4262
0 0 1 6 8 7 1 5 0_4000
0 J_00 -N0
0r* 0
0jO
0 0,000
000
51 t
'
2062
5
311'
00o ft
000
o 0 t 56 3251 7
'
1
6
0 I000
6
0i 0
6
0 00o0
'000
00
1
'42824
98'17057
006
000
3 15 10 149 897 201 85 41 4 4600
3
0,
-8
07
0
6
04
0
5'7 .
1
771.5
549(1)
26.780
124073
4
&4 140 I 019 I 27
3 1 0
1
03
0
3701.0
0
23 17
a
116
Table B-1-- Continued
Industry- ,
Total norimanufacturingMining
Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum, natural gasNonmetaluc mining
ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade
Finance,, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther frnance, initsilance. real estate
ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs. except autoMiscellaneous services :Other services
4
fiIndusiry
Total nonmanUfacturing"gifting
Coal mining,Metal. mining
Crude pelrole m, nat rat gfsNonmetaltc mi mg
ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade
Finance, insurance, real estaleBanking and other creditInsurance, .
Other finance, msurance real estateServices
Business servicesRepairs, except altoMiscellaneous servicesOther services
18
1
4
-%
Scientists ,Total Other
Other Total Agri- Other mathe Mathe Status- matriephyacal-, life , cultural logical hie mahcal maticians malice'
4 .iI.
29 97 6 i 2'4 62 187 3 6 .7_L1_4 7A ,--1-4 0 .0 -` 0 0 r 6 5' : Q j___ 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 , 0 i 0 0' '-1 . 0 / 00: ' ..., 0
2 0' :. 0 '; 7 0 0 5 .0
5 ' 0t
' 1
l' 0 0 0: 0 04 .I ; . 0 0 i 0 0
i ' A
4 0 ; 0 0
0 0 : ° °' 0 ' 0 : : 0°
a 0 0 . 0° 0; 0 0
' 0 0 8 3 0
' i 0 . -..---ifl---± 0 *' 4--*--"ri-- -0 -I-, 61-4-. --5t1 '' 0 ' 0 '0 I 0 f 0 ' 0 1 9 4 1. .
i 02a . 96 ! 6 2a 62
2 1 i 0 - 41 62 9L i 0
9 3 0 : . 6 1 9 5 4 2 2 19 7 3 0
0
2 11
0 : 0 i -00 , 5 7 1 3 5 1 0
i"__
T1 4 ! 7 ! 00 0 i . 1 0
6 2,0I 6 a ' I 20 0
L1
20 ! 0
sctenusts
Total 1 : Psychol- Soctol- Othersocial I Economists , ogists I ogists social-t--13 9
1
4 3 5 6 1 t40 i
,
/0_ 0 ._ 0_0 1 0 04 00 0 0 0O. 0 0 00 0 0 0
25 I
Technicians
Computer Totalsystems Total [ env- I Electrical!
"analysts technicians I.nepring [ Drafters electronic
64.1 . 414.3 279 9 131.1 59.514,5 5.6 1.112 4 0
000013
00001,2
22
12,6a70284,1
J.
7
22
o0000
0
00o0e00
000
02.2
00
32220
81.0
561.601.031
.JIL.
14 241 0 .50 00 20.5 4
L
t93
1 1
21 42426
14,915
44 411 1
1.51182
1910 8
5
222 4178.6 13.9 .
10 8 20.62.7 . 7 2
38 0 306 7 1 223 3 102.830.6 114.7 1 53 6 1 18 34 16.9 16.6 .56.4 157 5 I 143 5 83 410 176 86 .6
40 699
13.1177
8 04 1
2 0221 8 124
_.
78 58.1 .35.9 11 6
9 40
0 02 0
.7 0
242.5
18
-'.)ti'
46.1 .
22 815.96112
4
Table 1a,1-1Continued
.46
7 .t ' , 4 4
...- .
. __.'...
t
, 1 Industry
.
Total nonmanufacturing rstMining :
Metal mining .CoLinining
petroleu, natural gasNonmetalic mining
.
s... Gentral building
'... Construction
General except buildingSpecial trade
' Finance. insurerke, real estateBanking and other crechli
Other firiance. insuranbe. real estate. Insyrancf/
ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs, except auto.
... Miscelfd-reous services .
Other services,
Industry
facturing. Mining; Metal mining
CoarrainingCrude peyoleum, natural gasNonmetabc mining
ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildiniSpecial trade .
Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsurance,Other finance. insurance, real
estate.Services ,
Business servicesexcept auto
Miscellaneous servicesOther services
.. I* Tectirocians ......
, 1 Specif),mecnarti- / cation
I Other taOther Cornprpouterengi- . , Total -Bio-
. Surveyors i *al ' writers ! engineering ' neenng cience 1416al science grammari
i . .
33 2 4 411 1 3 . , 21 2 29 2 20 9 3 5 17 4 , 81 21 7 '0 0 0 . ' 62 . 2 9 3 2 L9_
00
0 4 7 0 7 . ` 2I 7 0 , . 0 0 : 4
2'0 2.
2, 5 0 I 0 0 5 0 1 6 : 0 1 6 1 $
.0 ' 0 .4' "' 2 . 7 0 7 1,
3 6.9 . 0 . 0 ,. 0 . 6 0.
'0 0 0 ri3 0 ; 0
. .
._0
-- --- .00
1 4,5
0 I '0 . 2 0 j 0 ' 0 '"- ; 0 8I. 0 0 0 - 2 j 6 0 0 I3 0 ; 0 .i_ 0 :i 2 . 0 0 0 27 9
--. -- 4
o . o. 0 - 0 2 ,, 0 - 0 . 9 . 9 51 I IP
2 I 0 ''' : 0 0 9I i.' 11 ° II . 330 . 01 0 1 0. 0
27 6 . 44 . 13 21 2 _i_ 4.8-31 17 7 . '3 5 14 2 . 49 97 : 4 4 ' 0 . 0 7 4 12 4 ' 0 12 4 406
0 : 0 0 0 I 1 0 0 0 ,
24 3 0 13 21 2 ; 71 . 44 33 1 1 64 .
7 . 0 0 10 ; 4 1 . 9 1 7 2 9
Tech/I/clans
Allother
t
35 11-8
3'2
112
238
114
111 3
V
4250
2219 680
33281
'1.ess than 50Note. Parts may not add to totals because of roon8figSource Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Scien a Foundation
MO.
1 -25
4.
19
A
Tibia B-2..Employment distribution of scientists, engineers, and technicians innonmanufacturingindustries
(Percent)- 4
Total i
scientists Total . 'Industry engineers. : icientisls e Aero
technicians engineers Total nauticalnastrico.... ,. and and
. -- -- ..
Total( noritnanufactunng 100 0 j 1000 . 100 0Mining 80 109 94
Metarrnintng 9 12 i 9Coal mining 9 t 1 1 5
Crude petroleum natural gas 543 8 2 6 5Nonmetalic mining . 4 5 5
Construction 12 2 21 2
20
10000000'00
General building . -2 a , 2-0,,
4 4 0General except building , 5 5 7 6 11 6 0SpeciaRsade . 39 4 32' " 51 0
Finance. insuracice. real estateBanking and other creditInsurance . .
Other finance. Insurance. real estate
_10 2.3 0512 0
4......11
: 5 32 2
2 42
, 121 0
Services c. 69 7 65 3 67 0Business'services 28 7 2794 55Repairs, except auto ' 2 2 1 1 1
Miscellaneous services 35 0 - 33 2 , ..42 6Other services 3 8 7 6 '7
. 4
000
Engineers '_
". Electrical I hanIndus---ouats.
Chemical Civil electronic cals
; 100 0 100 0 100 0 . 100 0 100 088 17 2 6 6 5 2 5
5 2 0 2 3 . 5
0 - 3 0 2 7 2' '6 9 ) 1 2 6 0 1 514 2 0 1 1 5 30 . -;._ 28 5
-s
15 3-1
. 0 ' 29 2,: 5 : CI 0 -t- a 4
0 13.8 8 8 0 14 60 i 66 :, 5 3 ' / '0 101
7 0 0 0 00 0 0 . 0 0
7 0 0 0 0-=ii=.------ _Ii00 0.:' 100 0 90 5 ...4'...6418
. 746 498 45: 0 0 0
25 4 40 7 65 00 0 2
; Metal
callurgi
100 0168
; 13 1
1 1 5
: 0i 2 2.i 0f-
r 00
i 01 2 4, 0; 2 4
o____.821 j 93 683
43 5 . 508 22 3 i
3 0 : 1 :
37 8 44 8 ! 45 8 :
C 9 t ;
80 85300
27 80
ryIndustry
4
Engineers ... Scientists
Mining-
_
Petro-leum
.-
SafetyAll
other Total
.,
Physical Chemists
Geo logists/
geophysOceanog-rapheri
Physicasts
.
Total norranufacturing .
Mining .
Metal miningCoal miningCruge petroleum, natural gas ..Nonnietalic mining
Construction . . 'General building . .
General except building .,,Special trade
Finance, insurance, real estate .
Banking and other. credit .Insurance .
Other finance, onsarAnce. real estateServices . . .. .
Business servicesRepairs. except auto .
Miscellaneous servicesOther services . .
100V 100 0 100 0 100 0_.
100.0 100 0.
100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0n 5 67 1 , 99 0 7 7 13 5 43.1 14.7 74 7 0 024.446 69.9
11 5
0 ^.0
87 10 ,:
5 522 0
9 2,2 3
91.6
L4 8
4
1 65
11 04
5 51 2
34.81 6
4.32 35 62 4
8 309
64 21 3
0000
0000
0 0 372 27.4 1 0 0 0 0 .-0 000 '0
k
000
10 825.9
5
6 419 5
1 4
28
0
000
000
000-
0,000
_.
0000
4(0 0 1 17.8 23.1 2.0 0 3 4000
000
00 -
1
-- 1 58 77,5
7 012 14.1
02
1 7
000
003 4
000
000,
7 5 12 9 23 7 47 2 62.4 54 9 85 3 22 0 100 0 100.0007 60
6.706 20
13 20
10 50
18 0 -.2
24.34 6
39 21
17,55 6
33.90
19 92.2
63.80,
19 02.6
7 40
14 0
. 0
-26 80
73 20
78 90
20 83
.
4.
tableB-2-Continued
.11
-.
Industry .
Scientists
Otherphysical
...
TotalMe
Agncultural
litiological
v.
Otherlife
Totalmalhe-.malice'
Mathematiaans
Stabs-Wiens
Othermathematicat
. .Total nonmanufacturmg ...
%mg .. , .., .. ,
Metal mining . .Coal mining . . .
Crude petroleum, natural gas . , .
Nonmetalic mining ... , .. .
Construction .
General bedding . . , .
General except building.
Special trade ....Finance, insurance, real estate
Banking and other credit .Insurance . .
Other finance., insurance, real estateServices' .
Business servicespepairs. except auto
iscellaneOus servicesOther services .. ,
too o 100)) 100 0 100.0 100.0 100 0 IN) 0 100.0 100 013 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 17 4 0 01 8i15 93 1
00
00
0. 0
00
0000
000 .0
1
42 9
.1
52 0
14 63
0000
0000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cr 0
000
000
000
0' 0
0
000_
000
000
00 ,'0
000
31 1 2--,
2 0 . 0 44 5 0 40 4 71 4
1
2 36
00
I
002 2
00
0
000
1 032 0
7 1
00
024 815 7
25612
7
06
84.0 99 9 97 8 100.0 100.0 52 1 82 6 59 6 28 64V 29 9
048.6
5 4
35 20
58 75 9
95002
3
5
79 600
go 4
7 80
91 11 1
22.5,
18 810 7
56.80
25 8' 0
26 207 6
25 7
1
270
31
2
Industry
Scientists Technicians
Totalsocial Economists
Psycho'ogists
Swot.ogists
Othersocial
Computersystemsanalysts
Totaltechnicians
Totalengi-
neenng DraftersElectncal/electronic
Total nonmanufacturing . 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100.0 100.0Mining . 0 6 0 0 0 4.0 5 2 5 2 4.3
Metal. mining 0 o o 0 0 2 6 4 .3 0
Coal mining . 0 0 0 .3 6 .7 .0Crude petroleum. natural gas 0 0 0 0 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.2 1.8
Nonmetallic mining . 0 0 4 2 .2 0
-Construction 0 0 0 0 0 23 WU. 141 y 166 20 8General building 0 0 0 0 0 .5 27 3.5 60, 8
General except buildingSpecial trade . ..
00
0o°
0 0-o
0 ,
01.7
1
3.744
4.7¢3
8.245
6194
Finance, insurance., real estate, 11.1 27.0 0 o 27.5 34.5 10.2 .7 0
Banking and other aedit 7.8 17.9 0 0 27 5 13.5 3.4 . 0 0
Insurance 1.7 47 0 0 0' 16.8 5.0 2 .2 0
Other finance. insurance., real estate 1.6 4.4 0 0 0 42 18 6 088 9 '730 100 0 100 0 '72.5 59.2
.-73 7 79.4 78.4 77.4'Serves .
Business services .. 39.3 49.8 27.9 67.6 0 47 7 28.0 19.2 14.0 38 3Repairs, except auto 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 5 9' .4 26.7Miscellaneous services ... 15,3 18.5 18.2 0 0 99 38 6 51.3 83 8 10.3
Other services 34.2 4.6 53.9 32.4 72.5 1.5 9 0 3,0 5 21
,/ e
%
2721
Table 8-2Continued
Industry
Technicians
Mecham- speoh.cal cation Civil
Surveyors genginneer-
writers 1 engineeringi
Total nonmanufactunngMining
Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum, natural gasNonmetalic Minify/
Consthiction eGeneral building .General except buildingSpecial trade
Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance, insurance.tral estate
ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs. except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services .
4
100.05.011215
3
100 0 100.0 1 100 0
1 Other 1 IOil ex -. engi t Total Bio Other
ploration neenng science logical science
100 0 100 0 100 0
I
100 0 100040 0 0 4 720 203 4_195 0
0 0 0 1 0, 16 39 0 40 20 0 1 6 1 4 0 .,. 1.50 1 0 20 0 0 I 720 165 97 0 I 98 180 . 0 0 0 .7 4 4 0 44 t
%...._.
-4-0 0 0 99 0 0 1 0 , 180 0 i 0 22 0 0 i 0 60 0 i 0 70 0
0 1 010
0 1 IL) '0 0 .2
I- 0 I 0 431
si 0 .0 0 0 0 i 0 8 0 0 i.
00 34 4116
2 0 0 0 J. 0 5 0 0 ! 0 1860 j_ .0 0 I 0 _.3 1 0 0 0 406
833 10015 ' 100 0 . 100.0 280 I 65 5 80 5 7 100 0 , 803 61 5-I- 1.- .4.- ,---.2 t 100 0 0 0 i 0 26 0 . 75 3 p 0 760 50 00 0 0 0 ! 0 5 0 ; 0 0
731 0 100 0 100.0 1 280 246 1 0 1 0 0 7 9
80 0 0 0 1 0 145 I 53 11000 44 34I
Computerpro-
grammers
100 0_197 24
109 _1 028
i0
80 I 04 0
Industry
Technicians
AN
other
Total nonmenufaciunng 100.0Mining
Metal mining 9Coal milting . 7Crude petroleum. natural gas .. 3 4
14orimetalic mining 6Construction
General building 2.5General except building .. 3.6Special trade ... 1.3
Finance, insurance, real estate .Banking and other credit . . 13.2Insurance 15 6Other finance, insurance, real estate.
Services . ...Business seryRepairs, * 0Miscellaneous. servicesOther services
6.6
25 2100
25.4
'Less than .005 percent.Note' Parts may not add to totals because of rounding.%wo Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Science Foundation
22
4)
Table 13=3. Employment distribution. of scientists and engineers in nonmanufacturing industritte byoccupation(Percent)
Total nonmanufactunng 100 0Mining
Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum. natural gasNonmetalic mining .
ConstructionGeneril buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade
Finance, insurance, real estatBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance, insurance, real estate
ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs. except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services
, IndustryTotal
scientistsand
engineers
100.0100.0100 0100 0100 0100.0100 0100 0100.0100.0100 0100 0100 0100.0100 0100 0100 0100 0
Totalengineers
62 854.050.383 249 865 3
Aero/astro-
nautical
14
110214
97,2 0 : a 36.5971 0 0 49 596 1 0 0 31 8996 0 0 35915.0 2 0 _4_ 0__39 0 s 0 0
14 S Or' 32Q6 0 0
00
642 21 3,6 +186SO 1 3 4 4 3 2.796 8 0 0 0803 10 31 342216 0 0 10
00000
Chemical . Civil
25 V420 27
2.3
462365
Engineers .
Metal.Indus- : Mechan- bow-
13 2 ri1a91 1111.1;1
cal
1 7
3100 -1-
't 1 283 7 5.4 8 146 26
1 1
9at 42 0 1 22 0
0 51 +1 77 1 330 l-0
e
i 18 900-
I' 0 ) I 235 0
40 fr 38 1 0
_0
0
.4 _600
_1
i
I 00 ! 0' 3
-.1 0_ I 0 0
Electrical/electronic
00
16619.655 0151'10
12_7 932 ' 92 130 18'2 024 167 610 10 0
Industry .
$
Engineers Scientists
MiningPetro-leum Safely
Altother Total Physical
, . 1
1, Geo lo-gists' lOceanog- ' Physi-
Chemists geophys : rap** cists
Total nonmanufactunngMining
Metal miningCoal mining . . ,
Crude petroleum, natural gasNonmetalic mining
Construction .. ...General buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade .
Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance, insurance, real estate
Services .. , , . a. .
Business services.: NP
Repairs, except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services ..
9_ 3 0 1 1 8 4 37 4 9 7 2 7 S 0 1 1 27 4
18.336 5
1 1
21 5
23 8 I 4 0 S 9 46 0 38 3_ :,_459
, 10 8 :
41 3 1
32 7 I
3 6665 51 8
13 6
.33 8' 3501 3'8 i
i 38 9 I
I 14 1 '
000
000
00
31 80
S 322 2
1 3S 6
6.211 84 97 2
_i__
49716 8SO 234 7
0 0 3 1 16 8 2 8+ 0__
000
0 0 000 .
000
4
3 92
18 8 2 921 6 3 9
3 8 4
000
0 I
0 I
0 :
000
.,_ _000
0 0 i 414 73 9
13.929 6
85 096 185 570 4
0
.37 4
000
00,
,7 4
00
0Q
0
000
--000
000
000
1 6 4 6 1- .225.6
6 114 7
35 849 i
3.219 778.4
8 2 3 5 1 71 302 2 ;
0 or 1AL
0
02
1 93
08
0
02
7
06
0
504.
0
11.205 8
39.9
5801 52 9
A
Table 1:1-3Continued
4
Industry
r Scientists
Otherphysical
Totallife
-4.-
Agri -I Boo-
cultural logicalOtherlife
Totalmathematical
T
Mathe-maticians
Total nonmanufactunng .
MiningMetal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum, natural gasNonmetalic mining
ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade
Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other credit .insurance .
Other finance. insurance, realServices
Business servicesRepairs, except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services
I 8 2.6 2 6 16 50 10
rIS1 6
.1_51 .1
00
'a 00 s
0000
0I 00-
0000
5
171 7
6
165
1717
6
' .'
!
;.-
0.0
i 0' 0
J2____,_0 1
ci 1
0
0000
:00
0000
i '.0000
0000
03 I 0
estate 1 0 ; 0 [
000
----Ts000
I
I
0000
21 820
30125 9
000a
10 1 _3 9 :
8 3t0 011 4510 59
I I
3_6
000
10170039
I
254
04550
1 40,
1
3819
I, 2 8
196!
L
12190
80
Stabs-tIcians 1
Othermathe-matical
21 19
0v
---t-0
0 00 00 . 00 i 00 1 60 ; 0Lb 06 2 -011_5760 . 2096 , 204
148 L ii 119_: 8
1 81
01 .
195 16
t 9 6 . 0
Industry
Scientists ,-,
Totalsocial Economists
Psycho,-ogists
Saco!°gists.
I
1 ComputerOtheo1/4 , systemsweal ! analysts
Total nonmanufactunng . 32 12 15 , 170Mining., . -, 0 6 2
Metal mining o 6- 0 0 33Coal m i ni n g . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 4,2Crude petroleum, natural gas 0 0 0 0 0 7.1Nonmetalic mining 0 0 0 0 15
Construction ,
General building .
0 0 -, . 2871 0 0 0 0 29
General except building 0 0 0 0 0 39Special trade 0 0 0 0 4
Finance. insurance. real estate ....filaNung and other credit .
3 5 3,1 .00
4 57 884.38.8 8.9 0 2.0
Insurance .. .. . .. .. 1.0 10 0 0 0 54.0Other finance. insurance. real estate . 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 33 3
Seriices 43 i3 23 6 2 154 tBusiness services 4,2 2 0 1,4 9 27.6Repairs, except auto 0 0 0 0 0 13Miscellaneous servic, 1.5 8 .8 0 0 51Other servicira . 40.2 98 304 4.9 3.9 9.8
' Less than .005 percentNote' Parts may not add to totals because of rounding.Source'. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Science Foundation
4-.....---
24
r v0
c
Table 134. Relative error as peicent of estimated employment of scientists, engineers, and techniCiansin nonmanufacturing industries by industry and detailed occupation: 1978'
Industry
Totalscientists, Totalengineers. i scientists
and andtechnicians engineers
Engineers
-J -Aero/astro-
Total nautical Chemical
IMetal-
: Electrical/ ' Indus- Mechan- lurgi-Civil electronic trial , ical cat
Total nonmanufacturingMining
Metal mining .
Coal mining .. . .Crude petroleum, natural gasNonmetaftc mining
Construction s .. ..General building . .
General except buddingSpecial 'rade .
Finance, insurance, real estate .Banking and other credit .
Insurance .
Other finance. insurance, real estateServices
Business services ..Repairs. except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services
12 '14 13 29 15I
E 14 ' 21 14 2315 14 14
7 7
17 1716 1416 17
514
1514
15 16 1611
229
11
228
11
228
25 16 43 23 1 6
18 ! 6 5 I 3: 17 18 39 I 62
26 17 43 2723 14 ' 11 13 15
. 10 - 24 . 187 : 18 16I
: 13 . 33 267 ' 10 1 6
17 171314
29
141426
20221526
11
1576
24
1318458
17
i
11
1945
641
29 1431 18
25 11
4 t2 2123 15 26
263 . ; 6 14
3681 61
2715 2988
5 24103
o
IN
k.
Industry
Total nonrnanufactimvMining
Metal mining .Coal mining .Crude petroleum, natural gasNonmetaloc mining
Construction . .
General buildingGeneral except building .
Special tradeFinance. insurance, real estate
Banking and othercreatInsurance . .. .. .. ,
Other finance, insurance, real estateServices . ' .
Business services ... ...Repairs, except auto . .
Miscellaneous services .
Other services
Engineers
Petro-leum
AllSafety I other
-1-
Total
Scientists
Geolo- '
gists/ Oceanog Physi-Physical Chemists geophys , raphers asts
11 18 19 1615
, 413
5912
8 10
8
I--r
39
14
11/-14 20
1217
17
62018
23
1615 12 26 99 9 6 9
30 27 19 3414 11 47 924 24 10 26
17 17 32 25
1
2728 46
34 25 32
14 1622 242320 16 6422 1415 14 5026 26 6718 , 16 2024 18 23401t 14 '' 1552 14 33
ryl.- -.-.....
_6716 1816. 29
14
2812
32 25
45 27
28 18
e
31
4
Table 13-4Contintied
Industry
Scientists
Other Totalphysical life
.1
L
Agri-I
! Bro.cultural logical
Otherlife
Total nonmanufacturingMining
30 23 49 , 29 17
39i
Metal mining . 16_..
Coal mining'Crude petrbleum. natural gas 48Nonmetalic mining 48
Construction, General building
General except buildingSpecial trade
Finance, insurance. real estate 50Banking and other creditInsurance 50Other finance, insurance, real estate
Services 28 29 17
Business services 40 38 49 26 7 64 ;
Repairs,- except autoMiscellaneous services 19 12 12
Other services 41 34 32 1
1
38
Scientists
Industry ComputerTotal Psychol- Sociol- Other systemssocial Economists ,ogists
164.11N
ogists social analysts
Total nonmanufacturrig 27 28 48 39 11
Mining 27Metal mining 7Coal mining . .if. 28Crude 1:eIroleum, natural gas ... 28Nonmetabc mining ..._,..
22Construction . ..General building . 16
General except buildingSpecial trade .... .
i 24
60Finance, insurance, real estate 22 20 37 12
Banking and other credit 20 15. 37 13
Insurance 24 24 de 11Other finance. insurance, real estate
Services ... .
31 31 1 1
'27 30 18 48 39 9..
Business services . 45 34 33 58 103 8Repairs. except autoMiscellaneous services , 19 18 19 19 10
26
Other services .
Total 1 Othermaths- Mathe- Stabs- 1 piathe-malice' maticians : owns I matical
,-
20 1 25 22....42 40
5240 I 40
1652
52
2012
18
24
29 14
12
33 12
22 2619 23 17 1824 24 21
418 21 2211
I11
81
15
Technicians
Total,
lechnicians
Totalengi-
neering DraftersElectrical/electronic
11.177
1719
14
10 6 1016 11 35 -
15
61517
IL,13
718
912
35
1411 (2310
10238
727
7
10
4324
916 28 191214
32
2531
282517
it
9 9 41275
15
65
12
2
9106 .
9
It.
Table BMContinued.1
O
.Technicians
Speoh- Other I I ComputerMecham cation Civil engi Total , Bio Other pro
Industry Surveyors cal wnters engineenng neering I science ; logical science grammers
Total nonmanufactunng 14 20 t3 5 22 I 17 i 17 17 9ening . 15 17 , 16 I- 18 19
Metal mining f.. 5 7 7 13
Coal mining ...... .. 10 19 22 23 26Crude petroleum, natural gas . 31 * 18 21 21 18
Nonmetalic mining 11 13 11 11 18
Construction 10 23 35 21
General building , j 1 23 12
General except building 9 24 26Special trade 42 35 35
'mance, insurance, real estate 35 33 . 11____Banking and other credit . . 25 7
Insurance .. . . 46 29 ' 12
Other finance. insurance, real estate 29 36 14..Services . 15 20 i 13 5 22 17 17 11 7
Business services 54 20 I 28 17 17 6Repairs, except auto 44Miscellaneous services 9 13 5 10 15 15 15 10
Other services 50 34 5 t 52 51 17.
Indust?
Technicians
Allother
Total nonmanufactunngMining .
Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum. natural gasNonmetallic mining
ConstructionGeneral building . ,
General except buildingSpecial trade .
Finance. insurance. real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance,, insurance, real estate
ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs, except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services
2526
52332323124
1979292518
1
2215
23'12
32
Empty cells indicate that no employment estimates were available.Source. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Science Foundation
4.
33 27