Scientists Artists Psychologists
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Transcript of Scientists Artists Psychologists
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Creative Scientists, Artists,
and Psychologists:
Modeling Disposition, Development,
and Achievement
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Three Arguments
First, creativity is a
heterogeneous rather than homogeneous
phenomenon (i.e., some domain-specificity);
but a substantial proportion of this heterogeneitycan be captured by a single latent factor that
extends from the sciences to the arts;
that is, along this implicit dimension we can place
the principal domains of creative activity, includingpsychology
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Three Arguments
Second, this single dimension is correlated
with psychological traits and experiences of
creators who practice in a given domain; that
is, these variables are dispositional (e.g., personality), and
developmental (e.g., education)
i.e., the dimension is psychological as well aslogical, ontological, or epistemological
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Three Arguments
Third, an individuals magnitude of creativity
in a chosen domain corresponds at least in
part with the fit between his/her
dispositional traits and
developmental experiences
and those that are typical of that domain or
some other domain along the samedimension
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First Argument:
Hierarchy of the Sciences
Classic concept: Auguste Comte
astronomy
physics
chemistry
biology
sociology
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First Argument:
Hierarchy of the Sciences
Contemporary concepts:
physical, biological, and social sciences
exact versus non-exact sciences
hard versus soft sciences
paradigmatic versus pre-paradigmatic sciences
natural versus human sciences
sciences, humanities, and the arts
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First Argument:
Hierarchy of the Sciences
Empirical research (Simonton, 2004):
Major scientific disciplines can be ordered along a
single dimension using a large number of positive
and negative indicators of hardness
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Simonton (2004)
Positive indicators
Peer evaluation consensus (Cole, 1983)
Citation concentration (Cole, 1983)
Early impact rate (Cole, 1983)
Citation immediacy (Cole, 1983)
Anticipation frequency (Hagstrom, 1974)
Obsolescence rate (McDowell, 1982) Graph prominence (Cleveland, 1984)
Rated disciplinary hardness (Smith et al., 2000)
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Simonton (2004)
Negative indicators:
Consultation rate (Suls & Fletcher, 1983)
Theories-to-laws ratio (Roeckelein, 1997)
Age at receipt of Nobel prize (Stephan & Leven,
1993; see also Manniche & Falk, 1957)
Lecture disfluency (Schachter, Christenfeld,Ravina, & Bilous, 1991)
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Simonton (2004)
Yielding
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Former hierarchical arrangement
consistent with scientists own
perceptions of their domains,
e.g.
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Prpi (2008) Natural scientistsN =310
Social scientists
N= 167
Objectivity as the
property of theresearch process
69.0% 54.8%
Objectivity as the
researchers
impartiality and
nonsubjectivity
33.6% 54.7%
Objectivity as
attainable and
attained
76.2% 52.5%
Objectivity as its
complete realization
doubtful
20.4% 30.3%
Objectivity as
impossible or
nonexistent
3.4% 17.2%
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Two Elaborations
Extrapolation beyond Scientific Domains
Interpolation within Creative Domains
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Two Elaborations
One - This hierarchy can be extrapolated
beyond scientific domains:
Scientific versus artistic creativity, where
creativity in the humanities falls somewherebetween that in the sciences and the arts
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Two Elaborations
Illustrations using criteria previously applied
in constructing scientific hierarchy:
Obsolescence rate:
psychology/sociology > history > English
Lecture disfluency:
psychology/sociology < political science < art history eminent writers (Raskin,
1936)
Mentors Eminent scientists < eminent artists (Simonton,
1984, 1992b);
with eminent psychologists between but closer to
scientists in general (Simonton, 1992a)
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DevelopmentScience to Science
Rebelliousness toward parents: chemists
RS & NAS >
Sigma Xi & US public
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Dispositional Predictors
Compare with introspective reports:
Albert Einstein: to these elementary laws there
leads no logical path, but only intuition, supported
by being sympathetically in touch withexperience.
Max Planck: creative scientists must have a vivid
intuitive imagination, for new ideas are not
generated by deduction, but by an artisticallycreative imagination.
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Developmental Predictors
Domain-typical creator unlikely givenSimontons (1986) N= 314 study ofbiographical typicality and eminence
What about the other two options? Some indirect support for domain-regressive
creator given that revolutionary scientists havehigher impact than normal scientists (Ko & Kim,2008; Sulloway, 2009)
But also some inconsistent results andcomplications (see Sulloway, 2009)
Hence, more research needed
l
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Conclusion
Domains of creativity fall along a dimension
that has a psychological basis defined bydispositional traits and developmental
experiences
Creative achievement within a domain partlydepends on the same dispositional and
developmental variables (viz. domain-
regressive creators)
Thus the need to invert and redefine the
hierarchy
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FIELDS ARRANGED BY CREATIVITY
MORE CREATIVE
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FIELDS ARRANGED BY CREATIVITY
MORE CREATIVE
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