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Scientist Grajewski 830
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Transcript of Scientist Grajewski 830
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NIOSH Studies of Flight Crew
CAPT B Grajewski, CC Lawson, LCDR LA MacDonald,
LCDR LT McKernan, CAPT LE Pinkerton, MA Waters,
CAPT EA Whelan, LC Yong
Partners
Federal Aviation Administration
Department of Defense
HHS Office of Womens Health
National Cancer Institute
NASA
NOAAAirline Companies
Unions
Website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flightcrew/The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and
should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.
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Flight Crew Research at NIOSH
160,000 US workers in commercial aircraft cabins
and 500,000 workers worldwide
NIOSHs mission is to generate new knowledge inthe field of worker safety and health and to transfer
that knowledge into practice
Study of the health effects arising from aircraft cabin
work is a significant area of research for NIOSH
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flightcrew
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NIOSH Flight Crew Studies
Reproductive Menstrual Function Pregnancy Outcomes
Other Respiratory Symptoms Downsizing and mortality
ExposureHealth Effects
Cancer Incidence/mortality in FAs
and pilots Breast cancer among FAs Cytogenetic effects in pilots
Radiation Measure Model
Circadian Disruption Desynchronization Sleep disturbance
Other Physical work demands Psychosocial factors
Cabin air quality
Bioaerosol levels
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NIOSH Flight Crew Studies
Reproductive Menstrual Function Pregnancy Outcomes
Other Respiratory Symptoms Downsizing and mortality
ExposureHealth Effects
Cancer Incidence/mortality in FAs
and pilots Breast cancer among FAs Cytogenetic effects in pilots
Radiation Measure Model
Circadian Disruption Desynchronization Sleep disturbance
Other Physical work demands Psychosocial factors
Cabin air quality
Bioaerosol levels
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Cancer Studies
Personnel/medical records of former Pan Am
employees, 1940-91
Approximately 10,000 female flight
attendants and 7,000 pilots
Mortality studies of FAs and pilots
Breast cancer incidence study of FAs
Cytogenetic effects in pilots
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NIOSH Flight Crew Studies
Reproductive Menstrual Function Pregnancy Outcomes
Other Respiratory Symptoms Downsizing and mortality
ExposureHealth Effects
Cancer Incidence/mortality in FAsand pilots Breast cancer among FAs Cytogenetic effects in pilots
Radiation Measure Model
Circadian Disruption Desynchronization Sleep disturbance
Other Physical work demands Psychosocial factors
Cabin air quality
Bioaerosol levels
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Reproductive Studies: Background
Flight attendants may experienceincreased risk of:
Miscarriage
Menstrual disorders
Other adverse reproductive outcomes
Is work as a female flight attendant
associated with adverse reproductiveeffects?
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Reproductive Outcomes Questionnaire
Study: Design 2,273 FAs and 381 teachers, age 18-40
Selected U.S. airlines and domiciles
One hour telephone interview
Employment and flight histories
Outcomes: adverse reproductive effects
Miscarriage
All major birth defects Menstrual function
Time to pregnancy
Low birthweight, preterm birth
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Characterize menstrual function in flightattendants and teachers (comparison group)
~50 indices of menstrual/hormonal function
Markers of infertility/subfertility
Links with adverse reproductive outcomes andadverse exposure
Biomonitoring Feasibility Study
of Menstrual Function
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Study Design
45 flight attendants, 26 teachers Two major U.S. cities
Baseline interview
Urine/saliva collection for one cycle
Daily diary for three cycles
Sleep/activity monitor
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Travel through multiple time zones:
External desynchronization
Internal desynchronization
Physiologic/behavioral
disturbances including sleep-wakedisturbance
Assessing Circadian Rhythm Disruption
NIOSH Approach
Monitor sleep and a circadian marker
Identify useful metrics for larger studies
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Flight attendants experience increased
circadian rhythm disruption, as measured by
more variable melatonin rates.
For studies without biomonitoring, time
zones crossed is a useful indicator of both
sleep displacement and melatonindesynchronization.
Conclusions: Circadian Disruption
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Fixed night shift
work increases risk of
late fetal loss
Shift work sleepdisorders affect~10%
of the night/rotating
shift work population
Arendt J 2005; Zhu J 2004; DrakeCL et al, 2004
The swing shift is the killerJosephine Arendt
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NIOSH Flight Crew Studies
Reproductive Menstrual Function Pregnancy Outcomes
Other Respiratory Symptoms Downsizing and mortality
ExposureHealth Effects
Cancer Incidence/mortality in FAs
and pilots Breast cancer among FAs Cytogenetic effects in pilots
Radiation Measure Model
Circadian Disruption Desynchronization Sleep disturbance
Other Physical work demands Psychosocial factors
Cabin air quality
Bioaerosol levels
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Cosmic radiation measurement
study: objectives
Measure cosmic radiation doses
function of altitude, latitude, flight distance
Compare measured doses with FAA model CARI
can model be used to estimate historical radiationdoses for epidemiologic studies?
Compare dose data with other models?
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Dose/Cumulative Dose Equivalent vs Time
Seattle to Tokyo
0.0E+00
2.0E-08
4.0E-08
6.0E-08
8.0E-08
1.0E-07
3:27
3:57
4:27
4:57
5:27
5:57
6:27
6:57
7:27
7:57
8:27
8:57
9:27
9:57
10:27
10:57
11:27
11:57
12:27
Time (GMT)
AbsorbedDoe
(Gy/min)
0.0E+00
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
8.0E-05
CumulativeDoseE
quivalent(Sv)
1306-AD 1307-AD 1306-DEQ 1307-DEQ
35K ft 36K ft
38K ft
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Dose/Cumulative Dose Equivalent vs Time
Miami to Buenos Aires
0.00E+00
2.00E-08
4.00E-08
6.00E-08
8.00E-08
1.00E-07
0:28
0:58
1:28
1:57
2:27
2:57
3:27
3:57
4:27
4:57
5:27
5:57
6:27
6:57
7:27
7:56
8:268:56
9:26
Time (GMT)
AbsorbedDo
se(Gy/min)
0.0E+00
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
8.0E-05
CumulativeDose
Equivalent(Sv)
1306-AD 1306-DEQ
33K ft 37K ft
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Implications for flight crew
dose equivalent rates
0.9 - 6 Sv/block hour
FAs work 600 - 900+ block hrs / yr
annual doses at 900 block hrs/yr for our study
0.8 - 5.4 mSv
compare: ICRP occupational limit 20mSv / year
ICRP limit 1 mSv / term of pregnancy
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Conclusions
CARI model sufficient for computing historicaldose estimates for our health effects studies
measurement bias data may be used to adjustCARI estimates
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A
LTI T
U DE
(ft)
(TAK
E-OFF
TIME)
CRUISE
DESC
ENT
(LANDIN
GTIM
E)TAXI-IN
TIME (min)
FLIGHT TIME
BLOCK TIME
BLOCK OUT
TAXI-OUT
ASCENT
Phases of a Flight Segment
BLOCK IN
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Current Issues
Cosmic Radiation Exposure Assessment
Reproductive outcomes are often time-sensitive Create windows of exposure from individual flight
dose estimates
The biologic role of specific particles, especially
neutrons 40-80% of effective dose
expected to have high biological effectiveness
IARC carcinogen
Estimate particle and total doses for 2.5M+ flights
How to account for Solar Particle Events?
Evaluate every flight for SPE status/NOAA
collaboration
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Analyses Completed/In Progress
Radiation dose estimation methods (2002)
Feasibility assessment and menstrual cycle characteristics (2002)
Comparison of self-reported flight hours and company records
(2004)
Sleep quality (in preparation)
Psychosocial stress (2003)
Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms Disruption (2003)
Flight Attendant mortality (in preparation)
Menstrual Function (in preparation)
Cosmic radiation exposures (4 papers, 3 submitted)
Indoor air quality in aircraft cabins (1 paper, 2 submitted)
Air cabin endotoxin levels (2003)
Ergonomic factors (2004)
Salivary cortisol biomonitoring (in preparation)
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NIOSH Flight Crew Studies
Significant strengths:
Detailed flight history records
Exposure assessment developed for flight
exposures Multiple health outcomes
Improving the dose in dose response
Unique contribution to understanding health effects Major study findings published 2009+