Scientific  Revolution  and  the  Enlightenment  Introduction  

Background  

•  What  did  the  Renaissance  do?  – The  Renaissance  sparked  interest  and  curiosity  about  many  things,  allowing  people  to  start  to  think  for  themselves  

•  What  did  the  Reformation  question?  – The  Reformation  led  people  to  question  and  challenge  the  original  views  of  God,  the  church,  and  salvation  

•  At  the  same  time  as  the  Reformation…  –  Individuals  began  to  challenge  the  way  people  viewed  their  place  in  the  Universe.  This  became  known  as  the  Scientific  Revolution.    

What  was  the  Scientific  Revolution?  

•  The  Scientific  Revolution  was  a  new  way  of  thinking  about  the  natural  world.    

•  Based  on:    – careful  observation  of  nature  – a  willingness  to  question  widely  accepted  beliefs  

– Reason  •  Result:  the  expansion  of  scientific  knowledge  

How  did  they  come  up  with  these  ideas?    

•  Scientific  Method  – Created  by  Aristotle  – A  logical  procedure  for  gathering  and  testing  ideas  

Scientists  of  the  Scientific  Revolution  

•  Need  to  know  for  the  SOLs  

•  Isaac  Newton  •  Nicolas  Copernicus  •  Johannes  Kepler  •  Galileo  Galilei  •  William  Harvey  •  Aristotle  •  Rene  Descartes  

Processing  

•  What  was  the  Scientific  Revolution?    

•  What  are  two  things  the  Scientific  Revolution  is  based  on?  

The  Enlightenment  

•  What  was  the  Enlightenment?  – An  intellectual  movement  where  enlightenment  thinkers  tried  to  apply  reason  and  scientific  methods  to  the  HUMAN  world  as  well  as  to  the  rest  of  the  natural  world  

– People  wanted  to  build  a  society  around  the  ideas  of  the  Scientific  Revolution  

Examples  of  Enlightenment  Ideas  

•  Freedom  of  speech  •  Separation  of  powers:  government  should  be  divided  on  different  levels  so  that  no  one  level  has  all  the  power  – Example:  England  has  a  monarch  and  a  Parliament  

•  Natural  rights:  life,  liberty,  property  •  Freedom  of  religion    

How  did  the  movement  spread?  

•  Salons—wealthy  women  and  men  would  gather  to  discuss  ideas  

•  Encyclopedias  published  many  Enlightenment  ideas  

•  Pamphlets  and  newspapers  helped  to  spread  the  word  about  new  ideas  

Enlightenment  Thinkers  •  Need  to  know  for  the  SOLs  

•  John  Locke  •  Montesquieu  •  Voltaire  •  Beccaria  •  Thomas  Hobbes  •  Jean-­‐Jacques  Rousseau  •  Thomas  Jefferson  •  Mary  Wollstonecraft  

Results  of  the  Enlightenment  

•  Stimulated  religious  tolerance  •  Helped  to  start  democratic  revolutions  around  the  world  

•  Rise  of  individualism—thinking  for  yourself  

•  Rise  of  a  more  secular  or  worldly  outlook  

Speed  Dating  

•  Starting  next  class,  we  are  going  to  be  researching  for  our  speed-­‐dating  activity  

•  You  and  a  partner  will  research  and  then  become  one  of  the  individuals  from  either  the  Scientific  Revolution  or  the  Enlightenment  

•  Each  of  you  will  be  responsible  for  being  that  person  in  a  round  of  speed  dating—why  would  someone  want  to  choose  you  to  be  the  best  influence  on  their  country?  J    

Bellringer  

•  Sit  at  the  tables  in  the  center  of  the  classroom.  •  Take  out  your  notes  from  last  class  •  Complete  the  Processing  questions  from  your  sheet.  

•  BJOTD:  Why  did  the  bank  robber  go  see  a  chiropractor?    

Leaders  of  the  Scientific  Revolution  

Nicolaus  Copernicus—1500s  

•  Did  not  agree  with  the  geocentric  model  of  the  universe  

•  First  to  study  the  idea  that  the  sun  was  at  the  center  of  the  universe  

•  After  25  years,  Copernicus  proved  that  the  sun  was  in  the  center  of  the  stars  and  other  planets  

•  Called  the  heliocentric  theory—sun-­‐centered    

Johannes  Kepler—1600s  

•  Kepler  expanded  on  Copernicus’  ideas—he  wanted  to  know  why  and  how  the  planets  orbit  the  way  they  do  

•  Proved  that  the  planets  revolve  around  the  sun  in  elliptical  orbits  instead  of  perfect  circles  

Galileo  Galilei—1500-­‐1600  •  1609—he  used  a  telescope  to  study  the  heavens  

•  1610—wrote  Starry  Messenger,  which  described  his  observations  – Confirmed  Copernicus’  theory  of  a  heliocentric  universe  

Galileo  Tidbits  •  Galileo's  ideas  went  

against  the  church,  so  he  was  “encouraged”  not  to  publish  his  book  

•  Taken  to  court  by  the  Church  and  put  to  torture  –  Under  torture,  he  lied  and  claimed  that  Copernicus’  ideas  were  wrong  

•  Jailed  until  his  death,  but  his  ideas  still  spread.  

Isaac  Newton  

•  By  24,  Newton  was  certain  all  physical  objects  on  Earth  and  in  space  were  equally  affected  by  the  same  forces  

•  His  big  idea:  linking  motion  in  the  heaven  with  motion  on  earth  – Called  the  Law  of  Universal  Gravitation  

•  Every  object  in  the  Universe  attracts  every  other  object.  The  amount  of  attraction  depends  on  the  mass  of  the  object  and  the  distance  between  them.    

William  Harvey—1600s  

•  Wrote  On  the  Motion  of  the  Heart  and  Blood  in  Animals  

•  Showed  the  heart  acts  as  a  pump  to  circulate  the  blood  throughout  the  body  

•  Described  the  function  of  blood  vessels  

Other  Important  Inventions  

•  Microscope  •  Edward  Jenner  invented  a  vaccine  for  Smallpox  

•  First  Fahrenheit  Thermometer  

Processing  

•  Which  innovation  do  you  feel  was  the  most  important,  and  why?