Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and...

OneGeology-Europe WP3 Data Specification

ECP-2007-GEO-317001

OneGeology-Europe

Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and Dictionaries

- Generic Specification for Spatial Geological Data

in Europe -

Objective of this document This document represents the current status of the OneGeology-Europe Scientific Data Specification produced by Work Package 3. It is being distributed to all geological survey partners for review. This Data Specification is an essential contribution to Work Package 5 which is developing the project data model and schema. Deliverable number D3.1

Dissemination level Public

Delivery date 31rd July 2009

Status Version 1.0

Author(s) WP3 Leader Kristine Asch WP 3 Core Team M. Bavec, S. Bergman, F. Perez Cerdan, P. Declercq, D. Janjou,

S. Kacer, M. Klicker, M. Nironen, M. Pantaloni, C. Schubert

This project is funded under the eContentplus programme1 A multilingual Community programme to make digital content in Europe more accessible, more usable and exploitable

1 OJL 79, 24.3.2005, p.1

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Executive Summary

Executive Summary OneGeology Europe (1G-E) is delivering a web accessible, semantically and technically interoperable geological dataset, with progress towards harmonisation, for the whole of Europe at a 1 : 1 Million scale. This is based on the geological data held by each geological survey in Europe which differ considerable with respect to their contents, description and geometry. To make these data interoperable is a considerable task and OneGeology-Europe Work Package 3 is delivering the essential basis for that endeavour: The 1G-E Geology Data Specification. This OneGeology-Europe "generic" geology Data Specification describes in detail the contents and scientific content model, the classifications, terms and the usage of the vocabulary that will be the base for the Geological Surveys participating in OneGeology-Europe to describe the geology of their country within the project. They are based on existing standards as far as possible. This specification is extremely important; the implementation of the final version will ultimately enable semantic interoperability (within the timescale and resources of the project) but will also progress harmonisation of the data. This specification will form one of the foundations and inputs for the future INSPIRE geology Data Specification.

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Executive Summary................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Overview of OneGeology-Europe ................................................................................................. 7 1.2 The Relationship of OneGeology-Europe Data Specification and INSPIRE ................................ 9 1.3 Overview of OneGeology-Europe Work Package 3: .................................................................... 9

2. Guide to this Document....................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Purpose of the Document ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Process ....................................................................................................................................... 10

3. Describing “Geology” for OneGeology-Europe ................................................................................. 11 4. The Conceptual Scientific Content Model and Schema.................................................................... 12 5. Vocabulary......................................................................................................................................... 13

5.1 Age – Geochronology ................................................................................................................. 14 5.1.1 Introduction to Geochronology............................................................................................. 14 5.1.2 Geochronological Age Terms .............................................................................................. 15 5.1.3 Proposed Amendments to the Precambrian........................................................................ 21

5.2 Lithology...................................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.1 Igneous Rocks ..................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.2 Sedimentary Rocks.............................................................................................................. 33 5.2.3 Metamorphic Rocks ............................................................................................................. 39

5.3 Genesis ....................................................................................................................................... 45 5.3.1 Environmental Event Data Specification ............................................................................. 46 5.3.2 Genetic Event Process ........................................................................................................ 50

5.4 Metamorphic Terms .................................................................................................................... 52 5.4.1 Metamorphic Grade ............................................................................................................. 53 5.4.2 P/T Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 54 5.4.3 Metamorphic Facies ............................................................................................................ 54

5.5 Contacts and Structures.............................................................................................................. 56 5.5.1 Contact Type........................................................................................................................ 56 5.5.2 Structure and Fault Types ................................................................................................... 57 5.5.3 Other Lines and Delineated Objects.................................................................................... 60 5.5.5 Observation Method ............................................................................................................ 61

5.6 Composite Rocks ........................................................................................................................ 62 5.7 Orogenic Events.......................................................................................................................... 66

6 OneGeology-Europe and CGI/GeoSciML .......................................................................................... 68 6.1 The Vocabularies of OneGeology-Europe and CGI/GeoSciML.................................................. 68

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Table of Contents

6.2 Summary of Terms proposed by OneGeology-Europe to Amend the CGI/GeoSciML Vocabulary.......................................................................................................................................................... 70

6.2.1 Lithology............................................................................................................................... 70 6.2.2 Genesis................................................................................................................................ 74 6.2.3 Metamorphic Terms............................................................................................................. 74 6.2.4 Contact Types...................................................................................................................... 75 6.2.5 Other Lines and Delineated Objects.................................................................................... 75 6.2.6 Composite Rocks................................................................................................................. 75 6.2.7 Orogenic Events .................................................................................................................. 77

7. Topographic Base: EuroGlobalMap .................................................................................................. 78 8. Portrayal ............................................................................................................................................ 80 9. Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................... 81 10. Glossary .......................................................................................................................................... 83 11. Selected Standards ......................................................................................................................... 86 12. Bibliography..................................................................................................................................... 88 13 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... 90 14 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... 91 ANNEX I – ANNEX III............................................................................................................................ 92

ANNEX I Extract from CGI/GeoSciML .............................................................................................. 92 ANNEX I.1 Lithology ..................................................................................................................... 92 ANNEX I.2 Genesis ...................................................................................................................... 94 ANNEX I.3 Contacts and Structures............................................................................................. 96 ANNEX I.4 Observation Method................................................................................................... 96

ANNEX II IUGS Stratigraphic Chart.................................................................................................. 97 ANNEX III IUGS Classification Schemas for Igneous Rocks ........................................................... 98

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1. Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1 Overview of OneGeology-Europe OneGeology-Europe is making geological spatial data held by the geological surveys of Europe more easily discoverable and accessible via the internet. Rich geological data assets exist in the geological survey of each individual EC Member State, but they are difficult to discover and are not interoperable. For those outside the geological surveys they are not easy to obtain, to understand or to use. Geological spatial data is e.g. essential to the prediction and mitigation of landslides, subsidence, earthquakes, flooding and pollution. These issues are global in nature and their profile has also been raised by the OneGeology global initiative for the International Year of Planet Earth 2008. Geology is also a key dataset in the EC INSPIRE Directive (Annex II); it is also fundamental to the Annex III Themes of natural risk zones, energy and mineral resources.

Figure 1-1: Participating countries in OneGeology-Europe The OneGeology-Europe project is delivering a web-accessible, interoperable geological spatial dataset for the whole of Europe at 1:1 million scale based on existing data held by the European geological surveys. It is developing a European specification for basic geological map data and making significant progress towards harmonising the dataset (an essential first step to addressing harmonisation at higher data resolutions). It is accelerating the development and deployment of a nascent international interchange standard for geological data – GeoSciML, which will enable the sharing and exchange of the data within and beyond

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1. Introduction

the geological community within Europe and globally. It is facilitating re-use and addition of value by a wide spectrum of users in the public and private sector and identifying, documenting and disseminating strategies for the reduction of technical and business barriers to re-use. It is addressing the multilingual aspects of access through a multilingual discovery portal. In identifying and raising awareness in the user and provider communities, it is moving geological knowledge closer to the end-user where it will have greater societal impact and ensure fuller exploitation of a key data resource gathered at huge public expense. The project is providing examples of best practice in the delivery of digital geological spatial data to users, e.g. in the insurance, property, engineering, planning, mineral resource and environmental sectors. Last but not least, OneGeology-Europe is ensuring that Europe plays a leading and pivotal role globally in the development of a geoscience spatial data infrastructure (SDI) – a major and significant contribution to INSPIRE. Within ten Work Packages OneGeology-Europe is producing: 1) an interoperable geology spatial dataset at a ~1:1 million scale for onshore EU (specifically composition and structure of the surface geology); 2) scientific specifications as a base for the interoperability of geological data at this resolution and progress towards a harmonised European dataset; 3) a view service providing access to best practice high resolution geological spatial data services for six Member States; 4) several pilot and case studies on cross-border delivery of harmonised high resolution data access; 5) multilingual discovery metadata for all data provider participants’ geological and applied map data; 6) a robust data model, schema and mark-up language for the geosciences, which is OGC compliant and documented and deployed across the EU and internationally; 7) a web portal providing easy multilingual access to the above data and examples of user-focused web services; 8) documented best practice examples of the delivery of geological data to the range of users (available for download and as high quality published book); 9) guidance and proposed code of practice on licensing and clearing arrangements facilitating re-use of geological spatial data; 10) exchange of science, technology, informatics and communication skills and experience across the EU and globally. These products and achievements are allowing substantial progress towards INSPIRE goals: users will be able to discover, view and download geological data across the EU. This will be a test case for other themes of the implementation of the INSPIRE Directive and may not only benefit the geology theme but also will provides a template for other environmental data themes. OneGeology-Europe will deliver data for the EU Geoportal and aspires to position Europe as a world leader in developing a geoscience SDI for a continent. OneGeology-Europe will provide a reference base on which other valuable data products and services can be built.

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2. Guide to this document

1.2 The Relationship of OneGeology-Europe Data Specification and INSPIRE The EU Directive INSPIRE (2007/2/EC) came into force on 15. May 2007 with the aim to create an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe to provide a legislative framework that will enhance the accessibility of environmentally relevant data for EC politicians, economists, scientists and citizens. Optimally this data should be consistent and comparable, i.e. they should be interoperable and if possible even harmonized. INSPIRE addresses 34 thematic geospatial data fields in Annex I, II and III of the Directive, and their metadata; To enable the cross-border interoperability of this data, Data Specification are being set up for each of these themes, - one being “Geology” . The work of the Work Package 3 Data Specification team has already been recognized by the European Commission as providing a basis for the necessary, more detailed specification of the INSPIRE geology theme. Thus, this work of the OneGeology-Europe Data Specification is considerably farther reaching than simply a Data Specification for the OneGeology Project. It may influence significantly the description of geology of each EC country in future.

1.3 Overview of OneGeology-Europe Work Package 3: “1 : 1 million pan-European geological Data Specification, identification and sourcing” Work Package 3 (WP 3) is delivering the essential basis for the OneGeology-Europe project: A specification for geological spatial data and an interoperable 1:1 million scale dataset for the whole of Europe. Based on the specification it will identify the generic and specific geometric and semantic harmonisation issues. WP 3 will then “rework” these existing national datasets to make significant progress towards a harmonised dataset – a crucial step towards INSPIRE goals. The standards, architecture and framework developed here can then be “upscaled” to more detailed levels and progressively deployed for higher resolution geological data.

2. Guide to this Document

2.1 Purpose of the Document Each geological survey in Europe (and across the world) has, over two centuries, developed its own national way to map, describe and portray their geological map units. In the last twenty years different ways of modelling and describing the digital data have also been developed. The need for harmonised European geological data was previously recognised in the year 1881 at the second International Geological Congress in Bologna, where the first cross-boundary international mapping project of Europe started: The International Geological Map of Europe and the Mediterranean Regions at the scale 1 : 1.500 000. This substantial international endeavour was finally completed in 2000 (BGR and UNESCO) and was soon followed by the completion of the first harmonised digital spatial dataset of Europe - the 1 : 5 Million International Geological Map of Europe (ASCH, 2005) which was also published as a

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2. Guide to this document

paper map. The data compilation of the geology for these two map projects was carried out and coordinated centrally at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Germany, and its predecessors under the Umbrella of the Commission of the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) in cooperation with European Geological Survey organisations and universities. Unlike these projects, OneGeology-Europe is a distributed digital model that leaves the data with the responsible Geological Survey organisation, which provides access via the internet and the OneGeology-Europe Geoportal. Geology does not recognise political boundaries, however, from one country to another the properties of the same rock formations will, with a high probability, be described differently; whether this be their lithology (i.e. the rock material), the age, or the genesis. Furthermore, the rock formations will be portrayed with differing colours and symbols. The European Commission and many users require consistent data about its geology; data which does not change its attributes or portrayal as it crosses political boundaries. The EC INSPIRE Directive (see section 1.2) is addressing these issues, and also the EC Water and Soil Directives. An international, general, generic description of the data - a Data Specification - is thus essential. This document is endeavouring to provide such Data Specification, it sets out a common structure with which we can describe the national geological units in a unified/homogeneous way. The features relevant to this specification are:

- lithology, - age (geochronology), - genesis, - structures (faults).

This geological Data Specification lists, in hierarchical order, required terms and their definitions, each referenced to existing definitions and standards. A major basis for this OneGeology-Europe Data Specification is the GeoSciML scheme and the CGI/GeoSciML vocabularies both developed by the Interoperability Working Group (IWG) of the IUGS Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information (CGI) (see also chapter 6). The Operational Management Group of OneGeology-Europe has taken the decision that this outcome of OneGeology-Europe and WP 3 should contribute to and take forward this single global (IUGS endorsed) scheme. This means that additions or amendments required by this European project will be proposed to the IWG. Any issues or conflicts arising will be resolved jointly by the IWG and WP 3 team to ensure that a single unified global scheme results.

2.2 Process This document was iteratively developed by the WP 3 core team - experts from ten geological surveys who met at three workshops and also corresponded frequently by email and telephone. In order to ensure consistency with the global GeoSciML scheme other experts from outside the core team were additionally consulted: John Laxton (WP 4), Agnès Tellez-Arenas (WP 6), Lars-Kristian Stølen (CGI Interoperability Working Group) and, in particular, Stephen Richard, chair of the CGI, IWG Concept Definition Task Group, who made a substantial contribution.

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3. Describing “Geology” for OneGeology-Europe

3. Describing “Geology” for OneGeology-Europe “Geology” within OneGeology-Europe is defined as "composition (lithology/geochronology) and structure of the surface geology”. (Description of Work [EC Contract document], p 25). Thus it is a mandatory requirement of all geological survey participants to describe and deliver the spatial data of the surface geology of their country, see Table 3-1.

Surface geology = geology that would be visible if the overlaying soil were removed,

in other words: The Quaternary/superficial geology plus the exposed bedrock.

As several countries within the OneGeology-Europe participants traditionally place emphasis on displaying the bedrock geology of their country, WP 3 in cooperation with WP 5 and 6 offers to include, in addition and optionally, the bedrock geology as a separate layer.

Bedrock geology (in this context) = pre-Quaternary geology

Table 3-1: Status of the geological map unit attribution (whether completion by geological survey project partners is mandatory or optional) Layer Lithology Age Genesis MetamorphismSurface -geology that would be visible if the overlaying soil were removed-

mandatory mandatory mandatory for Quaternary; optional for pre-Quaternary

partially mandatory (see chapter 5.4)

Bedrock -pre-Quaternary geology-

optional optional optional optional

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4. The Conceptual Data Model and Schema

4. The Conceptual Scientific Content Model and Schema The Conceptual Scientific Content Model and Schema (Figure 4-2) may serve to provide a general overview on the scientific, i.e. geological content, of this Data Specification. The content model expresses the organisation structure of the geological information that OneGeology-Europe is aspiring to contain, the main geological feature types, properties, thematic hierarchies and their (geo-)logical relations. The model shows that the main properties describing the central “rock/map unit” encompass the “age”, the “lithology”and “genesis” of rocks:

- Lithology is connected to “metamorphic terms” and “regional stratigraphy”, both optional properties to describe the lithological aspects of the rock in more detail.

- The age of rocks is logically connected to the properties “orogenic events” and “regional stratigraphy”, which is an option to describe the age of rocks additionally by regional or national time charts.

- The genesis of a rock is being described by two properties, the “Environmental event” and the “Genetic event process”,- a principle taken from the CGI/GeoSciML Schema.

- “Composite terms” are connected to nearly all rock/map unit properties, - they are composed of many components and/or events.

The main “rock/map unit” is linked with the feature type “structures” which describes the geological faults and other delineated objects connected to the rock/map unit. The model and the vocabulary are constructed in such a way that they can be enlarged and used for smaller scales perhaps, in future addressed by the INSPIRE Directive.

Figure 4-2: The OneGeology-Europe Conceptual Scientific Content Model to describe the organisation and geological content of the rock/map units.

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5 Vocabulary

5. Vocabulary The vocabulary from OneGeology-Europe includes 524 terms to describe the age (geochronology), lithology, genesis and metamorphism of rocks plus their structures and line types. The use of the vocabulary is mandatory for each geological survey participating in One Geology-Europe. Lithology (mandatory): One to five terms, ordered by priority, can be applied to describe the lithology of a rock/map unit. These can be chosen from tables in:

• volcanic, • subvolcanic, • plutonic, • sedimentary, • and metamorphic rocks.

Additionally terms for so called “composite rocks” (rocks of a complex origin and/or structure) can be applied. Age (mandatory): It is mandatory to apply at least one of the terms derived from the International Stratigraphic Chart (see section 5.1.1.1, variants 1 and 2) Additionally, if more precise age descriptions are deemed necessary, also numeric values and names of regional (litho-) stratigraphic units can be given (variants 3-6). In particular for metamorphic rocks a list of orogenic events (Table 6-35) is provided to a particular metamorphic rock/map unit. Genesis (mandatory/optional) The description of the genetic background of a rock/map unit within OneGeology-Europe is mandatory for surface geology rock/map units, but optional for bedrock rock/map units. Genesis can be described by the “EnvironmentalEvent” (e.g. aeolian process setting) and/or genetic “EventProcess” (e.g. sedimentary process). Metamorphic terms (optional) In addition to the mandatory lithology and age description within OneGeology-Europe the metamorphic background of a rock/map unit may (optionally) be described by the metamorphic facies, grade, and P/T conditions. Contacts and structure (mandatory) It is mandatory within OneGeology-Europe to describe the contact type of a geological map unit. Should it be a “faulted contact”, it is mandatory to use the Structure/Fault Type vocabulary.

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5.1 Age - Geochronology

5.1 Age – Geochronology 5.1.1 Introduction to Geochronology Geochronology: "Geochronologic Units are divisions of time traditionally distinguished on the basis of the rock record as expressed by chronostratigraphic units. A geochronologic unit is not a chronostratigraphic unit (i.e., it is not a material unit), but it corresponds to the time span of an established chronostratigraphic unit [...], and its beginning and ending corresponds to the base and top of the referent. [...] The adjectives Early, Middle and Late are used for the geochronologic epochs equivalent to the corresponding, chronostratigraphic Lower, Middle and Upper series, where these are formerly established." (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature - NACSN, 1983:869) Chronostratigraphy: "the branch of stratigraphy that deals with the age of strata and their time relations." (Bates & Jackson: 1987: p. 118) The OneGeology-Europe Data Specification encompasses the description of all rock types: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic; thus the terms "Early/Lower", "Middle" and "Late/Upper" are used to describe the age of (layered) sedimentary as well as rock types with magmatic origin. “Lower” and “upper” refer to the stratigraphic position of a sedimentary rock, whereas “Early” and “Late” refer to the geochronologically and biostratigraphically age of a rock unit. The only global internationally agreed standard to describe the age of rocks is the IUGS International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS, version 2008, see Annex II) which has been adopted as mandatory by OneGeology-Europe to describe rocks. It was agreed that the level of detail required would include: • Eon, • Era, • Period, • Epoch, • Stage.

5.1.1.1 OneGeology-Europe Age Variants To describe the age of the rock types six variants are required: OneGeology-Europe variants to describe the age of a rock/map unit: The following variants are proposed as mandatory elements of the specification:

1. by the ICS age term (e.g. Early/Lower Cretaceaous) or

2. by the Early/Lower (from) and Late/Upper ICS term (e.g. Norian to Hauterivian)

The following variants are proposed as optional elements of the specification: 3. by the Lower (from) and Upper (to) numeric age value (e.g. 132 – 125 Ma) 4. by only one numeric age value, e.g. 346 Ma

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5.1 Age - Geochronology

5. the Early/Lower (from) and Late/Upper (to) numeric age value and an orogenic event term, e.g. 19 – 0,01 Ma - Late Alpine

6. the Early/Lower (from) and Late/Upper (to) numeric age value plus the name of the regional (litho-)stratigraphic unit plus the country, e.g. 302 – 258 Ma – Rotliegendes, Germany

All the optional age details must refer to the ICS (International Stratigraphic Chart, see Annex II), even if this might be possible only generally, e.g. 63 – 19 Ma – Middle Alpine: ICS: Danian – Burdigalian. 5.1.2 Geochronological Age Terms This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification for the “Age” of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select either one age or an age span to describe the age of their rocks. The alphanumerical number in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-3 and Table 5-2.

Figure 5-3: Hierarchical overview representation of the geochronological ages. For clarity concepts are indicated

Geochronological Age Terms

a1.1 Phanerozoic 542 - ±1 0 Ma

a1.1.1 Cenozoic 65,5 - ±0,3 0 Ma

a1.1.1.1 Quaternary 2,588 - 0 Ma

a1.1.1.2 Neogene 23,03 - 2,558 Ma

a1.1.1.3 Paleogene 65,5 ±0,3 - 23,03 Ma

a1.1.2 Mesozoic 251 ±0,4 - 65,5 ±0,3 Ma

a1.1.2.1 Cretaceous 145,5 ±4 - 65,5 ±0,3 Ma

a1.1.2.2 Jurassic 199,6 ±0,6 - 145,5 ±4 Ma

a1.1.2.3 Triassic 251 ±0,4 - 199,6 ±0,6 Ma

a1.1.3 Paleozoic 542 ±1 - 251 ±0,4 Ma

a1.1.3.1 Permian 299 ±0,8 - 251 ±0,4 Ma

a1.1.3.2 Carboniferous 359,2 ±2,5 - 299 ±0,8 Ma

a1.1.3.3 Devonian 416 ±2,8 - 359,2 ±2,5 Ma

a1.1.3.4 Silurian 443,7 ±1,5 - 416 ±2,8 Ma

a1.1.3.5 Ordovician 488,3 ±1,7 - 443,7 ±1,5 Ma

a1.1.3.6 Cambrian 542 ±1 - 488,3 ±1,7 Ma

a2 Precambrian 4600 - 542 Ma

a2.1 Proterozoic 2500 - 542 Ma

a2.2 Archean 4000 - 2500 Ma

a2.3 Hadean (informal) 4600 - 4000 Ma

up to Epochs only.

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5.1 Age - Geochronolgy

Table 5-2: OneGeology-Europe Geochronological terms and their age range. The terms are sorted from young (on the top) to old (on the bottom). OneGeology-Europe-ID Term from (Ma) to (Ma) a1.1.1.1.1 Holocene 0,0117 0

a1.1.1.1.2.1 Late/Upper Pleistocene 0,126 0,0117

a1.1.1.1.2.2 "Ionian" 0,781 0,126 a1.1.1.1.2.3 Calabrian 1,806 0,781 a1.1.1.1.2.4 Gelasian 2,588 1,806 a1.1.1.1.2 Pleistocene 2,588 0,0117 a1.1.1.1 Quaternary 2,588 0 a1.1.1.2.1.1 Piacenzian 3,6 2,588 a1.1.1.2.1.2 Zanclean 5,332 3,6 a1.1.1.2.1 Pliocene 5,332 2,588 a1.1.1.2.2.1 Messinian 7,246 5,332 a1.1.1.2.2.2 Tortonian 11,608 7,246 a1.1.1.2.2.3 Serravallian 13,82 11,608 a1.1.1.2.2.4 Langhian 15,97 13,82 a1.1.1.2.2.5 Burdigalian 20,43 15,97 a1.1.1.2.2.6 Aquitanian 23,03 20,43 a1.1.1.2.2 Miocene 23,03 5,332 a1.1.1.2 Neogene 23,03 2,588 a1.1.1.3.1.1 Chattian 28,4 ±0,1 23,03 a1.1.1.3.1.2 Rupelian 33,9 ±0,1 28,4 ±0,1 a1.1.1.3.1 Oligocene 33,9 ±0,1 23,03 a1.1.1.3.2.1 Priabonian 37,2 ±0,1 33,9 ±0,1 a1.1.1.3.2.2 Bartonian 40,4 ±0,2 37,2 ±0,1 a1.1.1.3.2.3 Lutetian 48,6 ±0,2 40,4 ±0,2 a1.1.1.3.2.4 Ypresian 55,8 ±0,2 48,6 ±0,2 a1.1.1.3.2 Eocene 55,8 ±0,2 33,9 ±0,1 a1.1.1.3.3.1 Thanetian 58,7 ±0,2 55,8 ±0,2 a1.1.1.3.3.2 Selandian 61,1 58,7 ±0,2 a1.1.1.3.3.3 Danian 65,5 ±0,3 61,1 a1.1.1.3.3 Paleocene 65,5 ±0,3 55,8 ±0,2 a1.1.1.3 Paleogene 65,5 ±0,3 23,03 a1.1.1 Cenozoic 65,5 ±0,3 0 a1.1.2.1.1.1 Maastrichtian 70,6 ±0,6 65,5 ±0,3 a1.1.2.1.1.2 Campanian 83,5 ±0,7 70,6 ±0,6 a1.1.2.1.1.3 Santonian 85,8 ±0,7 83,5 ±0,7 a1.1.2.1.1.4 Coniacian 88,6 85,8 ±0,7 a1.1.2.1.1.5 Turonian 93,6 ±0,8 88,6 a1.1.2.1.1.6 Cenomanian 99,6 ±0,9 93,6 ±0,8

a1.1.2.1.1 Late/Upper Cretaceous 99,6 ±0,9 65,5 ±0,3

a1.1.2.1.2.1 Albian 112 ±1 99,6 ±0,9 a1.1.2.1.2.2 Aptian 125 ±1 112 ±1 a1.1.2.1.2.3 Barremian 130 ±1,5 125 ±1 a1.1.2.1.2.4 Hauterivian 133,9 130 ±1,5 a1.1.2.1.2.5 Valanginian 140,2 ±3 133,9 a1.1.2.1.2.6 Berriasian 145,5 ±4 140,2 ±3

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OneGeology-Europe-ID Term from (Ma) to (Ma)

a1.1.2.1.2 Early/Lower Cretaceous 145,5 ±4 99,6 ±0,9

a1.1.2.1 Cretaceous 145,5 ±4 65,5 ±0,3 a1.1.2.2.1.1 Tithonian 150,8 ±4 145,5 ±4 a1.1.2.2.1.2 Kimmeridgian 155,6 150,8 ±4 a1.1.2.2.1.3 Oxfordian 161,2 ±4 155,6 a1.1.2.2.1 Late/Upper Jurassic 161,2 ±4 145,5 ±4 a1.1.2.2.2.1 Callovian 164,7 ±4 161,2 ±4 a1.1.2.2.2.2 Bathonian 167,7 ±3,5 164,7 ±4 a1.1.2.2.2.3 Bajocian 171,6 ±3 167,7 ±3,5 a1.1.2.2.2.4 Aalenian 175,6 ±2 171,6 ±3 a1.1.2.2.2 Middle Jurassic 175,6 ±2 161,2 ±4 a1.1.2.2.3.1 Toarcian 183 ±1,5 175,6 ±2 a1.1.2.2.3.2 Pliensbachian 189,6 ±1,5 183 ±1,5 a1.1.2.2.3.3 Sinemurian 196,5 ±1 189,6 ±1,5 a1.1.2.2.3.4 Hettangian 199,6 ±0,6 196,5 ±1 a1.1.2.2.3 Early/Lower Jurassic 199,6 ±0,6 175,6 ±2 a1.1.2.2 Jurassic 199,6 ±0,6 145,5 ±4 a1.1.2.3.1.1 Rhaetian 203,6 ±1,5 199,6 ±0,6 a1.1.2.3.1.2 Norian 216,5 ±2 203,6 ±1,5 a1.1.2.3.1.3 Carnian 228,7 216,5 ±2 a1.1.2.3.1 Late/Upper Triassic 228,7 199,6 ±0,6 a1.1.2.3.2.1 Ladinian 237 ±2 228,7 a1.1.2.3.2.2 Anisian 245,9 237 ±2 a1.1.2.3.2 Middle Triassic 245,9 228,7 a1.1.2.3.3.1 Olenekian 249,5 245,9 a1.1.2.3.3.2 Induan 251 ±0,4 249,5 a1.1.2.3.3 Early/Lower Triassic 251 ±0,4 245,9 a1.1.2.3 Triassic 251 ±0,4 199,6 ±0,6 a1.1.2 Mesozoic 251 ±0,4 65,5 ±0,3 a1.1.3.1.1.1 Changhsingian 253,8 ±0,7 251 ±0,4 a1.1.3.1.1.2 Wuchiapingian 260,4 ±0,7 253,8 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.1 Lopingian 260,4 ±0,7 251 ±0,4 a1.1.3.1.2.1 Capitanian 265,8 ±0,7 260,4 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.2.2 Wordian 268 ±0,7 265,8 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.2.3 Roadian 270,6 ±0,7 268 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.2 Guadalupian 270,6 ±0,7 260,4 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.3.1 Kungurian 275,6 ±0,7 270,6 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.3.2 Artinskian 284,4 ±0,7 275,6 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.3.3 Sakmarian 294,6 ±0,8 284,4 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1.3.4 Asselian 299 ±0,8 294,6 ±0,8 a1.1.3.1.3 Cisuralian 299 ±0,8 270,6 ±0,7 a1.1.3.1 Permian 299 ±0,8 251 ±0,4 a1.1.3.2.1.1.1 Gzhelian 303,4 ±0,9 299 ±0,8 a1.1.3.2.1.1.2 Kasimovian 307,2 ±1 303,4 ±0,9

a1.1.3.2.1.1 Late/Upper Pennsylvanian 307,2 ±1 299 ±0,8

a1.1.3.2.1.2.1 Moscovian 311,7 ±1,1 307,2 ±1 a1.1.3.2.1.2 Middle 311,7 ±1,1 307,2 ±1

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OneGeology-Europe-ID Term from (Ma) to (Ma)

Pennsylvanian

a1.1.3.2.1.3.1 Bashkirian 318,1 ±1,3 311,7 ±1,1

a1.1.3.2.1.3 Early/Lower Pennsylvanian 318,1 ±1,3 311,7 ±1,1

a1.1.3.2.1 Pennsylvanian 318,1 ±1,3 299 ±0,8 a1.1.3.2.2.1.1 Serpukhovian 328,3 ±1,6 318,1 ±1,3

a1.1.3.2.2.1 Late/Upper Mississippian 328,3 ±1,6 318,1 ±1,3

a1.1.3.2.2.2.1 Visean 345,3 ±2,1 328,3 ±1,6 a1.1.3.2.2.2 Middle Mississippian 345,3 ±2,1 328,3 ±1,6 a1.1.3.2.2.3.1 Tournaisian 359,2 ±2,5 345,3 ±2,1

a1.1.3.2.2.3 Early/Lower Mississippian 359,2 ±2,5 345,3 ±2,1

a1.1.3.2.2 Mississippian 359,2 ±2,5 318,1 ±1,3 a1.1.3.2 Carboniferous 359,2 ±2,5 299 ±0,8 a1.1.3.3.1.1 Famennian 374,5 ±2,6 359,2 ±2,5 a1.1.3.3.1.2 Frasnian 385,3 ±2,6 374,5 ±2,6 a1.1.3.3.1 Late/Upper Devonian 385,3 ±2,6 359,2 ±2,5 a1.1.3.3.2.1 Givetian 391,8 ±2,7 385,3 ±2,6 a1.1.3.3.2.2 Eifelian 397,5 ±2,7 391,8 ±2,7 a1.1.3.3.2 Middle Devonian 397,5 ±2,7 385,3 ±2,6 a1.1.3.3.3.1 Emsian 407 ±2,8 397,5 ±2,7 a1.1.3.3.3.2 Pragian 411,2 ±2,8 407 ±2,8 a1.1.3.3.3.3 Lochkovian 416 ±2,8 411,2 ±2,8

a1.1.3.3.3 Early/Lower Devonian 416 ±2,8 397,5 ±2,7

a1.1.3.3 Devonian 416 ±2,8 359,2 ±2,5 a1.1.3.4.1 Pridoli 418,7 ±2,7 416 ±2,8 a1.1.3.4.2.1 Ludfordian 421,3 ±2,6 418,7 ±2,7 a1.1.3.4.2.2 Gorstian 422,9 ±2,5 421,3 ±2,6 a1.1.3.4.2 Ludlow 422,9 ±2,5 418,7 ±2,7 a1.1.3.4.3.1 Homerian 426,2 ±2,4 422,9 ±2,5 a1.1.3.4.3.2 Sheinwoodian 428,2 ±2,3 426,2 ±2,4 a1.1.3.4.3 Wenlock 428,2 ±2,3 422,9 ±2,5 a1.1.3.4.4.1 Telychian 436 ±1,9 428,2 ±2,3 a1.1.3.4.4.2 Aeronian 439 ±1,8 436 ±1,9 a1.1.3.4.4.3 Rhuddanian 443,7 ±1,5 439 ±1,8 a1.1.3.4.4 Llandovery 443,7 ±1,5 428,2 ±2,3 a1.1.3.4 Silurian 443,7 ±1,5 416 ±2,8 a1.1.3.5.1.1 Hirnantian 445,6 ±1,5 443,7 ±1,5 a1.1.3.5.1.2 Katian 455,8 ±1,6 445,6 ±1,5 a1.1.3.5.1.3 Sandbian 460,9 ±1,6 455,8 ±1,6

a1.1.3.5.1 Late/Upper Ordovician 460,9 ±1,6 443,7 ±1,5

a1.1.3.5.2.1 Darriwilian 468,1 ±1,6 460,9 ±1,6 a1.1.3.5.2.2 Dapingian 471,8 ±1,6 468,1 ±1,6 a1.1.3.5.2 Middle Ordovician 471,8 ±1,6 460,9 ±1,6 a.1.1.3.5.3.1 Floian 478,6 ±1,7 471,8 ±1,6 a1.1.3.5.3.2 Tremadocian 488,3 ±1,7 478,6 ±1,7

a1.1.3.5.3 Early/Lower Ordovician 488,3 ±1,7 471,8 ±1,6

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OneGeology-Europe-ID Term from (Ma) to (Ma) a1.1.3.5 Ordovician 488,3 ±1,7 443,7 ±1,5

a1.1.3.6.1.1 Cambrian-Furongian-Stage 10 492 488,3 ±1,7

a1.1.3.6.1.2 Cambrian-Furongian-Stage 9 496 492

a1.1.3.6.1.3 Paibian 499 496 a1.1.3.6.1 Furongian 499 488,3 ±1,7 a1.1.3.6.2.1 Guzhangian 503 499 a1.1.3.6.2.2 Drumian 506,5 503

a1.1.3.6.2.3 Cambrian-Series 3-Stage 5 510 506,5

a1.1.3.6.2 Cambrian-Series 3 510 499

a1.1.3.6.3.1 Cambrian-Series 2-Stage 4 515 510

a1.1.3.6.3.2 Cambrian-Series 2-Stage 3 521 515

a1.1.3.6.3 Cambrian-Series 2 521 510

a1.1.3.6.4.1 Cambrian-Terreneuvian-Stage 2 528 521

a1.1.3.6.4.2 Fortunian 542 ±1 528 a1.1.3.6.4 Terreneuvian 542 ±1 521 a1.1.3.6 Cambrian 542 ±1 488,3 ±1,7 a1.1.3 Paleozoic 542 ±1 251 ±0,4 a1.1 Phanerozoic 542 ±1 0 a2.1.1.1 Ediacaran 635 542 a2.1.1.2 Cryogenian 850 635 a2.1.1.3.1 Tonian 2 910 850 a2.1.1.3.2 Tonian 1 1000 910 a2.1.1.3 Tonian 1000 850 a2.1.1 Neoproterozoic 1000 542 a2.1.2.1.1 Stenian 2 1130 1000 a2.1.2.1.2 Stenian 1 1200 1130 a2.1.2.1 Stenian 1200 1000 a2.1.2.2.1 Ectasian 4 1250 1200 a2.1.2.2.2 Ectasian 3 1280 1250 a2.1.2.2.3 Ectasian 2 1360 1280 a2.1.2.2.4 Ectasian 1 1400 1360 a2.1.2.2 Ectasian 1400 1200 a2.1.2.3.1 Calymmian 5 1440 1400 a2.1.2.3.2 Calymmian 4 1470 1440 a2.1.2.3.3 Calymmian 3 1520 1470 a2.1.2.3.4 Calymmian 2 1590 1520 a2.1.2.3.5 Calymmian 1 1600 1590 a2.1.2.3 Calymmian 1600 1400 a2.1.2 Mesoproterozoic 1600 1000 a2.1.3.1.1 Statherian 4 1660 1600 a2.1.3.1.2 Statherian 3 1740 1660 a2.1.3.1.3 Statherian 2 1770 1740 a2.1.3.1.4 Statherian 1 1800 1770 a2.1.3.1 Statherian 1800 1600 a2.1.3.2.1 Orosirian 7 1820 1800

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OneGeology-Europe-ID Term from (Ma) to (Ma) a2.1.3.2.2 Orosirian 6 1840 1820 a2.1.3.2.3 Orosirian 5 1870 1840 a2.1.3.2.4 Orosirian 4 1880 1870 a2.1.3.2.5 Orosirian 3 1910 1880 a2.1.3.2.6 Orosirian 2 1960 1910 a2.1.3.2.7 Orosirian 1 2050 1960 a2.1.3.2 Orosirian 2050 1800 a2.1.3.3.2 Rhyacian 2 2060 2050 a2.1.3.3.1 Rhyacian 1 2300 2060 a2.1.3.3 Rhyacian 2300 2050 a2.1.3.4.1 Siderian 2 2400 2300 a2.1.3.4.2 Siderian 1 2500 2400 a2.1.3.4 Siderian 2500 2300 a2.1.3 Paleoproterozoic 2500 1600 a2.1. Proterozoic 2500 542 a2.2.1.1 Neoarchean 2 2650 2500 a2.2.1.2 Neoarchean 1 2800 2650 a2.2.1 Neoarchean 2800 2500 a2.2.2 Mesoarchean 3200 2800 a2.2.3 Paleoarchean 3600 3200 a2.2.4 Eoarchean 4000 3600 a2.2 Archean 4000 2500 a2.3 Hadean (informal) 4600 4000 a2 Precambrian 4600 542

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5.1.3 Proposed Amendments to the Precambrian (additional Epochs marked in yellow) The Fennoscandian Shield represents a large part of Europe with most rocks of Precambrian age. However, the standard for describing the age of rocks, the International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS, 2008, see Annex II) does not distinguish the Precambrian to the degree regarded as necessary to subdivide the Fennoscandian rock/map units. Thus, the following 30 Epochs (see Table 5-3) are suggested by OneGeology-Europe and are intended to propose to the IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), the global organization involved with the definition of stratigraphical units. These new time spans can already be defined via Option 6 of the OneGeology-Europe age variants (section 5.1.1.1). Table 5-3: 30 newly defined Epochs for the OneGeology-Europe Data Specification

EON ERA PERIOD Epoch Age (Ma) from

Age (Ma) to

Ediacaran 635 542 Cryogenian 850 635

Tonian 2 910 850 Neoproterozoic

Tonian Tonian 1 1000 910 Stenian 2 1130 1000 Stenian Stenian 1 1200 1130 Ectasian 4 1250 1200 Ectasian 3 1280 1250 Ectasian 2 1360 1280

Ectasian

Ectasian 1 1400 1360 Calymmian 5 1440 1400 Calymmian 4 1470 1440 Calymmian 3 1520 1470 Calymmian 2 1590 1520

Mesoproterozoic

Calymmian

Calymmian 1 1600 1590 Statherian 4 1660 1600 Statherian 3 1740 1660 Statherian 2 1770 1740

Statherian

Statherian 1 1800 1770 Orosirian 7 1820 1800 Orosirian 6 1840 1820 Orosirian 5 1870 1840 Orosirian 4 1880 1870 Orosirian 3 1910 1880 Orosirian 2 1960 1910

Orosirian

Orosirian 1 2050 1960 Rhyacian 2 2060 2050 Rhyacian Rhyacian 1 2300 2060 Siderian 2 2400 2300

Proterozoic

Paleoproterozoic

Siderian Siderian 1 2500 2400 Neoarchean 2 2650 2500 Neoarchean Neoarchean 1 2800 2650 Archean

Mesoarchean 3200 2800

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5.2 Lithology – Volcanic Rocks

5.2 Lithology 5.2.1 Igneous Rocks There are numerous classification systems for igneous rocks, most of them are geochemically based. The most commonly used and taught one, however, is the IUGS ("Streckeisen")-classification, based on the modal amounts of the common minerals which are divided into five groups: Q Quartz, A Alkali feldspar, P Plagioclase, F Feldspathoids and M Mafic minerals. The Q-A-F-P Double Triangles Diagram for Plutonites (Streckeisen, 1976, Annex III), and Volcanites (Streckeisen, 1978, Annex III) used by LeMaitre are a comprehensive and appropriate nomenclature and classification of igneous rocks for the use by OneGeology-Europe.

5.2.1.1 Volcanic Rock Data Specification This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification for “Volcanic Rocks” for rock/map units. The intention is that users of the specification will select one or up to five terms from this and other lithology tables to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-4. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-4 relates whether this term is defined in within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary and if so, with which URN (Uniform Resource Name).

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Figure 5-4: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of volcanic rocks

. . .

v2.6 Phonolitic rock

v2.6.1 Phonolite

v2.7 Tephritic rock

v2.7.1 Basanite

v2.7.2 Tephrite

v2.8 Foiditic rock

v2.8.1 Foidite

v2.8.1.2 Nephelinite

v2.9 Ultramafic high Mg volcanic rocks

v2.9.1 Komatiitic rock

v2.9.1.1 Komatiite

v2.9.1.2 Picrite

v2.9.2 Picrobasalt

v2.9.3 Boninite

Volcanic Rock

v1 Fragmental igneous rock

v1.1 Tuffite

v1.2 Pyroclastic material

v1.2.1 Ash tuff, lapillistone, and lapilli tuff

v1.3 Pyroclastic rock

v1.3.1 Tuff

v2 Fine grained igneous rock/volcanic rock

v2.1 Rhyolitic rock

v2.1.1 Rhyolite

v2.1.1.1 Pantelleritic rhyolite

v2.2 Dacitic rock

v2.2.1 Dacite

v2.2.2 Trachydacite

v2.3 Trachytic rock

v2.3.1 Trachyte

v2.3.2 Latite

v2.3.3 Drachenfelsit

v2.4 Andesitic rock

v2.4.1 Andesite

v2.4.1.1 Basaltic andesite

v2.4.1.2 Trachyandesite=Hyaloandesit

v2.4.1.2.1 Basaltic trachyandesite

v2.5 Basaltic rock

v2.5.1 Basalt

v2.5.1.1 Alkali basalt

v2.5.1.2 Tholeiitic basalt

v2.5.1.3 Trachybasalt

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Table 5-4: The OneGeology-Europe volcanic rock specification OneGeology-EuropeID

OneGeology-Europe Term

1G-E Subtype of

Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifierScheme:CGI:SimpleLithology

v Volcanic rock

Igneous rock

Aphanitic or porphyritic igneous rock composed of greater than 10 percent groundmass, in which most of the crystals cannot be distinguished with the unaided eye; grainsize is typically less than 1mm. Igneous rocks with 'exotic' composition are excluded from this concept.

Gillespie & Styles 1999; LeMaitre et al. 2002

fine_grained_igneous_rock

v1 Fragmental igneous rock

Volcanic rock

Igneous rock in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process. Includes pyroclastic rocks, autobreccia associated with lava flows and intrusive breccias. Excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

fragmental_igneous_rock

v1.1 Tuffite Fragmental igneous rock

A term used in the pyroclastic classification for rocks consisting of mixtures of pyroclasts and epiclasts.

LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 152

proposed amendments to GeoSciML

v1.2 Pyroclastic material

Fragmental igneous rock

Fragmental igneous material that consists of more than 75 percent of particles formed by disruption as a direct result of volcanic action.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

pyroclastic_material

v1.2.1 Ash tuff, lapillistone, and lapilli tuff

Pyroclastic material

Pyroclastic rock in which less than 25 percent of rock by volume are more than 64 mm in longest diameter. Includes tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapillistone.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

ash_tuff_lapillistone_and_lapilli_tuff

v1.3 Pyroclastic rock

Fragmental igneous rock

Fragmental igneous rock that consists of greater than 75 percent fragments produced as a direct result of eruption or extrusion of magma from within the earth onto its surface. Includes autobreccia associated with lava flows and excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

pyroclastic_rock

v1.3.1 Tuff Pyroclastic rock

Now defined in the pyroclastic classification as a pyroclastic rock in which ash > 75%. The term is synonymous with ash tuff

Le Maitre et al. 2002, p. 152


v2 Fine grained igneous rock

Volcanic rock

Aphanitic or porphyritic igneous rock composed of greater than 10 percent groundmass, in which most of the crystals cannot be distinguished with the unaided eye; grainsize is typically less than 1mm. Igneous rocks with 'exotic' composition are excluded from this concept.

Gillespie & Styles 1999; LeMaitre et al. 2002

fine_grained_igneous_rock

v2.1 Rhyolitic rock

Fine grained igneous rock

Fine-grained igneous rock, typically porphyritic, consisting of quartz and alkali feldspar (often as phenocrysts), with minor plagioclase and biotite, in a microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or glassy groundmass. Flow texture is common. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2 and 3 or chemically in TAS Field R as rhyolite.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

rhyolitic_rock

v2.1.1 Rhyolite Rhyolitic rock

A collective term for silicic volcanic rocks consisting of phenocrysts of quartz and alkalifeldspar, often with minor plagioclase and biotite



v2.1.1.1

Pantelleritic rhyolite

Rhyolite Originally described as a leucocratic variety of alkali rhyolite containing phenocrysts of aegirine-augite, anorthoclase and cossyrite. It is now defined and distinguished from comendite as variety of peralkaline rhyolite of TAS field R in which AL2O3 < 1.33 x total iron as FeO+4.4. Synonymos with pantellerite.



v2.2 Dacitic rock Fine grained igneous rock

Fine grained or porphyritic crystalline rock composed of quartz and sodic plagioclase with minor amounts of biotite and/or hornblende and/or pyroxene; volcanic equivalent of granodiorite and tonalite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 4 and 5 or chemically in TAS Field O3.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

dacitic_rock

v2.2.1 Dacite Dacitic rock

A Volcanic rock composed of quartz and sodic plagioclase with minor amounts of biotite and/or hornblende and/or pyroxene. The volcanic equivalent of granodiorite and tonalite. Now defined in QAPF 4 and 5, chemically in TAS O3



v2.2.2 Trachydacite Dacitic rock

A term originally used for a variety of rhyolite containing bronzite (=enstatite) and an alkali feldspar to oligoclase ratio of 2:1. Now defined chemically as rocks with more than 20% normative quartz in TAS field T.



v2.3 Trachytic rock


Fine-grained volcanic rock consisting of alkali feldspar and minor mafic minerals, typically amphibole or mica; typically porphyritic. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 or chemically in TAS Field T as trachyte or latite.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

trachytic_rock

v2.3.1 Trachyte Trachytic rock

A volcanic rock consisting essentially of alkali feldspar. Now defined in QAPF field 7, and in TAS field N.



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OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


v2.3.2 Latite Trachytic rock

A term origanally proposed for a rock which chemically lies between trachyte and andesite, but later used as a volcanic rock composed of approximately equal amounts of alkali feldspar and sodic plagioclase, i.e. the volcanic equivalent of mononite. Now defined in QAPF field 8 and, if modes are not available, chemically as a potassic variety of trachyandesite in TAS field S3.



v2.3.3 Drachenfelsit Trachytic rock

A volcanic rock consisting essentially of alkali feldspar. Now defined in QAPF field 7. A dragon flake like sequestration is characteristic.

Neuman, A. E. (1998), p. 123


v2.4 Andesitic rock


Fine grained crystalline rock, usually porphyritic, consisting of plagioclase (frequently zoned from labradorite to oligoclase), pyroxene, hornblende and/or biotite; color index M less than 35. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field O2 as andesite. Fine grained equivalent of dioritic rock.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

andesitic_rock

v2.4.1 Andesite Andesitic rock

An intermediate volcanic rock, usually porphyritic, consisting of plagioclase (frequently zoned from labradorite to oligoclase), Pyroxene, hornblende and/or biotite. Now defined in QAPF fields 9 and 10, chemically in TAS O2.



v2.4.1.1

Basaltic andesite

Andesite A term for volcanic rock which has plagioclase of variable composition with ferromagnesian minerals more commonly found in basalts, e.g. olivine. Now defined in TAS field O1.



v2.4.1.2

Trachyandesite=Hyaloandesit

Andesite A term originally used for volcanic rocks intermediate in composition between trachyte and andesite and containing approximatley equal amounts of alkali feldspar and plagioclase. Later used for volcanic rocks containing foids as well as alkali fedspar and plagioclase. Now defined chemically in TAS field S3

LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 150, Wimmenauer 1985


v2.4.1.2.1

Basaltic trachyandesite

Trachyandesite=Hyaloandesit

A group term introduced for rocks intermediate between tarchyandesite and trachybasalt, i.e. an analogous name to basaltic andesite in the oversaturated rocks. Now defined in TAS field S2



v2.5 Basaltic rock Fine grained igneous rock

Fine-grained or porphyritic igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz, and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals, in which the ratio of plagioclase to alkali feldspar is greater than 66 percent, and the color index M is greater than 35. Typically composed of calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene; phenocrysts typically include one or more of calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field B as basalt.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

basaltic_rock

v2.5.1 Basalt Basaltic rock

A volcanic rock consisting essentially of calcic plagioclase and pyroxene. Olivine and minor foids or minor interstitial quartz may be also present. Now defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 and, if modes are not available, chemically in TAS field B.



v2.5.1.1

Alkali basalt Basalt A term originally used for basalts containing accessory foids. Such rocks generally contain a titanian augite and olivine as their ferromagnesian phases. Now defined chemically as a variety of basalt in TAS field B which contains normative nepheline.Cf. subalkali basalt.



v2.5.1.2

Tholeiitic basalt

Basalt A common variety of basalt composed of labradorite, augite, hypersthene=(enstatite) or pigeonite, with olivine (often showing a reaction relationship) or quartz, and often with interstitial glass.

LeMaitre et al. 2002; p. 148


v2.5.1.3

Trachybasalt Basalt Altough originally used for foidal rocks, the term has mainly been used for basaltic volcanic rocks containing labradorite and alkali feldspar. Now defined chemically in TAS field S1



v2.6 Phonolitic rock


Fine grained igneous rock containing feldspathoids and in which alkali feldspar is thought to be more abundant than plagioclase. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 11 and 12, and TAS field Ph.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

phonolitic_rock

v2.6.1 Phonolite Phonolitic rock

Now defined in QAPF field 11 as a volcanic rock consisting essentially of alkali feldspar and any foids. If nepheline is the only foid then the term phonolite may be used itself but if, for example, leucite is the most abundant foid then the term leucite phonolite should be used. If modes are not available phonolite is defined in TAS field Ph.



v2.7 Tephritic rock


Fine grained crystalline igneous rock containing essential feldspathoids and in which plagioclase is more abundant than alkali feldspar. Includes rocks classified in QAPF field 14 or chemically in TAS field U1 as basanite or tephrite.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

tephritic_rock

v2.7.1 Basanite Tephritic rock

A term originally used for a porphyric basalt containing pyroxene phenocrysts, but later used as a group name for rocks composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, essential foids and olivine. Now defined modally in QAPF field 14 or in TAS field U1.



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OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


v2.7.2 Tephrite Tephritic rock

An alkaline volcanic rock composed essentially of clacic plagioclase, clinopyroxene and feldspathoid. Now defined in QAPF field 14 and in TAS field U1



v2.8 Foiditic rock Fine grained igneous rock

Fine grained crystalline rock containing more than 60 percent feldspathoids in total light-coloured constituents. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15 or chemically in TAS field F.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

foiditic_rock

v2.8.1 Foidite Foiditic rock

A general Term for volcanic rocks defined in QAPF field 15, i.e. rocks containing more than 60% foids, in total light coloured constituents. If modes are not available, chemically defined in TAS field F. If possible the most abundant foid should be used in the name e.g. nephelinite, leucitite etc..



v2.8.1.2

Nephelinite Foidite A term originally used for a nepheline-bearing basaltic rock but now used for rock consisting essentially of nepheline and clinopyroxene. Now defined modally as variety of foidite of QAPF field 15c and, if modes are not available, chemically as a rock in TAS field U1 or F in which normative ne>20%.



v2.9 Ultramafic high Mg volcanic rocks


Defined as a rock with more than 90% Mg LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 153


v2.9.1 Komatiitic rock

Ultramafic high Mg volcanic rocks

Ultramafic volcanic rock, typically with spinifex texture of intergrown skeletal and bladed olivine and pyroxene crystals set in abundant glass. Includes picrite, komatiite and meimechite.

CGI/GeoSciML 200811

komatiitic_rock

v2.9.1.1

Komatiite Komatiitic rock

A variety of ultramafic lavas that crystallize from high temperature magmas with 18% to 32% MgO. They offen form pillows and have chilled flow-tops and usually displays spinifex textures with intergrown skeletal and bladed olivine and pyroxenecrystals set in abundant glass. The more highly magnesian varieties are often termed peridotitic komatiite. Now defined in TAS field B.



v2.9.1.2

Picrite Komatiitic rock

A term originally used for a variety of dolerite or basalt extremly rich in olivine and pyroxene. Also used as the volcanic equivalent of a feldspar-bearing or alkali peridotite and for olivine-rich varieties of gabbro and teschenite. Now defined chemically in TAS (<18% MgO)


proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

v2.9.2 Picrobasalt Ultramafic high Mg volcanic rocks

A chemical term for volcanic rocks, which will include certain picritic and accumulative rocks, which was introduced for TAS field Pc.



v2.9.3 Boninite Ultramafic high Mg volcanic rocks

A high magnesia, low alkali, andesitic rock consisting of phenocrysts of protoenstatite (which inverts to clinoenstatite), orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and olivine in glassy base full of crystallites. The rock exhibits textures characteristics of rapid growth and was originally described as an hyaloandesite. Now defined chemically in TAS 'high magnesia'



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5.2 Lithology – Subvolcanic Rocks

5.2.1.2 Subvolcanic Rock Data Specification This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Sub-Volcanic Rocks” for the lithology description of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one or up to five terms from this and other lithology tables in order to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-5. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-5 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not and if so, with which URN (Uniform Resource Name).

Figure 5-5: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of subvolcanic Subvolcanic Rocks

sv1 Doleritic rock

sv1.1 Dolerite

sv.2 Aplite

sv3 Pegmatite

rocks

Table 5-5: The OneGeology-Europe subvolcanic rock specification (mainly after LeMaitre, 2002) OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


sv1 Doleritic rock Subvolcanic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 as diorite, monzodiorite.

CGI/GeoSciML SimpleLithology200811

doleritic_rock

sv1.1 Dolerite Doleritic rock A rock intermediate in grain size between basalt and gabbro and composed essential plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals; often with ophitic texture. If olivine is present the rock may be called olivine dolerite - if quartz, quartz dolerite. Now regarded as beingsynonymous with diabase and an approved synonym for microgabbro of QAPF field 10.



sv2 Aplite Subvolcanic Rocks

Light coloured crystalline rock, characterized by a fine grained allotriomorphic-granular (aplitic, saccharoidal or xenomorphic) texture; typically granitic composition, consisting of quartz, K-feldspar and sodic plagioclase.


aplite

sv3 Pegmatite Subvolcanic Rocks

Exceptionally coarse grained crystalline rock with interlocking crystals; most grains are 1cm or more in diameter; composition is generally that of granite, but the term may refer to the coarse grained facies of any type of igneous rock;usually found as irregular dikes, lenses, or veins associated with plutons or batholiths.


pegmatite

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5.2 Lithology – Plutonic Rocks

5.2.1.3 Plutonic Rock Data Specification This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Plutonic Rocks” for the lithology description of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one or up to five terms from this and other lithology tables in order to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-6. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-6 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not and if so, with which URN (Uniform Resource Name).

Figure 5-6: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of plutonic rocks

. . .

p5 Anorthositic rock

p6 Foid syenitic rock

p7 Foid dioritic rock

p8 Foid gabbroic rock

p9 Foidolite

p10 Ultramafic plutonic rock

p10.1 Peridotite

p10.1.1 Dunite

p10.1.2 Wehrlite

p10.1.3 Harzburgite

p10.2 Pyroxenite

p10.3 Melilitolite

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Plutonic Rocks

p1 Granitic rock

p1.1 Granite

p1.1.1 Charnockite

p1.1.1.1 Enderbite

p1.2 Granodiorite

p1.3 Tonalite

p1.3.1 Trondhjemite

p2 Syenitic rock

p2.1 Quartz syenite

p2.2 Syenite

p2.3 Foid-bearing syenite

p2.4 Quartz monzonite

p2.5 Monzonite

p3 Dioritic rock

p3.1 Quartz diorite

p3.2 Diorite

p3.2.1 Essexite

p3.3 Monzodiorite

p4 Gabbroic rock

p4.1 Monzogabbro

p4.2 Gabbro

p4.3 Gabbronorite

p4.4 Norite



Table 5-6: The OneGeology-Europe plutonic rock specification (mostly after LeMaitre, 2002) OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


p Plutonic Rocks Igneous rock A loosely defined term pertaining to those igneous processes that occur at considerable depth below the surface of the Earth. Plutonic rocks are usually coarse-grained, but nor all coarse-grained rocks are plutonic. (Kirwan, 1994, p. 455; named after Pluto, Greek god of the infernal regionas; Johannsen v.1, p. 188; Tomkeieff p.477)



p1 Granitic rock Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or plagioclase. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2, 3, 4 and 5 as alkali granite, granite, granodiorite or tonalite.


granitic_rock

p1.1 Granite Granitic rock Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase (typically sodic) in variable amounts, usually with biotite and/or hornblende. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 3.


granite

p1.1.1 Charnockite Granite

A term now applied to any orthopyroxene granite of QAPF field 3. The term was originally defined as a specific type of orthopyroxene granite found associated with other members of what was called the charnockitic rock series, ranging from granitic and intermediate members through to noritic and orthopyroxene peridotites and pyroxenites.



p1.1.1.1 Enderbite Charnockite A member of charnockitic rock series consisting essentially of quartz, antiperthite, orthopyroxene and magnetite. It is equivalent to orthopyroxene tonalite of QAPF field 5.



p1.2 Granodiorite Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting essentially of quartz, sodic plagioclase and lesser amounts of alkali feldspar with minor hornblende and biotite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 4.


granodiorite

p1.3 Tonalite Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of quartz and intermediate plagioclase, usually with biotite and amphibole. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 5.


tonalite

p1.3.1 Trondhjemite Tonalite A leucocratic variety of tonalite consisting essentially of sodic plagioclase and quartz with minor biotite. Orthoclase is characteristically absent and hornblende is rare. May be used as a synonym for plagiogranite and leucocratic tonalite of QAPF field5.



p2 Syenitic rock Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting mainly of alkali feldspar and plagioclase; minor quartz or nepheline may be present, along with pyroxene, amphibole or biotite. Includes rocks classified in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 as syenite or monzonite.


syenitic_rock

p2.1 Quartz syenite Syenitic rock A plutonic rock consisting essentially of alkali feldspar, quartz and mafic minerals. Now defined modally in QAPF field 7.



p2.2 Syenite Syenitic rock Coarse grained crystalline rock consisting mainly of alkali feldspar with subordinate sodic plagioclase, biotite, pyroxene, amphibole and occasional fayalite; minor quartz or nepheline may be present. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7.


syenite

p2.3 Foid-bearing syenite Syenitic rock A collective term for syenites containing small amounts of feldspathoids (less than 10% of the felsic minerals). Now defined modally in QAPF field 7.



p2.4 Quartz monzonite Syenitic rock A plutonic rock consisting of approximately equal amounts of alkali feldspar and plagioclase and with essential quartz (5%-20% of felsic minerals) but not enough to make the rock granite. Now defined modally in QAPF field 9*.



p2.5 Monzonite Syenitic rock Phaneritic crystalline rock containing almost equal amounts of plagioclase and alkali feldspar with minor amphibole and/or pyroxene and little or no quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8.


monzonite

p3 Dioritic rock Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 as diorite, monzodiorite.


dioritic_rock

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OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


p3.1 Quartz diorite Dioritic rock The term was originally used for plutonic rocks consisting essentially of plagioclase, quartz and mafic minerals falling in field 5 of QAPF, which are now called tonalite. Now defined modally in QAPF field 10*.



p3.2 Diorite Dioritic rock Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite; colour index M less than 90, sodic plagioclase (An0-An50). Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 10 as diorite.


diorite

p3.2.1 Essexite Diorite A variety of nepheline monzogabbro or nephelin monzodiorite containing titanian augite, kaersuite and/or biotite with labradorite, lesser alkalifeldspar and nepheline. May be used as a synonym for nepheline monzogabbro or nepheline monzodiorite of QAPF field 13.

Le Maitre et al. 2002, p. 76


p3.3 Monzodiorite Dioritic rock Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9 as monzodiorite.


monzodiorite

p4 Gabbroic rock Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock composed of 65 percent or more of calcic plagioclase and up to 20 percent quartz or up to 10 percent feldspathoid. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 as gabbro or monzogabbro and foid-bearing varieties.


gabbroic_rock

p4.1 Monzogabbro Gabbroic rock

Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of calcic plagioclase (An50 to An100), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9 as monzogabbro.


monzogabbro

p4.2 Gabbro Gabbroic rock

Phaneritic crystalline rock composed essentially of calcic plagioclase (An50 to An100), pyroxene and iron oxides. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 10 as gabbro.


gabbro

p4.3 Gabbronorite Gabbroic rock

A collective name for a plutonic rock consisting of calcic plagioclase and roughly equal amounts of clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Now defined modally in gabbroic rock classification.



p4.4 Norite Gabbroic rock

A plutonic rock composed essentially of bytownite, labradorite or andesite and orthopyroxene. Now defined modally in gabbroic rock classification.



p5 Anorthositic rock Plutonic Rocks

General term for a leucocratic phaneritic crystalline rock consisting essentially of plagioclase, often with small amounts of pyroxene; colour index M less than 10. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 10 as anorthosite.


anorthositic_rock

p6 Foid syenitic rock Plutonic Rocks

Leucocratic, phaneritic crystalline rock composed of feldspathoids as 10-60 percent of the felsic minerals, alkali feldspar and mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 11.


foid_syenitic_rock

p7 Foid dioritic rock Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock in which M is less than 90, composed of feldspathoids as 10-60 percent of the felsic minerals, sodic plagioclase (An0-An50) and large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14.


foid_dioritic_rock

p8 Foid gabbroic rock Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock in which M is less than 90, composed of feldspathoids as 10-60 percent of the felsic minerals, calcic plagioclase (An50-An100) and large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14.


foid_gabbroic_rock

p9 Foidolite Plutonic Rocks

Phaneritic crystalline rock containing more than 60 percent feldspathoids in total light-coloured constituents. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15


foidolite

p10 Ultramafic plutonic rock

Plutonic Rocks

A plutonic rock consisting essentially of mafic minerals. Now defined as a rock with Mg>90%

LeMaitre et al. 2002, p.153

p10.1 Peridotite Ultramafic plutonic rock

Ultramafic rock consisting of more than 40 percent (by volume) olivine with pyroxene and/or amphibole and little or no feldspar. Commonly altered to serpentinite. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as dunite, harzburgite, lherzolite, wehrlite, olivinite, pyroxene peridotite, pyroxene hornblende peridotite or hornblende peridotite.


peridotite

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OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


p10.1.1 Dunite Peridotite An ultramafic plutonic rock consisting essentially of olivine. Now defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification.



p10.1.2 Wehrlite Peridotite An ultramafic plutonic rock composed of olivine and clinopyroxene often with minor brown hornblende. Now defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification.



p10.1.3 Harzburgite Peridotite An ultramafic plutonic rock composed essentialy of olivine and clinopyroxene often with minor brown hornblende. Now defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification.



p10.2 Pyroxenite Ultramafic plutonic rock

Ultramafic phaneritic igneous rock composed almost entirely of one or more pyroxenes and occasionally biotite, hornblende and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as olivine pyroxenite, olivine-hornblende pyroxenite, pyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite and websterite.


pyroxenite

p10.3 Melilitolite Ultramafic plutonic rock

An ultramafic plutonic rock consisting essentially of melilite, pyroxene and olivine. Now defined as a general term for plutonic rocks in the melilite-bearing rocksclassification.



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5.2 Lithology – Other Igneous Rocks

5.2.1.4 Other Igneous Rock Data Specification This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Other Igneous Rocks” for the lithology description of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one or up to five terms from this and other lithology tables in order to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-7.The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-7 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not and if so, with which URN (Uniform Resource Name).

Figure 5-7: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of other igneous rocks Other Igneous Rocks

o1 Porphyry

o2 Carbonatite

o3 Exotic alkaline rock

Table 5-7: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of other igneous rocks in their hierarchical order

OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


o Other Igneous Rocks Igneous rock Igneous rocks that cannot be grouped as explicit Volcanic, Subvolcanic or Plutonic rocks

o1 Porphyry Other Igneous Rocks

Igneous rock that contains conspicuous phenocrysts in a finer grained groundmass; groundmass itself may be phaneritic or fine-grained.


porphyry

o2 Carbonatite Other Igneous Rocks

Igneous rock composed of more than 50 percent modal carbonate minerals.


carbonatite

o3 Exotic alkaline rock Other Igneous Rocks

Igneous rock containing greater than 10 percent melilite or kalsilite. Typically undersaturated, ultrapotassic (kalsilitic rocks) or calcium-rich (melilitic rocks) mafic or ultramafic rocks.


exotic_alkaline_rock

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5.2 Lithology – Sedimentary Rocks

5.2.2 Sedimentary Rocks This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Sedimentary Rocks” for the lithology description of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one or up to five terms from this and other lithology tables in order to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-8. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-8 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not and if so, with which URN (Uniform Resource Name). Figure 5-8: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of other igneous rocks

. . .

s.2.2 Carbonate sedimentary rock

s.2.2.1 Chalk

s.2.2.2 Travertine

s.2.2.3 Limestone

s.2.2.3.1 Reef limestone

s.2.2.4 Dolomitic limestone

s.2.2.5 Dolomite/dolostone

s.2.3 Non-clastic siliceous sedimentary rock

s.2.3.1 Chert

s.2.3.2 Biogenic silica sedimentary rock

s.2.3.2.1 Radiolarite

s.2.4 Iron rich sedimentary rock

s.3 Evaporite

s.3.1 Rock salt

s.3.2 Gypsum or Anhydrite

s.4 Duricrust

s.5 Bauxite

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Sedimentary Material

s.1 Sediment

s.1.1 Clastic sediment

s.1.1.1 Gravel

s1.1.2 Sand

s.1.1.3 Silt

s.1.1.4 Clay

s.1.1.5 Mud

s.1.1.6 Marl

s.1.1.7 Diamicton

s.1.1.7.1 Till

s1.2 Organic rich sediment

s1.2.1 Lignite

s1.2.2 Coal

s1.2.3 Anthracite

s1.2.4 Oil shale

s1.2.5 Peat

s1.2.6 Sapropel

s.2 Sedimentary Rock

s.2.1 Clastic sedimentary rock

s.2.1.1 Breccia

s.2.1.2 Conglomerate

s.2.1.3 Sandstone

s.2.1.3.1 Arkosic sandstone

s.2.1.3.2 Arkose

s.2.1.3.3 Calcarenite

s.2.1.3.4 Wacke

s.2.1.3.5 Graywacke

s.2.1.4 Siltstone

s.2.1.5 Claystone

s.2.1.5.1 Shale

s.2.1.6 Mudstone

s.2.1.7 Marlstone

s.2.1.8 Diamictite

s.2.1.8.1Tillite

s.2.1.9 Siliciclastics, consolidated



Table 5-8: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of sedimentary rocks in their hierarchical order OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


s Sedimentary material Rock Material formed by accumulation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or material that accumulated by other natural agents such as chemical precipitation from solution or secretion by organisms. Includes both sediment and sedimentary rock. Includes epiclastic deposits.


sedimentary_material

s.1.1 Clastic sediment Sediment Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.


clastic_sediment

s.1 Sediment Sedimentary material

Unconsolidated material consisting of an aggregation of particles transported or deposited by air, water or ice, or that accumulated by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation, and that forms in layers on the Earth's surface. Includes epiclastic deposits.


sediment

s.1.1.1 Gravel Clastic sediment

Sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter).


gravel

s.1.1.7.1 Till Diamicton Nonsorted terrigenous sediment containing a wide range of particle sizes regardless of genesis.

Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 672


s1.1.2 Sand Clastic sediment

Clastic sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1.


sand

s.1.1.3 Silt Clastic sediment

a) A rock fragment or detrital particle smaller than a very fine sand grain and larger than coarse clay, having a diameter in the range of 1/256 to 1/16 mm(4-62µm or 0.00016-0.0025 in). B) a loose aggregate of unlithified mineral or rock particles of silt size; an unconsolidated or moderately consolidated sedimentary deposit consisting essentially of fine grained clastic. It varies considerable in composition but commonly has a high content of clay minerals in the finer fractions and a high content of quartz in the coarser fractions.



s.1.1.4 Clay Clastic sediment

a) A size term, different use different boundaries but most plays boundaries between silt and clay at either 2 or 4 µm. B) Sediments or rocks with 67% clay size or collodial particles. If the rocks is unindurated it is clay, if the rock is indurated it is claystone, if the rock is indurated and laminated it is shale.



s.1.1.5 Mud Clastic sediment

Clastic sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.


mud

s.1.1.6 Marl Clastic sediment

(a) A term loosely applied to a variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay and calcium carbonate, formed under marine or esp. freshwater conditions; specif. an earthy substance containing 35-65% clay and 65-35% carbonate (Pettijohn, 1957, p.410).



s.1.1.7 Diamicton Clastic sediment

Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sediment with a wide range of particle sizes such that it cannot be assigned to any other class.


diamicton

s.2.1.8.1 Tillite Diamictite A consolidated or indurated sedimentary rock formed by lithification of glacial till, esp. Pre-Pleistocene till.



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OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


s1.2 Organic rich sediment

Sediment Sediment with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis.


organic_rich_sediment

s1.2.1 Lignite Organic rich sediment

A brownish-black coal that is intermediate in coalification between peat and subbituminous coal; consolidated coal with a calorific value less than 8,300 BTU/Ib (19,31 MJ/kg), on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. Cf: brown coal; lignite A; lignite B.

Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.371


s1.2.2 Coal Organic rich sediment

Hard, black, organic rich sedimentary rock that yields greater than 8,300 Btu (19,31 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis, or contains greater than 69 percent fixed carbon on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis; formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits.


coal

s1.2.3 Anthracite Organic rich sediment

Coal of highest metamorphic rank, in which fixed carbon content is between 92% and 98% (on a dry, mineral-material free basis). It is hard and black, and has a semimetallic luster and semiconchoidal fracture. Anthracite ignites with difficulty and burns with a short blue flame, without smoke. Syn.: hard coal; stone coal; kilkenny coal



s1.2.4 Oil shale Organic rich sediment

A kerogen-bearing, finely laminated brown or black sedimentary rock that will yield liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons on distillation. Syn.: kerogen shale; kerogenite.



s1.2.5 Peat Organic rich sediment

Unconsolidated organic-rich sediment composed of at least 50 percent semi-carbonised plant remains; individual remains commonly seen with unaided eye; yellowish brown to brownish black; generally fibrous texture; can be plastic or friable. In its natural state it can be readily cut and has a very high moisture content, generally greater than 90 percent.


peat

s1.2.6 Sapropel Organic rich sediment

An unconsolidated, jellylike ooze or sludge composed of plant remains, most often algae, macerating and putrefying in an anaerobic environment on the shallow bottoms of lakes and seas. It may be a source material for petroleum and natural gas. Cf.: dy; gyttja; humopel.



Sedimentary Rock Sediment Rock formed by accumulation and cementation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or as a result of other natural agents, such as precipitation from solution, the accumulation of organic material, or from biogenic processes, including secretion by organisms. Includes epiclastic deposits.


sedimentary_rock s.2

s.2.1 Clastic sedimentary rock

Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.


clastic_sedimentary_rock

s.2.1.1 Breccia Clastic sedimentary rock

Coarse-grained material composed of angular broken rock fragments; the fragments typically have sharp edges and unworn corners. The fragments may be held together by a mineral cement, or in a fine-grained matrix. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.


breccia

s.2.1.2 Conglomerate Clastic sedimentary rock

Coarse grained sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments.


conglomerate

s.2.1.3 Sandstone Clastic sedimentary rock

Clastic sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1.


sandstone

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s.2.1.3.1 Arkosic sandstone Sandstone A sandstone with considerable feldspar, such as one containing minerals derived from coarse-grained quartzo-feldspatic rocks (granite, granodiorite, gneiss) or from highly feldspathic sedimentary rocks; specif. a sandstone containing more than 25% feldspar and less then 20% matrix material of clay, sericite, and chlorite. It is more feldspathic than feldspathic sandstone. The term is used also as a general term to include arkosic arenite, arkosic wacke and arkose and subarkose.



s.2.1.3.2 Arkose Sandstone A feldspar rich sandstone, commonly coarse-grained and pink or reddish, that is typically composed of angular and subangular grains that may be either poorly or moderately well sorted, it usually derived from the rapid disintegration of granit or granitic rocks, and often closely resembles granite. Quartz is usually the dominant mineral, with feldspars constituting at least 25%. Cement is commonly rare and matrix material (less than 15%) includes clay minerals (esp. Kaolinit), mica, iron oxide.



s.2.1.3.3 Calcarenite Sandstone A limestone consisting predominantly, more than 5% of sand sized carbonate grains.



s.2.1.3.4 Wacke Sandstone A "dirty" sandstone that consists of a mixed variety of unsorted or poorly sorted mineral and rock fragments and of an abundant matrix of clay and fine silt; specif. An impure sandstone containing more than 10% argillaceous matrix. The term is used for a major cetegory of sandstone , as distinguished from arenite. b) A term used by Fischer (1934) for a clastic sedimentary rock in which the grains are almost evenly distributed among the several size grade; or mixed sediment of sand, silt clay in which no component forms more than 50% of the whole aggregate.



s.2.1.3.5 Graywacke Sandstone Is generally applied to a dark gray firmly indurated coarse grained sandstone that consists of poorly sorted angular and subangular grains of quartz and feldspar, with a variety of dark mineral fragments embedded in a compact clayey matrix and containing an abudance of very fine-grained illite, sericite and chloritic minerals.



s.2.1.4 Siltstone Clastic sedimentary rock

An indurated silt having texture and compostion of shale but lacking fine lamination or fissility; a massiv mudstone in which the silt predominates over clay; a nonfissile siltshale. Pettijohn regards siltsone as a rock whose texture is intermediate between those of sandstone and shale and of which at least two-thirds is material of siltsize; it tends to be flaggy, containing hard, durable, generally thin layersand often showing various primary current structures. Syn. siltite.



s.2.1.5 Claystone Clastic sedimentary rock

a) An indurated rock with more than 67% clay size minerals.



s.2.1.5.1 Shale Claystone A laminated, indurated rock with > 67% clay-sized minerals; a claystone with fissility.


shale

s.2.1.6 Mudstone Clastic sedimentary rock

Clastic sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.


mudstone

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s.2.1.7 Marlstone Clastic sedimentary rock

(a) An indurated rock of about the same composition as marl, called an earthy or impure argillaceous limestone. It has a blocky subconchoidal fracture, and is less fissile than shale. Syn: marlite. (b) A hard ferruginous rock (ironstone) of the Middle Lias in England, worked as an iron ore; specif. the Marlstone, a calcareous and sideritic oolite made up of ooliths, shell chips, and crinoid ossicles, set in a carbonate cement. (c) A term originally applied by Bradley (1931) to slightly magnesian calcareous mudstones or muddy limestones in the Green River Formation of the Uinta Basin, Utah, but subsequently applied to associated rocks (including conventional shales, dolomites, and oil shales) whose lithologic characters are not readily determined. Picard (1953) recommends abandonment of the term as used in the Uinta Basin.



s.2.1.8 Diamictite Clastic sedimentary rock

Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sedimentary rock with a wide range of particle sizes such that it cannot be assigned to any other class.


diamictite

s.2.2 Carbonate sedimentary rock

Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin.


carbonate_sedimentary_rock

s.2.2.1 Chalk Carbonate sedimentary rock

(a) A soft, pure, earthy, fine-textured, usually white to light gray or buff limestone of marine origin, consisting almost wholly (90-99%) of calcite, formed mainly by calcareous rests of floating microorganisms (chiefly foraminifers) and of comminuted remains of calcareous algae (such as coccoliths and rhabdoliths), set in a structureless matrix of very finely crystalline calcite. The rock is porous, somewhat friable, and only slightly coherent. It may include the remains of bottom-dwelling forms (e.g. echinoderms and bivalves), and nodules of chert and pyrite. The best known and most widespread chalks are of Cretaceous age, such as those exposed in cliffs on both sides of the English channel. Syn: creta. (b) A white, pure (or nearly pure), natural calcium carbonate, breaking into crumbly or powdery pieces. Etymol: Old English "cealc", from Latin "calx", "lime".



s.2.2.2 Travertine Carbonate sedimentary rock

Biotically and/or abiotically precipitated calcium carbonate (predominate calcite and aragonit) from spring-fed, heated and/or ambient-temperature waters. Syn. Calcereous sinter, calc-sinter.



s.2.2.3 Limestone Carbonate sedimentary rock

A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly (more than 50% by weight or by area under microscope) of calcium carbonate, primarily in form of the mineral calcite and with or without magnesiumcarbonate; specif. A carbonate sedimentary rock containing more than 95% calcite and less 5% dolomite. Common minor constituents include silica (chalcedony), feldspar, clays, pyrite, and siderite….



s.2.2.3.1 Reef limestone Limestone A limestone consisting of the remains of active reef-building organisms, such as corals, sponges, and bryozoans, and of sedimentbinding biotic constituents, such as calcareous algae.



s.2.2.4 Dolomitic limestone Carbonate sedimentary rock

(a) A limestone in which the mineral dolomite is conspicuous, but calcite is more abundant; specif. a limestone containing 10-50% dolomite and 50-90% calcite and having an approximate magnesium-carbonate equivalent of 4.4-22.7% (Pettijohn, 1957, p.418), or a limestone whose Ca/Mg ratio ranges from 4.74 to 60 (Chilingar, 1957). Cf: calcitic dolomite; magnesian limestone. Syn: dolomite limestone.(b) A limestone that has been incompletely dolomitized (Chilingar et al., 1967, p.314).



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s.2.2.5 Dolomite/dolostone Carbonate sedimentary rock

A term proposed by Shrock (1948a, p. 126) for the sedimentary rock dolomite, in order to avoid confusion with the mineral of the same name.



s.2.3 Non-clastic siliceous sedimentary rock

Sedimentary Rock

Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition.


non_clastic_siliceous_sediment

s.2.3.1 Chert Non-clastic siliceous sedimentary rock

A hard, exremely dense or compact, dull to semivitreous, microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline sedimentary rock, consisting dominantly of interlocking crystals of quartz less than about 30 µm in diameter; it may contain amorphous silica (opal). It sometimes contains impurities such as calcite, iron oxide, and the remains of siliceous and other organisms. It has a tough, splintery to conchoidal fracture, and may be white or variously colored gray, green, blue, pink, red, yellow, brown, and black. Chert occurs principally as nodular or concretionary segregations (chert nodules) in limestones and dolomites, and less commonly as really extensive layered deposits (bedded chert); it may be an original organic or inorganic precipitate or a replacement product. The term flint is essentially synonymous, although it has been used for the dark variety of chert (Tarr, 1938). Cf: jasper; black chert. Syn: hornstone [rock]; white chert; silexite [sed].



s.2.3.2 Biogenic silica sedimentary rock

Non-clastic siliceous sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by biological processes within the basin of deposition.


biogenic_silica_sedimentary_rock

s.2.3.2.1 Radiolarite Biogenic silica sedimentary rock

(a) The comparatively hard fine-grained chertlike homogeneous consolidated equivalent of radiolarian earth. (b) Indurated radiolarian ooze. (c) A syn. of radiolarian earth.



s.2.4 Iron rich sedimentary rock

Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.


iron_rich_sedimentary_material

s.3 Evaporite Sedimentary Material

Nonclastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 50 percent non-carbonate salts, including chloride, sulfate or borate minerals; formed through precipitation of mineral salts from a saline solution (non-carbonate salt rock).


evaporite

s.3.1 Rock salt Evaporite n. A general term for naturally occurring sodium chloride, NaCl. Syn: halite; common salt; rock salt. adj. Containing salt, as salt water, or containing salt water, as salt march.



s.3.2 Gypsum or Anhydrite Evaporite Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite.

informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3,


s.4 Duricrust Sedimentary Material

Rock forming a hard crust or layer at or near the Earth's surface at the time of formation, e.g. in the upper horizons of a soil, characterized by structures indicative of pedogenic origin.

informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3,

duricrust

s.5 Bauxite Sedimentary Material

Highly aluminous material containing abundant aluminium hydroxides (gibbsite, less commonly boehmite, diaspore) and aluminium-substituted iron oxides or hydroxides and generally minor or negligible kaolin minerals; may contain up to 20 percent quartz. Commonly has a pisolitic or nodular texture, and may be cemented.

informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3, unpublished draft version of CGI vocabulary

bauxite

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5.2 Lithology – Metamorphic Rocks

5.2.3 Metamorphic Rocks This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Metamorphic Rock” lithology for the description of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one or up to five terms from the lithology terms here (and other lithology tables) in order to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-9. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-9 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Uniformed Resource Name). If necessary, the prefix “meta-” may be used on an igneous or sedimentary root name to describe an only slightly altered metamorphic rock, e.g. a “meta-sandstone” (OneGeology-EuropeID would be m2s2.1.3) or a “meta-andesite” (OneGeology-EuropeID would be m3v2.4.1).

.

m5 Unknown protolith

m5.1 Slate

m5.2 Schist

m5.2.1 Black schist

m5.2.2 Calcareous schist

m5.2.3 Calc-schist

m5.2.4 Garnet-mica schist

m5.2.5 Glaucophane schist= Blueschist

m5.2.6 Greenschist

m5.2.7 Mica schist

m5.2.8 Quartzo-feldspathic schist

m5.2.9 Sericite schist

m5.3 Phyllite

m5.3.1 Sericite-chlorite phyllite

m5.4 Mylonitic rock

m5.4.1 Phyllonite

m5.5 Skarn/Hornfels/Granofels

m5.6 Granulite

m5.7 Marble

m5.8 Amphibolite

m5.9 Eclogite

m5.10 Gneiss

m5.10.1 Kinzigite=garnet-Sillimanit--cordierite gneiss

m5.10.2 Calc-Silicate Gneiss

m5.10.3 Amphibole gneiss

m5.10.4 Hornblende gneiss

m5.10.5 Mica gneiss

m5.10.6 Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss

m5.10.7 Leptynites

m5.10.8 Protogine

m5.11 Prasinite

m6 Migmatite

m7 Anatexite

m8 Impact Metamorphic rock

m8.1 Suevite

. .

Figure 5-9: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of metamorphic rocks

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Metamorphic Rock

m1. Anchimetamorphic rock

m1.1 Keratophyre

m1.2 Spilite

m1.3 Lydite

m2 Sedimentary protolith

m2.1 Quartzite

m2.1.1 Carbonaceous Quartzite

m2.2 Banded silicate-carbonate rock

m2.3 Crystalline limestone

m2.4 Crystalline dolostone

m2.5 Paragneiss

m2.5.1 Banded paragneiss

m2s... Meta Sedimentary Rock

m3 Igneous protolith

m3.1 Serpentinite

m3.2 Orthogneiss

m3.2.1 Banded orthogneiss

m3.3 Porphyroid

m1v Meta Volcanic Rock

m1sv Meta Subvolcanic Rock

m1p Meta Plutonic Rock



Table 5-9: The OneGeology-Europe metamorphic rock specification (mostly after Fettes & Desmons, 2007) OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


m Metamorphic rock Rock Rock formed by solid-state mineralogical, chemical and/or structural changes to a pre-existing rock, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress and chemical environment; generally at depth in the crust.


metamorphic_rock

m1. Anchimetamorphic rock

metamorphic rock

(Greek anchi, approximate). Type of metamorphism found in the anchizone. Originally defined as the changes in the mineral content of rocks under the pressure and temperature conditions prevailing between the Earth's surface and the zone of 'true' metamorphism. It rougly corresponds to very low-grade metamorphism. Syn. anchizonal metamorphism. (Harrassowitz 1927, p.9)

Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 129


m1.1 Keratophyre Anchimetamorphic rock

... used for albitized felsic extrusive rocks consisting essentially of albite with minor mafic minerals, often altered to chlorite. Potassic keratophyres are also recognized in which the feldspar is orthoclase. Commonly associated with spilites.



m1.2 Spilite Anchimetamorphic rock

(Greek spilos, stain, spot). Altered basic to intermediate, volcanic or subvolcanic rock in which the feldspar is partially or completely composed of albite and is typically accompanied by chlorite, calcite, quartz, epidote, prehnite and low-temperature hydrous crystallization products. Preservation of eruptive (volcanic and subvolcanic) features is an important characteristic of spilites. The term may be replaced by metabasalt or meta-andesite, as appropriate, regardless of the origin of the rock. (Bonnard 1819, in Brongniart 1827, p. 93; Flett 1907, p. 95; Amstutz 1968, p. 737; Amstutz 1974, p. 1; Le Maitre 1989, 2002)



m1.3 Lydite Anchimetamorphic rock

A syn. of Lydian stone; basanite. Also spelled: lyddite. A touchstone constisting of a compact, extremly fine-grained, velvet- or gray-black variety of jasper

Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 384; Wimmennauer 1985; S. 235


m2 Sedimentary protolith Metamorphic rock

Sedimentary precursor rock from which a given metamorphic rock is derived

After Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 188


m2.1 Quartzite Sedimentary protolith

Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than or equal to 75 percent quartz; typically granoblastic texture.


quartzite


Quartzite A Quartzite containing considerable Carbonaceous minerals




Sedimentary protolith

A metamorphic rock consisting of silicate and carbonate layer bands


m2.3 Crystalline limestone Sedimentary protolith

(a) A metamorphosed limestone; a marble formed by recrystallization of limestone as a result of metamorphism. Syn: cipolin. (b) A calcarenite with crystalline calcite cement formed in optical continuity with crystalline fossil fragments by diagenesis (Pettijohn, 1957, p.407-408). Syn: sedimentary marble.



m2.4 Crystalline dolostone Sedimentary protolith

A metamorphosed Dolostone proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

m2.5 Paragneiss Sedimentary protolith

(Greek para-, besides or beyond). Prefix indicating, when in front of a metamorphic rock name, that the rock was derived from a sedimentary rock (e.g. paragneiss). Ant. Ortho-. (Rosenbusch 1898, p. 467)



m2.5.1 Banded paragneiss Paragneiss A banded paragneiss (see m2.5) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

m3 Igneous protolith Metamorphic rock

Igneous precursor rock from which a given metamorphic rock is derived



m3.1 Serpentinite Igneous protolith

Rock consisting of more than 75 percent serpentine-group minerals, eg. antigorite, chrysotile or lizardite; accessory chlorite, talc and magnetite may be present; derived from hydration of ferromagnesian silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene.


serpentinite

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m3.2 Orthogneiss Igneous protolith

(Greek orthos, straight, correct). Prefix indicating, when in front of a metamorphic rock name, that the rock was derived from an igneous rock (e.g. orthogneiss). Ant. Para-. (Rosenbusch 1898, p. 467)



m3.2.1 Banded orthogneiss Orthogneiss A banded ortho-gneiss (see m3.2) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

m3.3 Porphyroid Igneous protoloth

Ambiguous term originally proposed for igneous rocks allied to porphyries. Later used for metamorphosed acid volcanic rocks or their tuffs. Also used for low-grade blastoporphyritic rocks of igneous origin with porphyroclasts of feldspar and quartz in a phyllitic groundmass. If the term is used its meaning should be made clear. (Delamétherie 1795, p. 18; Lossen 1869, p. 330; Rosenbusch 1923, p. 371; Jung 1958, p. 189; Foucault & Raoult 2005, p. 280)



m5 Unknown protolith Metamorphic rock

Unknown precursor rock from which a given metamorphic rock is derived



m5.1 Slate Unknown protolith

Compact, fine grained rock with an average grain size less than 0.032 millimeter and a well developed schistosity (slaty cleavage), and hence can be split into slabs or thin plates.


slate

m5.2 Schist Unknown protolith

Foliated phaneritic metamorphic rock with well developed, continuous schistosity (greater than 50 percent of mineral grains with a tabular, lamellar, or prismatic crystallographic habit that are oriented in a continuous planar or linear fabric).


schist

m5.2.1 Black schist Schist Syn. Black shale. A dark, thinly laminated carbonaceous shale, exceptionally rich in organic matter (5% or more carbon content) and sulfide (esp. Iron sulfide, usually pyrite), and commonly containing unusual concentrations of certain trace elements (U, V, Cu, Ni); also ccomposed of manganese oxxides... Fossil organisms (pricipally planctonic and nectonic forms) are commonly preserved as a graphitic or carbonaceous film or as pyrite replacements.



m5.2.2 Calcareous schist Schist A schist generally composed of Calcareous minerals



m5.2.3 Calc-schist Schist Metamorphosed argillaceous limestone containing calcite as a substantial component and with a schistose structure produced by parallelism of platy minerals. The term 'carbonate-silicate schist' should be used in preference if the non-carbonate mineral content is >50% vol. and the term 'schistose impure marble' if this content is <50% vol. (Brongniart 1813, p. 36; Holmes 1928, p. 52)



m5.2.4 Garnet-mica schist Schist A schist with considerable Garnet and Mica content Fettes & Desmons 2007; p.175



Schist Section 2.4. Schist whose bluish colour is due to the presence of sodic amphibole. More precise terms should be used wherever possible ( e.g. glaucophane schist). The term is also used as a facies name and if used in this sense the facies context should be made clear by saying blueschist-facies rock (or schist, or gneiss, or granofels). (Bailey 1962, p. 4; Bailey et al. 1964, p. 91; Fyfe 1967, p. 36)



m5.2.6 Greenschist Schist A shistose metamorphic rock whose green color is due to the presence of chlorite, epidote, or actinolite. Cf: greenstone [meta].



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m5.2.7 Mica schist Schist According to SCMR rules, variety of schist with mica as the only major constituent. Mica schist ('Glimmerschiefer', 'micaschiste') was originally defined as a mixture of mica and quartz, and regarded as one of the major rock groups. Early workers differentiated mica schist from clay slate. The latter was regarded as retaining sedimentary affinities and mineral grains, whereas mica schist was regarded as a 'crystalline schist', phyllite being introduced as a transitional rock type. (Werner 1786, p. 279; Brochant 1800, p. 569; Omalius d'Halloy 1831; Lyell 1851, p. 465; Zirkel 1866b, p. 448; Tyrrell 1926, p. 305; Joplin 1968, p. 23) MICACITE, MICALITE, MICASYTE. Obsolete terms used for mica schist. (Kinahan 1873, p. 355)

Fettes & Desmons 2007; p.175


m5.2.8 Quartzo-feldspathic schist

Schist A schist generally composed of Quartz and Fieldspar



m5.2.9 Sericite schist Schist A schist generally composed of Sericite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 577


m5.3 Phyllite Unknown protolith

Rock with a well developed, continuous schistosity, an average grain size between 0.1 and 0.5 millimeters, and a silvery sheen on cleavage surfaces. Individual phyllosilicate grains are barely visible with the unaided eye.


phyllite

m5.3.1 Sericite-chlorite phyllite

Phyllite A phyllite dominated by Sericite and Chlorite 1G-E WP 3 proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

m5.4 Mylonitic rock Unknown protolith

Metamorphic rock characterised by a foliation resulting from tectonic grain size reduction, in which more than 10 percent of the rock volume has undergone grain size reduction. Includes protomylonite, mylonite, ultramylonite, phyllonite and blastomylonite.


mylonitic_rock

m5.4.1 Phyllonite Mylonitic rock

Mylonitic rock composed largely of fine-grained mica that imparts a sheen to foliation surfaces; may have flaser lamination, isoclinal folding, and deformed veins, which indicate significant shearing. Macroscopically resembles phyllite, but formed by mechanical degradation of initially coarser rock.


phyllonite

m5.5 Skarn/Hornfels/Granofels

Unknown protolith

(Swedish skarn, dirt, rubbish). Metasomatic rock formed at the contact between a silicate rock (or a magmatic melt) and a carbonate rock. It consists mainly of Ca-, Mg-, Fe-, Mn silicates, which are free from or poor in water. Hence magnesian skarn, skarn formed at the contact of magmatic or other silicate rocks with calc-magnesian or magnesian carbonate rocks, and calc- (or lime-) skarn, skarn formed at the contact of magmatic or other silicate rocks with calcic carbonate rocks. See also endoskarn, exoskarn. (Goldschmidt 1911, p. 213; Holmes 1920, p. 211; Semenenko 1964, p. 61; Bucher & frey 1994, p. 24; Kornprobst 2002, p. 99)



m5.6 Granulite Unknown protolith

(Latin granulum, small grain; between Chemnitz and Penig, Erzgebirge in Saxony, Germany). High-grade metamorphic rock in which Fe-Mg silicates are dominantly hydroxyl-free; the presence of feldspar and the absence of primary muscovite are critical, cordierite may also be present. The mineral composition is indicated by prefixing the major constituents. The rocks with >30% mafic minerals (dominantly pyroxene) may be called mafic granulites, those with < 30% mafic minerals (dominantly pyroxene) may be called felsic granulites. ... Term originally used for fine-grained rocks of granitic mineral and chemical composition. (Weiss 1803, p. 348; Leonhard 1823, p. 231; Mehnert 1972, p. 148; Lorenz 1998, p. 101)



m5.7 Marble Unknown protolith

Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than 75 percent fine- to coarse-grained recrystallized calcite and/or dolomite; usually with a granoblastic, saccharoidal texture.


marble

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m5.8 Amphibolite Unknown protolith

Metamorphic rock mainly consisting of green, brown or black amphibole and plagioclase (including albite), which combined form 75 percent or more of the rock, and both of which are present as major constituents. The amphibole constitutes 50 percent or more of the total mafic constituents and is present in an amount of 30 percent or more; other common minerals include quartz, clinopyroxene, garnet, epidote-group minerals, biotite, titanite and scapolite.


amphibolite

m5.9 Eclogite Unknown protolith

Metamorphic rock composed of 75 percent or more (by volume) omphacite and garnet, both of which are present as major constituents, the amount of neither of them being higher than 75 percent (by volume); the presence of plagioclase precludes classification as an eclogite.


eclogite

m5.10 Gneiss Unknown protolith

Foliated metamorphic rock with bands or lenticles rich in granular minerals alternating with bands or lenticles rich in minerals with a flaky or elongate prismatic habit. Mylonitic foliation or well developed, continuous schistosity (greater than 50 percent of the rock consists of grains participate in a planar or linear fabric) precludes classification with this concept.


gneiss


Gneiss (River Kinzig, Schwarzwald, Germany). Originally defined as a high-grade metamorphic rock, granofelsic or gneissose, mainly composed of pyrope garnet, biotite and plagioclase, smaller amounts of quartz, and graphite with, as accessories, zircon, ore minerals and sericite pseudomorphs after cordierite. Now used for a garnet-silimanite-cordierite gneiss. (Fischer 1860, p. 79; Fischer 1861, p. 641; Harker 1932, p. 249; Wager 1938, p. 12)



m5.10.2 Calc-Silicate Gneiss Gneiss A gneiss mainly consisting of Calc-Silicate minerals Neuendorf et a. (2005); p. 275


m5.10.3 Amphibole gneiss Gneiss A gneiss with amphibole as characteristic mineral Neuendorf et a. (2005); p. 275


m5.10.4 Hornblende gneiss Gneiss A gneiss with hornblende as characteristic minera Neuendorf et a. (2005); p. 275


m5.10.5 Mica gneiss Gneiss A gneiss with mica as characteristic mineral. Neuendorf et al. 2005



Gneiss A gneiss formed from igneous rocks Neuendorf et al. 2005


m5.10.7 Leptynites Gneiss (Greek leptynô, to thin down, attenuate). Term used in France and some other countries and initially applied to a fine-grained high-grade rock, predominantly consisting of alkali feldspar, containing minor quartz, white mica, garnet and tourmaline, and with a planar gneissose structure. Later used for any white-coloured, quartzofeldspathic rock, typically forming bands alternating with metabasic rock, irrespective of the intensity of metamorphism. Cf. Weissstein. (Haüy 1782, in Cordier 1868, p. 68; Brongniart 1813, p. 43; Coquand 1857; Lapparent 1882, p. 618; Roques 1941, p. 31; Cogné & Eller 1961; Santallier et al. 1988, p. 3)



m5.10.8 Protogine Gneiss (Greek prôtos, first, and gignomai, to be generated; Mt Blanc, French-Italian Alps). Obsolete term used in the Alps for a metagranitic rock with a gneissose structure, containing greenschist facies minerals such as chlorite, epidote, Mn-garnet and fine-grained white mica. The first descriptions mentioned talc, although this was actually white mica ± chlorite. (Jurine 1806, p. 372; Beudant 1830, p. 563; Delesse 1849, p. 114)



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m5.11 Prasinite Unknown protolith

(Greek prasinos, green ; Alps). Schistose or gneissose metamorphic rock predominantly consisting of actinolite, ocellar albite and epidote, possibly with chlorite, and titanite bearing. Prasinite (s.1.) includes ovardite in which chlorite occurs in a higher modal amount than amphibole. Hence prasinite facies, an obsolete term, considered by Eskola as a subfacies of his epidote-amphibolite facies and in part transitional to the glaucophane-schist facies. (Kalkowsky 1886, p. 217; Novarese 1895, p. 168; Angel 1929, p. 240; Eskola 1939, p. 356; Turner 1948, p. 99)



m6 Migmatite metamorphic rock

Silicate metamorphic rock that is pervasively heterogeneous on a meso- to megascopic scale that typically consists of darker and lighter parts; the darker parts usually exhibit features of metamorphic rocks whereas the lighter parts are of igneous-looking appearance.


migmatite

m7 Anatexite metamorphic rock

Rock still showing the evidence of in situ formation by anatexis. (Jung & Roques 1936, p. 26; Loewinson-Lessing 1949, p. 451; Dietrich & Mehnert 1960, p. 59; Mehnert 1968, p. 353)



m8 Impact Metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rock

Rock that contains features indicative of shock metamorphism, such as microscopic planar deformation features within grains or shatter cones. Includes breccias and melt rocks.


impact_metamorphic_rock

m8.1 Suevite Impact Metamorphic rock

Suevite breccia, suevitic impact breccia, SUEVITIC MIXED BRECCIA (Suevia, Latin name for the province of Schwaben, southern Germany; Nördlinger Ries, Bavaria). Polymict impact breccia with particulate matrix containing lithic and mineral clasts in all stages of shock metamorphism including cogenetic impact melt particles which are in a glassy or crystallized state. The first detailed description was of a 'rhyolitic tuff'. (Gümbel 1870, p. 156; Sauer 1901, p. 88; Dence 1971, p. 5553; Engelhardt 1971, p. 5568; Pohl et al. 1977, p. 359)



m2s Meta Sedimentary Rock

metamorphic rock

A sedimentary rock that shows evidence of having been subjected to metamorphism.

http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology


m1v Meta Volcanic Rock metamorphic rock

An igneous rock that shows evidence of having been subjected to metamorphism.



m1sv Meta Subvolcanic Rock

metamorphic rock




m1p Meta Plutonic Rock metamorphic rock




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5.3 Genesis – Enviromental Event Terms

5.3 Genesis The genetic origin of a rock is described within the OneGeology-Europe Data Specification by “Environmental Event” and / or “Genetic Event Process”, Figure 5-10.

Figure 5-10: Extract of the 1G-E Geological Conceptual Scientific Content Modelv (Figure 4-2) to describe the genesis of a rock/map unit,

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5.3.1 Environmental Event Data Specification This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “EnvironmentalEventProcess” for the description of the genesis of rock/map units, e.g. “Sedimentary basin”. This is mandatory for describing Quaternary geology, but optional for describing bedrock geology. The intention is that users of that specification will select one term from theTable 5-10 below in order to describe the environmental event of the genesis of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Table 5-11. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Unfied Resource Name). Figure 5-11. Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe EnvironmentalEvent terms

Environmental Event

ee1 Earth surface setting

ee1.1 Terrestrial setting

ee1.1.1 Hillslope setting

ee1.1.2 Humid tropical setting

ee1.1.3 Polar climatic setting

ee1.2 Shoreline settings

ee1.2.1 Deltaic system setting

ee1.2.2 Coastal plain

ee1.2.3 Lacustrine setting

ee1.2.4 River plain system setting

ee1.3 Wetland setting

ee1.3.1 Bog

ee1.3.1.1 Basin Bog

ee1.3.1.2 Blanket Bog

ee1.4 Glacier related setting

ee1.5 Cave

ee1.6 Aeolian process setting

ee2 Marine setting

ee2.1 Basin plain setting

ee2.2 Continental shelf setting

ee2.3 Epicontinental marine setting

. . .

ee3 Tectonic setting

ee3.1 Passive margin

ee3.2 Oceanic

ee3.2.1 Island arc

ee3.2.2 Mid ocean ridge setting

ee3.2.3 Oceanic plateau setting

ee3.3 Active margin

ee3.3.1 Forearc

ee3.3.2 Volcanic arc

ee3.3.3 Back-arc

ee3.4 Collisional

ee3.4.1 Foreland

ee3.4.2 Hinterland

ee3.5 Continental

ee3.6 Unspecified

ee4 P/T Condition

ee4.1 Low pressure high temperature setting

ee4.2 High pressure low temperature Earth interior setting

ee4.3 Ultra high pressure crustal setting

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Table 5-10: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe environmental events OneGeology-EuropeID


Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifier_Scheme:CGI:EventEnvironment

ee1 Earth surface setting

Geologic environments on the surface of the solid Earth. Hierarchy presented here is based on assumption that a particular setting may be specified by a combination of a climatic setting with one or more process or geomorphically defined settings..

CGI/GeoSciML EventEnvironment200811

earth_surface_setting

ee1.1 Terrestrial setting

Setting characterized by absence of direct marine influence. Most of the subaerial settings are also terrestrial, but lacustrine settings, while terrestrial, are not subaerial, so the subaerial settings are not included as subcategories.


terrestrial_setting

ee1.1.1 Hillslope setting

Earth surface setting characterized by surface slope angles high enough that gravity alone becomes a significant factor in geomorphic development, as well as base-of-slope areas influenced by hillslope processes. Hillslope activities include creep, sliding, slumping, falling, and other downslope movements caused by slope collapse induced by gravitational influence on earth materials. May be subaerial or subaqueous.


arid_or_semi_arid_environment_setting

ee1.1.2 Humid tropical setting

Setting with hot, humid climate influenced by equatorial air masses, no winter season.


hillslope_setting

ee1.1.3 Polar climatic setting

Setting with climate dominated by temperatures below the freezing temperature of water. Includes polar deserts because precipitation is generally scant at high latitude. Climate controlled by arctic air masses, cold dry enviornment with short summer.


humid_tropical_climatic_setting

ee1.2 Shoreline settings

Geologic settings characterized by location adjacent to the ocean, or a lake. A strip of land of indefinite width (may be many kilometers), bordering a body of water that extends from the water line inland to the first major change in landform features. Marine or non-marine not specified. Includes settings that may be subarial or subaqueous, but are intrinsically associated with the interface between land areas and water bodies..


shoreline_settings

ee1.2.1 Deltaic system setting

Environments at the mouth of a river or stream that enters a standing body of water (ocean or lake). The delta forms a triangular or fan-shaped plain of considerable area. Subaerial parts of the delta are crossed by many distributaries of the main river, and commonly extend beyond the general trend of the coast. Subaqueous parts of the delta merge with the adjacent basin floor, and are progressively influenced by non-fluvial processes. Deltas result from the accumulation of sediment supplied by the river in such quantities that it is not removed by tides, waves, and currents. Adapted from the Glossary of Geology definition for delta (Jackson, 1997, p. 167).


deltaic_system_setting

ee1.2.2 Coastal plain A low relief plain bordering a water body extending inland to the nearest elevated land, sloping very gently towards the water body. Distinguished from alluvial plain by presence of relict shoreline-related deposits or morphology.


coastal_plain_setting

ee1.2.3 Lacustrine setting

Setting associated with a lake. Always overlaps with terrestrial, may overlap with subarial, subaqueous, or shoreline.


lacustrine_setting

ee1.2.4 River plain system setting

Geologic setting dominated by a river system; river plains may occur in any climatic setting. Includes active channels, abandoned channels, levees, oxbow lakes, flood plain. May be part of an alluvial plain that includes terraces composed of abandoned river plain deposits.


river_plain_system_setting

ee1.3 Wetland setting

Setting characterized by gentle surface slope, and at least intermittent presence of standing water, which may be fresh, brackish, or saline. Wetland may be terrestrial setting or shoreline setting.


wetland_setting

ee1.3.1 Bog Waterlogged, spongy ground, consisting primarily of mosses, containing acidic, decaying vegetation that may develop into peat.


bog

ee1.3.1.1 Basin Bog An ombrotrophic or ombrogene peat/bog whose nutrient supply is exclusively from rain water (including snow and atmospheric fallout) therefore making nutrients extremly oligotrophic

Neuendorf et al. (2005); p. 451


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ee1.3.1.2 Blanket Bog Topogene bog/peat whose moisture cintent is largely dependent on surface water. It is relatively rich in plant nutrients, nitrogen, and mineral matter, is mildly acidic to nearly neutral, and contains little or no cellulose; forms in totptrophic depressions with essential stagnat or non-moving minerotrophic water supply



ee1.4 Glacier related setting

Earth surface setting with geography defined by spatial relationship to glaciers (e.g. on top of a glacier, next to a glacier, in front of a glacier...). Processes related to moving ice dominate sediment transport and deposition and landform development. Includes subaqueous, shoreline, and terrestrial settings that are impacted by the presence of glaciers. Considered a geographically defined setting in that a glacier is a geographic feature.


glacier_related_setting

ee1.5 Cave A natural underground open space; it generally has a connection to the surface, is large enough for a person to enter, and extends into darkness. The most common type of cave is formed in limestone by dissolution.


cave

ee1.6 Aeolian process setting

Sedimentary setting in which wind is the dominant process producing, transporting, and depositing sediment. Typically has low-relief plain or piedmont slope physiography.


aeolian_process_setting

ee2 Marine setting

Setting characterized by location under the surface of the sea. CGI/GeoSciML EventEnvironment200811

marine_setting

ee2.1 Basin plain setting

Near flat areas of ocean floor, slope less than 1:1000; generally receive only distal turbidite and pelagic sediments.


basin_plain_setting

ee2.2 Continental shelf setting

"That part of the ocean floor that is between the shoreline and the continental slope (or, when there is no noticeable continental slope, a depth of 200 m). It is characterized by its gentle slope of 0.1 degree" (Jackson, 1997, p. 138). Continental shelves have a classic shoreline-shelf-slope profile termed 'clinoform'.


continental_shelf_setting

ee2.3 Epicontinental marine setting

Marine setting situated within the interior of the continent, rather than at the edge of a continent.


epicontinental_marine_setting

ee3 Tectonic setting

Process by the motion of tectonic plates 1G-E proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

ee3.1 Passive margin

(e.g. turbidites). Inferred turbidites occur in Finland but are surely found elsewhere in Europe

(Ojakangas, R.W., 1986, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 58, 241-261) Explanation of the term in


ee3.2 Oceanic Sedimentation take place in between bathyal and hadal in the aphotic zone. Depth is from about 300 m up to some 10.000 m.

(Peltonen, P., Kontinen, A., Huhma, H., 1998. Journal of Petrology 39, 297-329)


ee3.2.1 Island arc An island arc is a type of archipelago formed by plate tectonics as one oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another and produces magma. Island arcs that develop along the edges of a continent (for example, large parts of the Andes/ Central American/ Canadian mountain chain) may be known as a volcanic arc, though most people find the distinction of little benefit.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc


ee3.2.2 Mid ocean ridge setting

Ocean highland associated with a divergent continental margin (spreading center). Setting is characterized by active volcanism, locally steep relief, hydrothermal activity, and pelagic sedimentation.


mid_ocean_ridge_setting

ee3.2.3 Oceanic plateau setting

Region of elevated ocean crust that commonly rises to within 2-3 km of thre surface above an abyssal sea floor that lies several km deeper. Climate and water depths are such that a marine carbonate platform does not develop.


oceanic_plateau_setting

ee3.3 Active margin

In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary or convergent plate boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary (because of subduction), is an actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure and friction and plate material melting in the mantle, earthquakes and volcanoes are common near convergent boundaries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_margin


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ee3.3.1 Forearc A forearc is a depression in the sea floor located between a subduction zone and an associated volcanic arc. It is typically filled with sediments from the adjacent landmass and the island arc in addition to trapped oceanic crustal material. The oceanic crustal fragments may be obducted as ophiolites onto the continent during terrane accretion. The late Cretaceous - early Paleogene development of the Central Valley of California is an example of forearc development.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearc


ee3.3.2 Volcanic arc A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma. There are two types of volcanic arcs: oceanic arcs (commonly called island arcs, a type of archipelago) and continental arcs. In the former, oceanic crust subducts beneath other oceanic crust on an adjacent plate, while in the latter case the oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust. In some situations, a single subduction zone may show both aspects along its length, as part of a plate subducts beneath a continent and part beneath adjacent oceanic crust.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc


ee3.3.3 Back-arc Back-arc basins (or retro-arc basins) are geologic features, submarine basins associated with island arcs and subduction zones. They are found at some convergent plate boundaries, presently concentrated in the Western Pacific ocean. Most of them result from tensional forces caused by oceanic trench rollback and the collapse of the edge of the continent. Back-arc basins were not predicted by plate tectonics theory, but they are consistent with the dominant model for how the Earth loses heat.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backarc


ee3.4 Collisional Continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of Earth that occurs at convergent boundaries. Continental collision is a variation on the fundamental process of subduction, whereby the subduction zone is destroyed, mountains produced, and tw

Moores, E.M. & Twiss, R.J., 1995. Tectonics., W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.


ee3.4.1 Foreland A foreland basin is a depression that develops adjacent and parallel to a mountain belt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreland


ee3.4.2 Hinterland An area bordering, or within, an orogenic belt on the internal side, away from the foreland; it is related to the internides and to the discredited borderland of Schuchert. In the hinterland, rocks are plastically deformed, significant metamorphism accompanies deformation, and the crystalline rocks that compose basement are extremly deformed. Syn. backland



ee3.5 Continental Archean continental quartzites are found in eastern Finland. Probably lots of examples in central Europe. Formed on land rather than in the sea. Continental deposits may be of lake, swamp, wind, stream, or volcanic origin

Moores, E.M. & Twiss, R.J., 1995. Tectonics., W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.


ee3.6 Unspecified proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

ee4.1 Low pressure high temperature setting

Setting characterized by temperatures significantly higher that those associated with normal continental geothermal gradient.


low_pressure_high_temperature_setting

ee4.2 High pressure low temperature Earth interior setting

High pressure environment characterized by geothermal gradient significantly lower than standard continental geotherm; enviornment in which blueschist facies metamorphic rocks form. Typically associated with subduction zones.


high_pressure_low_temperature_earth_interior_setting

ee4.3 Ultra high pressure crustal setting

Setting characterized by pressures characteristic of upper mantle, but indicated by mineral assemblage in crustal composition rocks.


ultra_high_pressure_crustal_setting

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5.4 – Metamorphic Terms

5.3.2 Genetic Event Process This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Genetic EventProcess” for the description of the genesis of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one term from the Table 5-11 below in order to describe the genetic process of the genesis of their rock/map units, e.g. sedimentary process. This is mandatory for describing surface geology, but optional for describing bedrock geology. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-12. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Unfied Resource Name).

Figure 5-12: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the genetic process terms

. . .

gp13 subduction

gp14 metamorphic process

gp15 alteration

gp16 weathering

gp17 frost shattering

gp18 Human activity

gp19 bolide impact

gp20 cometary impact

gp21 meteorite impact

gp22 biological accumulation

gp23 periglacial process

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Genetic Event Process

gp1 Sedimentary process

gp2 mass wasting

gp3 deposition

gp4 mechanical deposition

gp5 chemical precipitation

gp6 magmatic process

gp7 pyroclastic eruption

gp8 vulcanian eruption

gp9 strombolian eruption

gp10 partial melting

gp11 tectonic process

gp12 continental collision



Table 5-11: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe genetic event processes OneGeology-EuropeID

OneGeology-Europe Term_feature Type

Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifierScheme:CGI:EventProcess

gp1 Sedimentary process

a phenomenon that changes the distribution or physical properties of sediment at or near the earth's surface

CGI/GeoSciML EventProcess200811

sedimentary_process

gp2 mass wasting the dislodgement and downslope transport of soil and rock material under the direct application of gravitational body stresses. In contrast to other erosion processes, the debris removed by mass wasting is not carried within, on, or under another medium. The mass properties of the material being transported depend on the interaction of the soil and rock particles and on the moisture content.


mass_wasting

gp3 deposition Accumulation of material; the constructive process of accumulation of sedimentary particles, chemical precipitation of mineral matter from solution, or the accumulation of organic material on the death of plants and animals.


deposition

gp4 mechanical deposition

process by which material that is being transported as particles by moving air, water, ice, or other fluid comes to rest and accumulates (NADM SLTTs 2004)


mechanical_deposition

gp5 chemical precipitation

the deposition of mineral matter by precipitation from solution, or the accumulation of organic material on the death of plants and animals.


chemical_precipitation

gp6 magmatic process

A process involving melted rock (magma). CGI/GeoSciML EventProcess200811

magmatic_process

gp7 pyroclastic eruption

Eruption produced by the generation and rapid expansion of a gas phase that disrupts magma, surrounding wall rock or sediment


eruption

gp8 vulcanian eruption

Eruption characterized by the explosive ejection of fragments of new lava, commonly incandescent when they leave the vent but either solid or too viscous to assume any appreciable degree of rounding during their flight through the air. With these there are often breadcrust bombs or blocks, and generally large proportions of ash


vulcanian_eruption

gp9 strombolian eruption

Eruption characterized by jetting of clots or "fountains" of fluid, basaltic lava from a central crater


melting

gp10 partial melting Process of melting involving only some of the mineral phases in a rock, to produce a mixture of melt and residual particles.


partial_melting

gp11 tectonic process processes related to the interaction or deformation of rigid plates forming the crust of the earth.


tectonic_process

gp12 continental collision

The amalgamation of two continental plates or blocks along a convergent margin.


continental_collision

gp13 subduction The process of one lithospheric plate descending beneath another


subduction

gp14 metamorphic process

Mineralogical, chemical, and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions that differ from the conditions under which the rocks in question originated, and are generally been imposed at depth, below the surface zones of weathering and cementation.


metamorphic_process

gp15 alteration General term for any change in the mineralogical or chemical composition of a rock. Typically related to interaction with hydrous fluids.


alteration

gp16 weathering The process or group of processes by which earth materials exposed to atmospheric agents at or near the Earth's surface are changed in color, texture, composition, firmness, or form, with little or no transport of the loosened or altered material. Processes typically include oxidation, hydration, and leaching of soluble constituents.


weathering

gp17 frost shattering Propagation of fractures due to expansion of freezing water in intergranular spaces and fractures in a rock body. Result is mechanical disintegration spliitting, or breakup of rock.


frost_shattering

gp18 Human activity processes of human modification of the earth to produce geologic features


human_activity

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OneGeology-EuropeID

OneGeology-Europe Term_feature Type

Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifierScheme:CGI:EventProcess

gp19 bolide impact the impact of an extraterrestrial body on the surface of the earth


bolide_impact

gp20 cometary impact the impact of a comet on the surface of the earth CGI/GeoSciML EventProcess200811

cometary_impact

gp21 meteorite impact the impact of a meteorite on the surface of the earth CGI/GeoSciML EventProcess200811

meteorite_impact

gp22 biological accumulation

Processes that take place within bogs, moors building peat

Proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

gp23 periglacial process

processes related to the margins of glaciers Proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

5.4 Metamorphic Terms The complexity of metamorphic rocks requires several options to help the user to describe the rock. Apart from the lithology, this encompasses the metamorphic grade, facies and P/T conditions (pressure/temperature) which are being described in the following sections. Within Table 5-12 and in Figure 5-13 it is explained which terms are mandatory and which terms are optional for describing a metamorphic rock /map unit. Table 5-12: Mandatory/Optional requirements of metamorphic terms in OneGeology-Europe Lithology Protolith Protolith

age Last orogeny/ metamorphic event

Orogenic event

Metamorphic grade (peak T)

Facies (mineralogy)

P/T

Mandatory Optional optional mandatory in case of retrograde metamorphic event; else optional

optional optional optional optional

Figure 5-13: Extract of 1G-E Geological Conceptual Conten Model to describe the metamorphic situation

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5.4.1 Metamorphic Grade This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Metamorphic Grade” for the description of metamorphic rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one term from the table lithology terms here (and other lithology tables in order to describe the lithology of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-14: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the metamorphic grade . The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-13 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Uniformed Resource Name).

Metamorphic Grade

mg1 Very low grade

mg2 Very low to low grade

mg3 Low grade

mg4 Low grade to medium grade

mg5 Medium grade

mg6 Medium grade to high grade

mg7 High grade

mg8 Undifferentiated

Figure 5-14: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the metamorphic grade

Table 5-13: The OneGeology-Europe metamorphic grade specification OneGeology-EuropeID


Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifierScheme:CGI:CGIvalue

mg1 Very low grade Temperatures above diagenisis (175°C - 375°C) Asch, K. (2003); Wimmenauer, W. (1984)


mg2 Very low to low grade In between very low grade and low grade Asch, K. (2003) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

mg3 Low grade Temperatures around 375°C 525°C Asch, K. (2003); Wimmenauer, W. (1984)


mg4 Low grade to medium grade

In between low grade and medium grade Asch, K. (2003) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

mg5 Medium grade Temperatures around 525°-625° C Asch, K. (2003); Wimmenauer, W. (1984)


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mg6 Medium grade to high grade

in between medium grade and high grade Asch, K. (2003) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

mg7 High grade Temperatures around 625°C - >800°C Asch, K. (2003); Wimmenauer, W. (1984)


mg8 Undifferentiated Asch, K. (2003) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

5.4.2 P/T Conditions This is the proposed Data Specification (optional) of “P/T Conditions” for the description of metamorphic map units:

- OneGeology-Europe ID ee4.1: Low pressure high temperature setting - OneGeology-Europe ID ee4.2: High pressure low temperature Earth interior setting - OneGeology-Europe ID ee4.3: Ultra high pressure crustal setting

They are included in the section describing the genesis of rocks within the EnvironmentalEvent Table 5-10 and are listed in Figure 5-11. 5.4.3 Metamorphic Facies This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Metamorphic Facies” for the description of metamorphic rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will optionally select one term from the table below in order to describe the facies of the metamorphic rock. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-15. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-14 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Uniformed Resource Name).

Metamorphic Facies

mf1 Zeolite metamorphic facies

mf2 Subgreenschist metamorphic facies

mf3 Glaucophane-schist facies

mf4 Greenschist metamorphic facies

mf5 Pyroxene hornfels metamorphic facies

mf6 Amphibolite metamorphic facies

mf7 Granulite facies

mf8 Metamorphic facies not specified

Figure 5-15: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the metamorphic facies

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Table 5-14: The OneGeology-Europe metamorphic facies specification OneGeology-EuropeID


Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifier_Scheme:CGI:…


Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by zeolite minerals such as laumontite and heulandites (in place of other Ca-Al silicates such as prehnite, pumpellyite and epidote).

Smulikowski et al., 2003



Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by prehnite-pumpellyite, pumpellyite-actinolite, prehnite-actinolite (prehnite and pumpellyite are the diagnostic Ca-Al silicates rather than minerals of the epidote or zeolite groups).




Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by glaucophane-epidote (-garnet), glaucophane-lawsonite, or glaucophane-lawsonite-jadeite.




Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by actinolite-albite-epidote-chlorite (an epidote group mineral is the diagnostic Ca-Al silicate rather than prehnite or pumpellyite).




Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-plagioclase (olivine stable with plagioclase).




Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by hornblende-plagioclase (plagioclase more calcic than An17).



mf7 Granulite facies Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by the mineral assemblage clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-plagioclase (olivine not stable with plagioclase or with garnet), or especially high-temperature varieties or polymorphs of minerals (e

Smulikowski et al., 2003; NADMSC SLTT 2004



For use in normative description to indicate that any metamorphic facies value is valid.

SMR Proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

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5.5 Contacts and Structures

5.5 Contacts and Structures The Structures and faults of rock/map units are described within the OneGeology-Europe Data Specification by “Contact Type”, “Structures”, “Other Lines and Delineated Objects” and “Observation Methods”. 5.5.1 Contact Type This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Contact Type”. For the description of the contacts of rock/map units, the intention is that users of that specification will select one term from the Table 5-15 below in order to describe the contact type of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-16. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Uniformed Resource Name).

Contact Type

ct1 Contact

ct1.1 Lithogenetic contact

ct1.2 Faulted contact

ct1.3 Non geologic contact

Figure 5-16: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the contact types

Table 5-15: The OneGeology-Europe contact type terms (mainly after CGI/GeoSciML) OneGeology-EuropeID


Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifierScheme:CGI:ContactType

ct1 Contact geologic unit boundary CGI/GeoSciML ContactType200811

Contact

ct1.1 Lithogenetic contact Compositional boundary; Primary unit boundary CGI/GeoSciML ContactType200811

lithogenetic_contact

ct1.2 Faulted contact A contact separating two bodies of material across which one body has slid past the other.

CGI/GeoSciML ContactType200811

faulted_contact

ct1.3 Non geologic contact A boundary which outlines any interruption in the representation of map units, such as water bodies or countries outside 1G-E.

1G-E WP 3 Proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

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5.5.2 Structure and Fault Types This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Structures/Fault types” for the description of the fault types of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one term from the Table 5-16 below in order to describe the contact type of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Table 5-16. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Uniformed Resource Name).

Figure 5-17: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe structure and fault types (mainly accordiCGI/GeoSciML)

ng to

Structure/Fault Type

ft Fault

ft1 Strike slip Fault

ft1.1 left /sinistra

ft1.2 right/dextral

ft2 Reverse movement Type Fault (no dip)

ft2.1 low angle = Thrust (dip <45°)

ft2.2 high angle =Reverse Fault (dip >45°)

ft3 Normal Movement Type Fault (no dip)

ft3.1 low angle Normal Fault (dip<45°)

ft3.2 high angle Normal Fault (dip>45°)

ft4 Decollement/detachment regional sub horizontal extension fault

ft5 Oblique slip

ft6 not specified

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Table 5-16: The OneGeology-Europe structure types (mainly after CGI/GeoSciML). Sketches modified after ISO 710/7 OneGeology-EuropeID

Term Definitions In GeoSciML https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/ GeoSciML/tags/Vocabulary_200811/

ft Fault

A discrete surface or zone of discrete surfaces separating to rock masses across which one mass has slid past the other. (fault struc geol), Neuendorf et al. (2005); p. 230

ft1 Strike slip Fault

The net slip of the fault (slip vector) is parallel to the strike of the fault.

3.1

FaultMovementSense200811.xls

ft1 left /sinistra

Left-lateral separation sense; in plan view, the side opposite the observer appears displaced to the left.

02

FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft1.2 right/dextral

Right-lateral separation sense; in plan view, the side opposite the observer appears displaced to the right.

01


ft2 Reverse movement Type Fault (no dip)

The hanging wall appears to have moved down relative to the footwall; dip of fault usually greater than 45 degrees.


ft2.1 low angle = Thrust (dip <45°)


ft2.2 high angle =Reverse Fault (dip >45°)

04


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OneGeology-EuropeID

Term Definitions In GeoSciML https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/ GeoSciML/tags/Vocabulary_200811/

ft3 Normal Movement Type Fault (no dip)

The hanging wall appears to have moved down relative to the footwall; dip of fault usually 45-90 degrees.

03


ft3.1 low angle Normal Fault (dip<45°)


ft3.2 high angle Normal Fault (dip>45°)


A large displacement shallowly dipping to subhorizontal fault or shear zone. Typically, faults and folds in rocks above the décollement do not extend across it. [Neuendorf et al , p. 166]

ft4

Decollement/detachment regional sub horizontal extension fault

10


ft5 Oblique slip

The net slip of the fault lies between the strike and dip directions of the fault; the slip vector rakes between 10 and 80 degrees in the plane of the fault.

03


no trusted statement -- ft6 Not specified

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5.5.3 Other Lines and Delineated Objects This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Other Lines and Delineated Objects” for the description of the contacts of rock/map units, the intention is that users of that specification will select one term from the Table 5-17 below in order to describe the contact type of their rock/map units if not to be described by Table 5-16, chapter 5.5.2. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-18. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not and if so, with which URN (Unfied Resource Name).

Lines and Delineated Objects

dl1 Interpreted boundary of subsurface salt body

dl2 Caldera

dl3 Impact

dl4 Main glacial stationary lines (with age)

ol5 Dyke

Figure 5-18: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe Other Lines and Delineated Objects (mainly acc. to CGI/GeoSciML)

Table 5-17: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe Other Lines and Delineated Objects

OneGeology-EuropeID


Term Definition Reference urn:cgi:classifierScheme:

CGI:???

dl1 Interpreted boundary of subsurface salt body

Contour line of subsurface salt structures obtained by geophysical surveys


dl2 Caldera Contur line of a cladera, which is a large, basin-shaped volcanic depression, more or less circular or cirquelike in form, the diameter of which is many times greater than that of the included vent or vents, no matter what the steepness of the walls or form of the floor (Williams, 1941). It is formed by collapse during an eruption.


dl3 Impact Contour line which describes the outer boundary of a meteorite impact or metamorphic impact respectively


dl4 Main glacial stationary lines (with age)

Lines which mark the maximum extent of glacition. The derive for ex. in Notherngermany from the Feuerstein-Linie (Flint-Line)


dl5 Dyke An outcrop of a tabular igneous intrusion that cuts across the bedding or foliation of the country rock (Neuendorf et. al 2005).


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5.5.5 Observation Method This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Observation Method” for the description of the contacts of rock/map units. The intention is that users of the specification will select one term from the Table 5-18 below in order to describe the observation method of the contacts of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-19. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Unfied Resource Name).

Observation Method

om1 Inferred

om2 Direct observation

Figure 5-19: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe oberservation method (acc. to CGI/GeoSciML)

Table 5-18: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the oberservation method (after CGI/GeoSciML) OneGeology-EuropeID


Term Definition Reference urn: gi:classifierScheme: cCGI: MappedFeatureObservationMethod

om1 Inferred Indicates that mapped feature is not directly observable, location and specification based on inference from available evidence.

CGI/GeoSciML MappedFeatureObservationMethod200811

inferred


Indicates that mapped feature was delineated and a specifier assigned by direct visual observation.

CGI/GeoSciML MappedFeatureObservationMethod200811

direct_observation

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5.6 Composite Rock

5.6 Composite Rocks Geological processes often produce complex structures, sequences and rock/map units which consist of heterogeneous lithologic, genetic and age elements difficult to describe by straightforward data structures. To describe such a product of a complicated geological background, geoscientists have defined terms that are neither purely lithological nor genetic or age-related and so cannot be described in these properties/categories within these Data Specification. So these rock types/map units are described in OneGeology-Europe as “composite terms” because they are composed of various components of the vocabulary. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-20. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” in Table 5-20 relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not.

Figure 5-20: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the composite terms

Composite Rocks

c1 Volcaniclastic sedimentary rock

c2 Olistostrome

c3 Turbidite

c4 Flysch

c5 Molasse

c6 Ophiolitic Mélange

c7 Tectonic mélange, locally with low-grade metamorphism

c8 Rhythmite

c9 Ophiolite Complex

c10 Residual material

Table 5-19 demonstrates using the example of the term “ophiolite complex” the composition of such a rock/map unit within 1G-E DS Geology and the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary. This kind of description table is not only meant to help the data provider to describe their map units correctly and easier, but also to facilitate it for the future data user to find relevant data for their purposes.

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5.6 Composite Rock

Table 5-19: The composition of a “composite term” within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary and 1G-E DS Geology; Example “Ophiolte complex” GeologicalUnit“ Composite term „Ophiolite complex“

urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:GeologicUnitPartRole GeologicUnitPart 1.2.7 Vein or dike lithosome

ControlledConcept No indication PhysicalDescription No indication

urn:cgi:classifierScheme:CGI:SimpleLithology CompositionPart 0...Compound material 4.1..Igneous

rock 4.1.9 Basic igneous rock

4.1.10 Ultrabasic igneous rock

DeformationUnit No indication urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:GeologicUnitType LithologicUnit a.k Lithogenetic Unit

LithodemicUnit No indication LithostratigraphicUnit No indication ChronostratigraphicUnit No indication MetamorphosicDescription No indication WeatheringDescription No indication

urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:EventEnvironment GeologicEvent 03.01.18 Mid ocean ridge setting

urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:EventProcess 09.1.intrusion 09.2. eruption 10.3.1 rifting 10.6. spreading

OrganicMaterial No indication Mineral No indication

urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:CompositionCategory CompoundMaterial/Rock

2.05.1 Mafic 2.05.2 Ultramafic urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:ContactType 1.5..Sedimentary facies contact

1.6..Igneous phase contact

1.3.1 Metamorphic facies contact

urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:EventEnvironment 03.01.18 Mid ocean ridge setting

UnconsolidatedMaterial No indication MaterialFossil No indication

urn:cgi:classifier:CGI:CompoundMaterialConstituentPartRole FabricDescription 4.. Constituent role not specified

MetamorphicDescription No indication ParticleGeometryDescription No indication ConstituentPart No indication

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5.6 Composite Rock

Table 5-20: Selected OneGeology-Europe composite terms OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


c1 Volcaniclastic sedimentary rock

Composite Rocks

Pertaining to all clastic volcanic materials formed by any process of fragmentation, dispersed by any kind of transporting agent, deposited in any environment, or mixed in any significatnt portion with non-volcanic fragments (Fisher, 1961, p. 169).According to Guillespie & Style, 1999 volcaniclastic accumulations that contain more than 10% volcanic debris but less than 25% pyroclastic fragments can be classified according to either the igneous or sedimentary schemes. Within One Geology Europe these should be classified according to the igneous schemes.

Gillespie & Style, 1999, p.10; Neuendorf et. al. (2005)


2c2 Olistostrome Composite Rocks

A debris-flow deposit consisting of a chaotic mass of intimately mixed heterogeneous materials (such as blocks and muds) that accumulated by submarine gravity sliding or slumping of unconsolidated sediments. It is a mapable, lens-like stratigraphic unit lacking true bedding but intercalated among normally bedded sequences, as in the Tertiary [Neogene and Paleogene] basin of central Sicily. Raymond (1978) gives "olistostrome" as a general term for either a broken formation or a mélange of sedimentary origin. Cf: allolistostrome; endolistostrome. Term introduced by G. Flores in Beneo (1955, p.122). Etymol: Greek "olistomai", "to slide", + "stroma", "bed".



c3 Turbidite Composite Rocks

A sediment or rock deposited from, or inferred to have been deposited from, a turbidity current. It is characterized by graded bedding, moderate sorting, and well-developed primary structures in the sequence noted in the Bouma cycle.



c4 Flysch Composite Rocks



(a) A marine sedimentary facies characterized by a thick sequence of poorly fossiliferous, thinly bedded, graded deposits composed chiefly of marls and sandy and calcareous shales and muds, rhythmically interbedded with conglomerates, coarse sandstones, and graywackes. (b) An extensive, preorogenic sedimentary formation representing the totality of the flysch facies deposited in different troughs, during the later stages of filling of a geosynclinal system, by rapid erosion of an adjacent and rising mountain belt at a time directly previous to the main paroxysmal (diastrophic) phase of the orogeny or when initial diastrophism had already developed interior ridges exposed to erosion; specif. the Flysch strata of late Cretaceous to Oligocene age along the borders of the Alps, deposited in the foredeeps in front of northward-advancing nappes rising from beneath the sea, before the main phase (Miocene) of the Alpine orogeny. (c) A term that has been loosely applied to any sediment with nearly all of the lithologic and stratigraphic characteristics of a flysch, such as almost any turbidite. Etymol: dialectal term of German origin used in Switzerland for a crumbly or fissile material that slides or flows. Pl: flysches. Adj: flyschoid. Cf:molasse.

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5.6 Composite Rock

OneGeology-EuropeID


1G-E Subtype of


c5 Molasse Composite Rocks

(a) A paralic (partly marine, partly continental or deltaic) sedimentary facies consisting of a very thick sequence of soft, ungraded, cross-bedded, fossiliferous conglomerates, sandstones, shales, and marls, characterized by primary sedimentary structures and sometimes by coal and carbonate deposits. It is more clastic and less rhythmic than the preceding flysch facies. (b) An extensive, postorogenic sedimentary formation representing the totality of the molasse facies resulting from the wearing down of elevated mountain ranges during and immediately succeeding the main paroxysmal (diastrophic) phase of an orogeny, and deposited considerably in front of the preceding flysch; specif. the Molasse strata, mainly of Miocene and partly of Oligocene age, deposited on the Swiss Plain and Alpine foreland of southern Germany subsequent to the rising of the Alps. Etymol: French "molasse", soft". Adj: molassic. Cf: flysch.



c6 Ophiolitic Mélange Composite Rocks

Diamicton: ophilitic rock fragments in pelitic to psammitic groundmass

1G-E WP 3 proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML


Rhythmite A mélange produced by tectonic processes (Berkland et al., 1972, p.2296).



c8 Rhythmite Composite Rocks

A sedimentary facies constituted by an alternating sequence of two lithologies

Vera Torres, J.A. "Estratigrafía. Principios y Métodos". Ed. Rueda, 1994


c9 Ophiolite complex Composite Rocks

An assemblage of ultramafic and mafic intrusive and extrusive rocks, widely believed to represent oceanic crust (Coleman, 1977). In a complete ophiolite, sheared and serpentinized ultramafic rocks are overlain by less deformed ultramafic and mafic cumulates, which are overlain by a sheeted dike complex topped by pillow lavas and deep marine sediments. The entire sequence is rarely preserved. Originally defined as a group of mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks ranging from spilite and basalt to gabbro and peridotite, including rocks rich in serpentine, chlorite, epidote, and albite derived from them by later metamorphism, whose origin was associated with an early phase of the development of a geosyncline. The term was originated by Steinmann in 1905.



C10 Residual material Composite rocks

Material of composite origin resulting from weathering processes at the Earths surface, in the absence of significant epiclastic or chemical input, mostly involving removal of chemical constituents by aqueous leaching. Consolidation state is not inherent in definition. Minor input from wind-born constituents may be present

informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3


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5.7 Orogenic Events

5.7 Orogenic Events This is the proposed OneGeology-Europe Data Specification of “Orogenic Events” for the description of the age of rock/map units. The intention is that users of that specification will select one term from the orogenic events listed in Table 5-21 below in order to describe the orogenic of their rock/map units. The alphanumerical ID in the first column relates to the hierarchy shown in Figure 5-21. The last column “CGI/GeoSciML” relates whether this term is defined within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary or not, and if so with which URN (Unified Resource Name).

Orogenic Events

Alpine

Late Alpine

Middle Alpine

Early Alpine

Variscan/ Hercynian

Late Variscan

Middle Variscan

Early Variscan

Caledonian

Cadomian/ Saxo-Thuringia

Cadomian

Cambrian - Ordoviz

Pre-Cambrian

Sveconorwegian

Hallandian

Gothian

Svecokarelian

Archean

Figure 5-21: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms and age ranges of orogenic events

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5.7 Orogenic Events

Table 5-21: The OneGeology-Europe terms and age ranges of orogenic events OneGeology-EuropeID Orogeny 1G-E Subtype Oldest

[Ma] Newest [Ma] Reference urn:cgi:classifier

Scheme:CGI:?? oe.1

Alpine 221 0,01 Van Eysinga, F.W.B., (1975)


oe.1.1 Late Alpine 19 0, 01 Van Eysinga,

F.W.B., (1975) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

oe.1.2 Middle Alpine 63 19 Van Eysinga,


oe.1.3 Early Alpine 221 63 Van Eysinga,


oe.2a Variscan/ Hercynian (x) 480?? 290 Matte, P. (2001)


oe.2b Variscan/ Hercynian Saxo-Thuringia (x) 375 330 Linnemann, U.

(2003) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

oe.2c Variscan / Moldanubician (x) 373 ±5 262 ±2 GSSR/SGUDS


oe.2c.1 Variscan / Moldanubician Late Variscan 320 290 GSSR/SGUDS


oe.2c.2 Variscan / Moldanubician Middle Variscan 360 330 GSSR/SGUDS


oe.2c.3 Variscan / Moldanubician Early Variscan 373 ±5 360 GSSR/SGUDS


oe.3a Caledonian 490 390 McKerrow, W.S.et

al. (2002) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

oe.3b Caledonian 495 ±4 383 ± 3 Plašienka D., ., et


oe.4a Cadomian/ Saxo-Thuringia ~570 540 Linnemann, U.


oe.4b Cadomian 752 ±8 502 ±3 Putiš, M., et al. (in

press) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

oe.4b Cadomian Cambrian -

Ordoviz 617 ±11 551 ±19 Faure Mauret, et al. (in press)


oe.4b Cadomian Pre-Cambrian 752 ±8 635 ±11 Putiš M., et al.


oe.5a Sveconorwegian (x) 1100 920


Koistinen et al. (2001)

oe.5b Sveconorwegian (x) 1140 920 Bingen,B., et al,

(2008)


oe.6a Hallandian (x) 1460 1420 Koistinen et al.


oe.6b Bingen,B., et al, (2008) Hallandian (x) 1470 1420


oe.7a Gothian (x) 1700 1560 Koistinen et al.


oe.7b Bingen,B., et al, (2008) Gothian (x) 1640 1520


oe.8 1900 1750 Koistinen et al.

(2001) Svecokarelian proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

oe.9 2850 2600 Koistinen et al.

(2001) Archean proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

(x) in scientific discussion

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6. OneGeology-Europe and CGI/GeoSciML

6 OneGeology-Europe and CGI/GeoSciML

6.1 The Vocabularies of OneGeology-Europe and CGI/GeoSciML GeoSciML (Geoscience Markup Language) is a GML Application Schema that can be used to transfer information about geology. Its emphasis is on the "interpreted geology" that is conventionally portrayed on geological maps. Its feature-type catalogue includes Geologic Unit, Mapped Feature, Earth Material, Geologic Structure and specialisations of these. It was created and is governed by the Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information (CGI) to support interoperability of information served from Geological Surveys and other data providers. In order to ensure global consistency, the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary is created to be consistent with the GeoSciML schema and feature types and it proposes to use subsets of the CGI/GeoSciML vocabularies. However, numerous terms, and in one case a feature type (tectonic setting), are regarded as required and are not present in the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary. These are fully listed in section 6.2.

Figure 6-22: The use of the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary by OneGeology-Europe and the amended feature types to be proposed to the IUGS-CGI IWG.

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This OneGeology-Europe Data Specification thus contains a more elaborated and thoroughly investigated set of vocabularies that are tailored to describe the European geology appropriately. Figure 6-22 displays the features where amendments of terms are deemed necessary and these will be proposed to the IUGS-CGI IWG Geoscience Concept Definitions Task Group. Figure 6-22 also indicates where the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary could be used as a subset or in full. Table 6-22: GeoSciML domains used and amended by OneGeology-Europe

Classes in GeoSciML Application Schema [https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/ GeoSciML/tags/2.0_20080702/model/]

CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary as a source

Status of useage by OneGeology-Europe

no Used no MineralOccurence Amended no Used no Boreholes and observations Amended

Used yes Concepts and vocabularies Amended yes

Used yes no Earth Material Amended no Used no Fossil Amended

Used Yes GSML collection Amended no

Used Yes Geological Age Amended Yes

Used Yes Geological Feature Amended no

Used Yes Geological Relation Amended no

Used Yes Geological Structure Amended no

Used Yes Geological Unit Amended no

Used no

Metadata links Amended no

Used yes Generic values Amended no

Used no Geometric values Amended no

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6.2 Summary of Terms proposed by OneGeology-Europe to Amend the CGI/GeoSciML Vocabulary The sections 5.1 - 5.7 within the 1G-E Data Specification describe the complete vocabulary proposed by OneGeology-Europe. The following tables list explicitly the terms proposed by OneGeology-Europe to amend the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary in order to describe the geology of Europe appropriately.

6.2.1 Lithology

6.2.1.1 Igneous Rocks Table 6-23: Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe volcanic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

V Volcanic rock Gillespie & Styles 1999; LeMaitre et al. 2002

v2 Fine grained igneous rock Gillespie & Styles 1999; LeMaitre et al. 2002

v1.3.1 Tuff Le Maitre et al. 2002, p. 152 v2.3.2 Latite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 101 v2.8.1.2 Nephelinite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 116 v2.1.1.1 Pantelleritic rhyolite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 124 v2.6.1 Phonolite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 127 v2.9.2 Picrobasalt LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 129 v2.1.1 Rhyolite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 137 v2.7.2 Tephrite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 147 v2.2.2 Trachydacite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 150 v2.5.1.3 Trachybasalt LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 150 v2.4.1.2 Trachyandesite=Hyaloan

desit LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 150, Wimmenauer 1985

v2.3.1 Trachyte LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 151 v1.1 Tuffite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 152 v2.5.1.1 Alkali basalt LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 52 v2.4.1 Andesite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 56 v2.5.1 Basalt LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 60 v2.4.1.1 Basaltic andesite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 61 v2.4.1.2.1 Basaltic trachyandesite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 61 v2.7.1 Basanite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 61 v2.9.3 Boninite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 65 v2.2.1 Dacite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 72 v2.8.1 Foidite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 82 v2.9.1.1 Komatiite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 98 v2.9.1.2 Picrite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 128 v2.5.1.2 Tholeiitic basalt LeMaitre et al. 2002; p. 148 v2.3.3 Drachenfelsit Neuman, A. E. (1998), p.

123 v2.9 Ultramafic high Mg

volcanic rocks LeMaitre et al. 2002; p. 153

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Table 6-24:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe subvolcanic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

sv1.1

Dolerite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 74

Table 6-25:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe plutonic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

p Plutonic Rocks LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 130 p1.1.1 Charnockite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 68 p1.1.1.1 Enderbite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 75 p1.3.1 Trondhjemite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 152 p10 Ultramafic plutonic rock LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 153 p10.1.1 Dunite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 74 p10.1.2 Wehrlite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 156 p10.1.3 Harzburgite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 188 p10.3 Melilitolite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 110 p2.1 Quartz syenite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 135 p2.3 Foid-bearing syenite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 82 p2.4 Quartz monzonite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 135 p3.1 Quartz diorite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 134 p3.2.1 Essexite Le Maitre et al. 2002, p. 76 p4.3 Gabbronorite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 83 p4.4 Norite LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 117

6.2.1.2 Sedimentary Rocks Table 6-26:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe sedimentary rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

s.1.1.7.1 Till Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 672

s.1.1.3 Silt Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 600

s.1.1.4 Clay Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 119

s.1.1.6 Marl Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 395

s.1.1.7.1 Tillite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 672

s.2.1.3.1 Arkosic sandstone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 36

s.2.1.3.2 Arkose Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 36

s.2.1.3.3 Calcarenite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.91

s.2.1.3.4 Wacke Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 713

s.2.1.3.5 Graywacke Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.282

s.2.1.4 Siltstone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 600

s.2.1.5 Claystone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 120

s.2.1.7 Marlstone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 396

s.2.1.9 Siliciclastics, consolidated


s.2.2.1 Chalk Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.107

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OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

s.2.2.2 Travertine Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.683

s.2.2.3 Limestone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.371

s.2.2.3.1 Reef limestone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.541

s.2.2.4 Dolomitic limestone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.189

s.2.2.5 Dolomite/dolostone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.189

s.2.3.1 Chert Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.111

s.2.3.2.1 Radiolarite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 534

s.3.1 Rock salt Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 569

s.3.2 Gypsum or Anhydrite informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3

s.4 Duricrust informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3

s.5 Bauxite informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3

s1.2.1 Lignite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.371

s1.2.3 Anthracite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 28

s1.2.4 Oil shale Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 449

s1.2.6 Sapropel Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 574

6.2.1.3 Metamorphic Rocks Table 6-27:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe metamorphic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

m1. Anchimetamorphic rock Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 129

m1.1 Keratophyre LeMaitre et al. 2002, p. 97

m1.2 Spilite Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 196

m1.3 Lydite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 384; Wimmennauer 1985; S. 235

m2 Sedimentary protolith



m2.3 Crystalline limestone Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 156

m2.4 Crystalline dolostone

m2.5 Paragneiss Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 180

m2.5.1 Banded paragneiss

m3 Igneous protolith

m3.2 Orthogneiss Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 180

m3.2.1 Banded orthogneiss

m3.3 Porphyroid Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 186

m5 Unknown protolith



m5.10.2 Calc-Silicate Gneiss Neuendorf et a. (2005); p. 275

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OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference

m5.10.3 Amphibole gneiss Neuendorf et a. (2005); p. 275

m5.10.4 Hornblende gneiss Neuendorf et a. (2005); p. 275

m5.10.5 Mica gneiss Neuendorf et al. 2005


Neuendorf et al. 2005

m5.10.7 Leptynites Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 168

m5.10.8 Protogine Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 188

m5.11 Prasinite Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 186

m5.2.1 Black schist Neuendorf et al. 2005; p.72

m5.2.2 Calcareous schist Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 577

m5.2.3 Calc-schist Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 137

m5.2.4 Garnet-mica schist



m5.2.6 Greenschist Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 283

m5.2.7 Mica schist Fettes & Desmons 2007; p.175

m5.2.8 Quartzo-feldspathic schist Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 577

m5.2.9 Sericite schist Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 577

m5.5 Skarn/Hornfels/Granofels Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 195

m5.6 Granulite Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 156

m7 Anatexite Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 129

m8.1 Suevite Fettes & Desmons 2007; p. 198

m2s Meta Sedimentary Rock http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology

m3v Meta Volcanic Rock http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology

m3sv Meta Subvolcanic Rock http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology

m3p Meta Plutonic Rock http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology

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6.2.2 Genesis

6.2.2.1 Environmental Event

Table 6-28:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe environmental events OneGeology-EuropeID

OneGeology-Europe Term Reference

ee6.1 Oceanic setting 1G-E WP 3 ee6.2 Ocean floor 1G-E WP 3 ee17.1 Basin Bog; ombrotrophic Neuendorf et al.

(2005); p. 451 ee17.2 Blanket Bog; minerotrophic Neuendorf et al.

(2005); p. 675 ee21 Tectonic setting ee21.1 Sedimentary basin ee21.2 Intramountain basin ee21.3 Intracontinental ee21.4 Foreland basin ee21.5 Continental ee21.6 Crustal environment

6.2.2.2 Genetic Process

Table 6-29:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe genetic processes OneGeology-EuropeID


gp22 biological accumulation gp23 periglacial process

6.2.3 Metamorphic Terms

6.2.3.1 Metamorphic Facies

Table 6-30:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe metamotphic facies OneGeology-EuropeID


Reference













mf7 Granulite facies Smulikowski et al., 2003; NADMSC SLTT 2004


SMR

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6.2.3.2 Metamorphic Grade

Table 6-31:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe metamotphic grades OneGeology-EuropeID


mg1 Very low grade Asch, K. (2003); Wimmenauer, W. (1984)

mg2 Very low to low grade Asch, K. (2003) mg3 Low grade Asch, K. (2003);

Wimmenauer, W. (1984) mg4 Low grade to medium grade Asch, K. (2003) mg5 Medium grade Asch, K. (2003);

Wimmenauer, W. (1984) mg6 Medium grade to high grade Asch, K. (2003) mg7 High grade Asch, K. (2003);

Wimmenauer, W. (1984) mg8 Undifferentiated Asch, K. (2003)

6.2.4 Contact Types

Table 6-32:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe contact types OneGeology-EuropeID


ct1.3 Non geologic contact 1G-E WP 3

6.2.5 Other Lines and Delineated Objects

Table 6-33: Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe other lines and delineated objects OneGeology-EuropeID


dl1 Interpreted boundary of subsurface salt body 1G-E WP 3 dl2 Caldera 1G-E WP 3 dl3 Impact 1G-E WP 3 dl4 Main glacial stationary lines (with age) 1G-E WP 3 dl5 Dyke 1G-E WP 3

6.2.6 Composite Rocks

Table 6-34:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe composite rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


c1 Volcaniclastic sedimentary rock Gillespie & Style, 1999, p.10; Neuendorf et. al. (2005)

c2 Olistostrome Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 450

c3 Turbidite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 690

c4 Flysch Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 247

c5 Molasse Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 419

c6 Ophiolitic Mélange 1G-E WP 3



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OneGeology-EuropeID


c8 Rhythmite Vera Torres, J.A. "Estratigrafía. Principios y Métodos". Ed. Rueda, 1994

c9 Ophiolite Neuendorf et al. 2005; p. 453

c10 Residual material informal Reference CGI/GeoSciML v3

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6.2.7 Orogenic Events Table 6-35:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe orogenic events OneGeology-EuropeID Orogeny 1G-E Subtype Oldest

[Ma] Newest [Ma] Reference urn:cgi:classifier

Scheme:CGI:?? coe.1

Alpine 221 0,01 Asch, K (2005) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

coe.1.1 Late Alpine 19 0, 01 Van Eysinga,


coe.1.2 Middle Alpine 63 19 Van Eysinga,


coe.1.3 Early Alpine 221 63 Van Eysinga,


coe.2a Variscan/ Hercynian (x) 480?? 290 Matte, P. (2001)


coe.2b Variscan/ Hercynian Saxo-Thuringia (x) 375 330 Linnemann, U.


coe.2c Variscan / Moldanubician (x) 373 ±5 262 ±2 GSSR/SGUDS


coe.2c.1 Variscan / Moldanubician Late Variscan 320 290 GSSR/SGUDS


coe.2c.2 Variscan / Moldanubician Middle Variscan 360 330 GSSR/SGUDS


coe.2c.3 Variscan / Moldanubician Early Variscan 373 ±5 360 GSSR/SGUDS


coe.3a Caledonian 490 390 McKerrow, W.S.et


coe.3b Caledonian 495 ±4 383 ± 3 Plašienka D., ., et


coe.4a Cadomian/ Saxo-Thuringia ~570 540 Linnemann, U.


coe.4b Cadomian 752 ±8 502 ±3 Putiš, M., et al. (in

press) proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

coe.4b Cadomian Cambrian -

Ordoviz 617 ±11 551 ±19 Faure Mauret, et al. (in press)


coe.4b Cadomian Pre-Cambrian 752 ±8 635 ±11 Putiš M., et al.


coe.5a Sveconorwegian (x) 1100 920



coe.5b proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

Bingen,B., et al, (2008) Sveconorwegian (x) 1140 920

oe.6a Hallandian (x) 1460 1420



coe.6b proposed amendments to CGI/GeoSciML

Bingen,B., et al, (2008) Hallandian (x) 1470 1420

coe.7a Gothian (x) 1700 1560



coe.7b Gothian (x) 1640 1520 Bingen,B., et al,


coe.8 Svecokarelian 1900 1750 Koistinen et al.


coe.9 Archean 2850 2600



(x) in scientific discussion

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8 Topographic Base EuroGlobalMap

7. Topographic Base: EuroGlobalMap The topographic base for OneGeology-Europe is going to be the 1:1 Million EuroGlobalMap (EuroGeographics). Background The initial offer to use this topographic base was made by the Chief Executive of EuroGeographics (also managing a current eContentplus project – ESDIN). It is the product of the national topographic mapping agencies, (ie equivalent to geological surveys) and is regarded as the most appropriate base. The offer was made at the OneGeology-Europe kick-off meeting in Rome, accepted by the Consortium and confirmed by the Operational Management Group. The EuroGlobalMap is a digital topographic dataset that covers Europe at the scale 1:1 Million. It is seamless and harmonised data and is produced in cooperation by the National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies of Europe, using official National Databases. It contains 6 themes including a total of 23 feature classes Format EuroGlobalMap v2.1 is available in ESRI v9.OneGeology-EuropeoDatabase and can be delivered also as a "Full Europe" version in addition to the standard country-by-country version. Coordinate system Geographical in degrees (longitude, latitude) with alphanumerical fraction and based on the ETRS89 spatial reference system. This coordinate system corresponds to WGS84. Coordinates have 9 significant digits which corresponds to an accuracy of around 5 cm. Structure The database contains the following six themes, each theme contains one or more feature classes:

• Administrative boundaries • Hydrography • Transport • Settlements • Elevation • Named location (geographical names).

Standards Harmonised Data Specification synchronized with DIGEST standard and the metadata were designed according to ISO19115 standard. Coverage Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark incl Greenland, Faroe Islands, Estonia, Finland, France incl Monaco, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy incl San Marino, The Vatican City, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Andorra, Sweden, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Ukraine.

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8 Topographic Base EuroGlobalMap

Formats EuroGlobalMap can be supplied in

• ArcGIS 9.1 personalGeodatabase • Shape format • MapInfo's mif/mid format.

Table 6-36: Overview EGM version 2.1

Database structure ArcGIS Geodatabase v9.1

Database specifications Version 3.1

Specs harmonisation with Done ERM

Topology Defined in specs

Platform dependency Specifications platform independent

Coordinate accuracy 9 –digits, 5 cm

Formats for customers Geodatabase, Arc shape, MapInfo MID/MIF

Data area 32 countries OneGeology-Europe use of EuroGlobalMap The agreement of use by OneGeology-Europe has been formalised in February 2009 by EuroGeographics. OneGeology-Europe will use the dataset under an evaluation license (to run for the length of the project) which this will cover the intended usage. Delivery of the dataset will be by one of their agents. Juergen Brennecke has been in touch with regarding delivery formats and and it considered that Shapefiles for each EU country should offer the best option. The data are going to be be served either via ftp and possibly via WMS. The conditions of use for this dataset within the 1GE project, are; - for use in 1GE project work only - the project 'evaluation' licence runs until the end of the 1GE project only. - can be used within our 1GE project GeoPortal. The EuroGlobalMap dataset has been uploaded onto the BGS secure FTP server. Please use the ID and password below to enable you to download the files you need in order to produce your country datasets for use within the 1GE work packages. Site - ftp://ftp.bgs.ac.uk Username 1GE Password tck_6LJM

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ftp://ftp.bgs.ac.uk/


8. Portrayal

8. Portrayal The portrayal for rock/map units is an important means to facilitate it for the users to optimally distinguish the geological units either according to their age, their lithology or other characteristics important for their application. For the expert it is important to be able to recognise familiar patterns and schemes, so that relevant information can be drawn from the map/spatial data base immediately. A thoroughly developed portrayal scheme for the OneGeology-Europe rock/map units that will accommodate as much as possible the particularities of regions which consist of large varieties of only one lithological or geochronological rock type will be provided in a separate report and is not part of this deliverable.

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9. Abbreviations

9. Abbreviations BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

1 G-E OneGeology-Europe

1 G-E DS OneGeology-Europe Data Specification Geology

CDTG Concept Definition Task Group

CGI Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information

CGMW Commission of the Geological Map of the World

DoW Description of Work

EC European Commission

ECP European Conferences on Planning

ESDIN European Spatial Data Infrastructure

EU European Union

GeoSciML Geo Science Markup Language is a GML Application Schema that can be used to transfer information about Geology

GIS Geographic Information System

GML Geography Markup Language (GML) is the XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to express geographical features

ID identification number

INSPIRE INfrastructure for SPatial Information in Europe - May 2007

ISO International Organization for Standardization

IUGS International Union of Geological Sciences (non-governmental organization)

IUGS-CGI Data Model Collaboration Working Group

IWG Interoperability Working Group

M8 month 8 = May 2009

M10 month 10 = July 2009

OGC Open Geospatial Consortium

QAFP Quartz - Alkali feldspar - Plagioclase - Foids Classification Schema

SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure

TAS Total Alkali Silica Classification Schema

WFS Web Feature Service

WMS Web Map Service

WP Work Package

WP 1 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on project management

WP 2 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on user cases and best practice in meeting stakeholder needs

WP 3 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on 1:1 million pan-European geological Data Specification, identification and sourcing

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9. Abbreviations

WP 4 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on data inventory and multilingual discovery metadata catalogue

WP 5 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on informatics specification, data model, interoperability and standards

WP 6 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on web portal and Registry development and implementation

WP 7 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on access and licensing protocols

WP 8 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on communication, dissemination and awareness

WP 9 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on access to high resolution geological & applied datasets in national & cross border situations

WP 10 OneGeology-Europe Work Package on liaison with related groups and initiatives

UML Unified Modeling Language. It is an open method used to specify, visualise, construct and document the artifacts of an object-oriented software-intensive system under development

URN Unified resource Name

XMML eXploration and Mining Markup Language (XMML) is a GML-based XML transfer format for mineral exploration and geoscience data

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(software_development)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented


10. Glossary

10. Glossary Term Definition Reference Application Schema

A set of conceptual schema for data required by one or more applications. An application schema contains selected parts of the base schemas presented in the ORM Information Viewpoint. Designers of application schemas may extend or restrict the types defined in the base schemas to define appropriate types for an application domain. Application schemas are information models for a specific information community.

http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/

Attribute Descriptive information about features or elements of a database. For a database feature like census tract, attributes might include many demographic facts including total population, average income, and age. In statistical parlance, an attribute is a `variable,` whereas the database feature represents an `observation` of the variable.


Catalog A collection of entries, each of which describes and points to a feature collection. Catalogs include indexed listings of feature collections, their contents, their coverages, and other metadata. Registers the existence, location, and description of feature collections held by an Information Community. Catalogs provide the capability to add and delete entries. At a minimum Catalog will include the name for the feature collection and the locational handle that specifies where this data may be found. The means by which an Information Community advertises its holdings to members of the Information Community and to the rest of the world. Each catalog is unique to its Information Community.


Class “…the primary declarative construct of Object-Oriented Programming; a cohesive unit of Attributes and Operations; a compile-time template for an Object. …”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_terms

Concept Concepts are merely a distillation or abstraction from perceptions of the world of experience. Therefore, the significance of concepts depends solely on the perceptions that are its references.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept

Conceptual Data Model

The general idea of a structural design (model: description or analogy used to help visualize something that cannot be directly observed.

(Meriam-Webster)

Content Model Models of this kind show the contents of a user interface and its different components. Aesthetics and behavior details are not included in this kind of models as it is in usage-centered design models. In usage-centered design, the modeling task is to show how the actual presentation of a planned system and how the user interaction is supposed to happen. This is probably the most praised approach, and it has been used successfully on a variety of small and large-scale projects. Its strengths are in complex problems.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Interface_Modeling#Content_models

Controlled Concept

At its simplest a ControlledConcept will have a name and, commonly, a description. VocabRelations enable the relationship between ControlledConcepts to be described and can be used to implement thesaurus type relationships like 'broader than', 'narrower than', 'related term', and 'synonym'.

(from "GeoSciML Cookbook: How To Map Data to CGGeoSciML Version 2")

Controlled Vocabularies

“… provide a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. They are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri and taxonomies. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, authorised terms that have been preselected by the designer of the vocabulary, in contrast to natural language vocabularies, where there is no restriction on the vocabulary. …”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary

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10. Glossary

Term Definition Reference Data Model "An abstraction of the real world which incorporates only those

properties thought to be relevant to the application at hand. The data model would normally define specific groups of entities, and their attributes and the relationships between these entities. A data model is independent of a computer system and its associated data structures. A map is one example of an analogue data model."


Dataset Collection of datasets sharing the same product specification http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/ Feature The starting point for modeling of geographic information.

Abstraction of a real world phenomenon. "A digital representation of a real world entity or an abstraction of the real world. It has a spatial domain, a temporal domain, or a spatial/temporal domain as one of its attributes. Examples of features include almost anything that can be placed in time and space, including desks, buildings, cities, trees, forest stands, ecosystems, delivery vehicles, snow removal routes, oil wells, oil pipelines, oil spill, and so on. Features are usually managed in groups as feature collections. The terms feature and object are often used synonymously. The terms feature, feature collection and coverage are defined in line with OpenGIS.”

http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/; Source: The OpenGIS® Abstract Specification Topic 6: The Coverage Type and its 1G-E Subtypes Version 6. http://www.opengis.org/techno/abstract/00-106.pdf

Harmonisation With respect to standards: activities undertaken by communities of experts to align standards. For example, to define common metadata and application schema from legacy sources, harmonization will consider: -- Architecture - multiple viewpoints that capture high level requirements, use cases, scenarios, information flows and computational flows. -- Data modelling - definition and UML encoding of feature type, attribute type, data type, coding, dependency mapping -- Schema modelling - UML mapping and encoding to GML, mapping of profiles to one another, and delineation to service types -- Iteration and development - build a little, see if it works, build more- -- Delivery to standards organizations for approval.


INSPIRE Directive

The purpose of this Directive is to lay down general rules aimed at the establishment of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (hereinafter referred to as Inspire), for the purposes of Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment.

http://ec.europa.eu/gmes/pdf/Dir_INSPIRE_L108.pdf

Interoperability Capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units ISO 2382-1. "The ability for a system or components of a system to provide information portability and interapplication, cooperative process control. Interoperability, in the context of the OpenGIS Specification, is software components operating reciprocally (working with each other) to overcome tedious batch conversion tasks, import/export obstacles, and distributed resource access barriers imposed by heterogeneous processing environments and heterogeneous data.


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10. Glossary

Term Definition Reference Metadata Data about data or a service. Metadata is the documentation

of data. In human-readable form, it has primarily been used as information to enable the manager or user to understand, compare and interchange the content of the described data set. In the Web Services context, XML-encoded (machine-readable and human-readable) metadata stored in catalogs and registries enables services to use those catalogs and registries to find data and services.

ISO 19115

Portrayal The presentation of information to humans, e.g., a map. In the context of the Web, portrayal refers to how data is presented for the user. Map portrayal, for example, is concerned with shape and color of symbols representing features, rules for displaying text labels, rules for showing/not showing symbols based on zoom extent, etc


Property A facet or attribute or an object referenced by a name. http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/ Schema / Sheme

A structured framework. A metadata schema specifies the order and types and labels of information elements describing a geodata set.


SDI /GDI "(Geo)Spatial Data Infrastructure: a comprehensive package of consensus and initiatives required to enable complete provision of data, access and privacy within the territory of the designated infrastructure."

http://www.gsdi.org/SDILinks.php

Semantic A collection of mappings between a target Information Community`s data model and a source Information Community`s data model, generally held and maintained by the target Information Community, though both Information Communities may participate in configuring it. Usually expressed in terms of metadata, features, attributes and rules that permit information integration to occur when a feature collection is imported to the target Information Community from a source Information Community.


Spatial data Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped. Spatial data is often accessed, manipulated or analyzed through Geographic Information Systems

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/spatial_data.html

Specification A document written by a consortium, vendor, or user that specifies a technological area with a well-defined scope, primarily for use by developers as a guide to implementation. A specification is not necessarily a formal standard.


Standard A document that specifies a technological area with a well-defined scope, usually by a formal standardization body and process.


Term A word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession, or subject

(Meriam-Webster).

Vocabulary A collection of vocabulary terms, usually linked to a document that defines the precise meaning of the descriptors and the domain in which the vocabulary is expected to be used. When associated with a schema, attributes are expressed as URI references. [This definition is an amalgam of those provided in Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP): Structure and Vocabularies 1.0 and OWL Web Ontology Language Guide.]

http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/XGR-geo-20071023/#glossary

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http://www.gsdi.org/SDILinks.php


11. Selected Standards

11. Selected Standards ISO Geographic Information, Symbols and Nomenclature: ISO 710-7 (1984): Graphical symbols for use on detailed maps, plans and geological cross-sections -- Part 7: Tectonic symbols. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=4926ISO14689-1 (2003): Geotechnical investigation and testing —Identification and classification of rock —Part 1:Identification and description. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=35572 ISO/TC 211 ( 2009) GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION/GEOMATICS., http://www.isotc211.org/Outreach/ISO_TC%20_211_Standards_Guide.pdf Open Geospatial Consortium technical specifications (standards): Introduction and overview - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standardsSome web service interface specifications of particular interest: Web Service Common - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/commonWeb Map Service - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wmsWeb Map Context - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wmcStyled Layer Descriptor - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sldWeb Feature Service - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wfsWeb Coverage Service - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wcsCatalogue Services Specification - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/cathttp://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=5929&version=2 Methodology of Data Specification: Drafting Team "Data Specifications" Methodology for the development of data Specifications (2007); http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/ImplementingRules/inspireDataspecD2_6v2.0.pdf Some metadata schemas of interest: INSPIRE Metadata Implementing Rules: Technical Guidelines based on EN ISO 19115 and EN ISO 19119. (2009); http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/ImplementingRules/metadata/MD_IR_and_ISO_20090218.pdfISO 19115 (Dataset Metadata) - http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=26020 ISO 19115 Corrigendum - http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=44361 ISO 19119 (Service Metadata) - http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=39890ANZLIC Metadata - http://www.anzlic.org.au/infrastructure_metadata.htmlFGDC Metadata - http://www.fgdc.gov/metadataISO DTS 19139 (XML Schema) - https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/xmml/gml/trunk/gml/3.2.0/gmd/gmd.xsd Ontology/thesaurus/vocabulary principles and management technologies: Intro: "The Ontology Spectrum and Semantics Models" (Leo Orbrst) http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/resource/presentation/LeoObrst_20060112/OntologySpectrumSemanticModels--LeoObrst_20060112.pptGeoSciML Vocabulary model - https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeologicVocabularyCoGeoInfo Multilingual Thesaurus of Geosciences - http://www.bgs.ac.uk/cgi_web/Multilingual_thesaurus_of_geoscience.pdf

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http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=4926

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/common

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wms

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wmc

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sld

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wfs

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wcs

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/cat

http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=5929&version=2

http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=5929&version=2

http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/ImplementingRules/inspireDataspecD2_6v2.0.pdf

http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=26020



http://www.anzlic.org.au/infrastructure_metadata.html

http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata

https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/xmml/gml/trunk/gml/3.2.0/gmd/gmd.xsd

http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/resource/presentation/LeoObrst_20060112/OntologySpectrumSemanticModels--LeoObrst_20060112.ppt

http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/resource/presentation/LeoObrst_20060112/OntologySpectrumSemanticModels--LeoObrst_20060112.ppt

https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeologicVocabulary

http://www.bgs.ac.uk/cgi_web/Multilingual_thesaurus_of_geoscience.pdf


11. Selected Standards

Geoscience data standards: GeoSciML, a GML Application Schema for geology - https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/ GeoSciMLGeoSciML model and schema - https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/xmml/ GeoSciML/trunk/ XML Schema for the Geologic Timescale - https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeologicTimeCoGeoInfo Multilingual Thesaurus of Geosciences - http://www.bgs.ac.uk/cgi_web/Multilingual_thesaurus_of_geoscience.pdfGeoscience Australia data standards - http://www.ga.gov.au/standards/standards.jspBGS data dictionaries - http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/dictionaries.htmlUSGS/AASG mapping standards and guidelines - http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/standards/index.html

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https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeoSciML

https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/xmml/GeoSciML/trunk/

https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeologicTime

http://www.bgs.ac.uk/cgi_web/Multilingual_thesaurus_of_geoscience.pdf

http://www.ga.gov.au/standards/standards.jsp

http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/dictionaries.html

http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/standards/index.html


12. Bibliography

12. Bibliography ASCH, K. BELLENBERG,S., GRAFFE, D. MÜLLER, A. SCHÖNHOFEN, K., SCHUBERT, C.,

TROPPENHAGEN, H.-G. VINNEMANN, C. (2009): Colour Scheme for Printing and Display on Screen for the 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Europe (IGME 5000).; BGR (Hannover), (web link).

ASCH, K. (2005): The 1 : 5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas.; BGR (Hannover).

ASCH, K. (2003): The 1 : 5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Areas: Development and Implementation of a GIS-enabled Concept; - Geologisches Jahrbuch; SA 3, 190 p., 45 fig., 46 tab; - BGR, Hannover (ed.); Schweitzerbart (Stuttgart).

BATES, R.L. & JACKSON, J.A. (1987): Glossary of Geology (3rd ed.). American Geological Institute; 788 p.; Alexandria, Virginia.

BGR & UNESCO (1964 - 2000): 1 : 1 500 000 series of the International Geological Map of Europe and the Mediterranean Regions, 3rd ed; BGR (Hannover).

BINGEN, B., et al. (2008): The Mesoproterozoic in the Nordic Countries.-Episodes, Vol. 31, 29-34; Journal of International Geoscience (Beijing)

BUCHER & FREY (1994): Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks; -7th ed.; Edition. – Springer (Heidelberg)

CGI IWG (in review 2008): Simple Lithology vocabulary - Draft vocabularies for GeoSciML Web services.; Available at https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/ConceptDefinitionsTG

FAURE Maure, et al. in press: Devonian Geodynamic Evolution of the Variscan Belt, Insights from the French Massif Central and Massif Armoricain. Tectonics (Washington DC), in press. FETTES, D. & DESMONS, J. (2007): Metamorphic Rocks – A Classification and Glossary of Terms –

Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks; Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).

FRY, N. (1984): The Field Description of Metamorphic Rocks.- John Wiley & Son Ltd (London) Gillespie, M.R. & Styles, M.T. (1999): BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 1, Classification of

igneous rocks.; British Geological Survey (Nottingham) HALLSWORTH, C.R. & KNOW, R. W, 'B (1999):BGS Rock Classification Scheme. Volume 3:

Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks.- British Geological Survey; Keyworth, Nottingham.

HAQ, B. U. & VAN EYSINGA F.W.B (1998): Geological Time Table. - Elevisier Science B.V. INSPIRE (20.6.2008): D 2.6: Methodology for the development of Data Specifications- Drafting Team

Data Specifications. ISO 710/7-1984 (1984) :Graphical symbols for use on detailed maps, plans and geological cross-

sections – Part 7: Tectonic symbols.- UDC 528:94 : 551.24 : 003.62 KOISTINEN, T., STEPHENS, M.B., BOGATCHEV, V., NORDGULEN, O., WENNERSTRÖM, M.,

KORHONEN, J., 2001. Geological map of Fennoscandian Shield, scale 1:2 000 000. Geological Surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden and the North-West Department of Natural Resources of Russia

LEMAITRE, R.W. et al. (2002): Igneous Rocks – A Classification and Glossary of Terms – Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks ; 2nd Edition.- Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).

LINNEMANN, U (2003): The structuraL units of Saxo-Thuringia.- Geologia Saxonia 48/49, 19-28; MATTE, P. 2001: The Variscan collage and orogeny (480±290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the

Armorica microplate: a review, Terra Nova 13, 122-128 MCKERROW, W.S. MAC NIOCAILL, C. & DEWEY, J.F. 2002: The Caledonian Orogeny redefined,

Journal of the Geological Society 157, pp. 1149-1154; London.

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http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/bgr/sonderheft-188010003-desc.html

http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/bgr/sonderheft-188010003-desc.html


12. Bibliography

NACSN, 1983 North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature: American Association of Petroleum Geologists AAPG Bulletin, v. 67, p. 841– 875. MURAWSKI, H. & MEYER, W. (1998): Geologisches Wörterbuch; 10., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl. –

Enke (Stuttgard). NEUENDORF, K.K.E, MEHL J.P. & JACKSON, J.A. (2005): Glossary of Geology; 5th Edition.-

American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. OGG, J.G & GRADSTEIN, F.M. (2008): The Concise Geologic Time Scale; Cambridge University

Press; Cambridge PETTIJOHN, E.J. (1975): Sedimentary Rocks; 3. ed.,Harper & Row, New York PLAŠIENKA D. et al. (1997): Evolution and structure of the Western Carpathians: an overview,

Geological evolution of the Western Carpathians, Mineralia Slovaca, Monograph pp. 1-24, Bratislava.

PUTIŠ, M., et al. (in press): Metaigneous rocks of the West-Carpathian basement, Slovakia: Indicators of Early Paleozoic extension and shortening events, Bulletin of the Geological Society of France, in press.

PUTIŠ M., et al. (2008) Cambrian-Ordovician metaigneous rocks associated with Cadomian fragments in the West-Carpathian basement dated by SHRIMP on zircons: a record from the Gondwana active margin setting. Geol. Carpath., 59, 3-18, Prague.

SMULIKOWSKI, W. DESMONS, J. HARTE, B. SASSI, F. SCHMIDT, R. (2003): Towards a unified nomenclature in metamorphic petrology: 2. Types, Grade and Facies. IUGS-SCMR, web version of 31-1-2003 (work in progress).

TORRES, V. & ANTONIO, J. (1994): Estratigrafía. Principios y Métodos. Ed. Rueda, Alcoron VAN EYSINGA, F.W.B., 1975 (ed.) : Geological time Table. 3rd Edition. Elsev. Sci. Publ. Co.,

Amsterdam WIMMENAUER, W. (1984): Petrographie der magmatischen und metamorphen Gesteine; Enke

(Stuttgart)

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13 Lists of Tables

13 List of Tables Table 3-1: Status of the geological map unit attribution (whether completion by geological survey project partners is mandatory or optional)............................................................................................. 11 Table 5-2: OneGeology-Europe Geochronological terms and their age range. The terms are sorted from young (on the top) to old (on the bottom)...................................................................................... 16 Table 5-3: 30 newly defined Epochs for the OneGeology-Europe Data Specification ......................... 21 Table 5-4: The OneGeology-Europe volcanic rock specification .......................................................... 24 Table 5-5: The OneGeology-Europe subvolcanic rock specification (mainly after LeMaitre, 2002) ..... 27 Table 5-6: The OneGeology-Europe plutonic rock specification (mostly after LeMaitre, 2002) ........... 29 Table 5-7: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of other igneous rocks in their hierarchical order................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 5-8: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of sedimentary rocks in their hierarchical order................................................................................................................................... 34 Table 5-9: The OneGeology-Europe metamorphic rock specification (mostly after Fettes & Desmons, 2007)...................................................................................................................................................... 40 Table 5-10: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe environmental events................................... 47 Table 5-11: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe genetic event processes .............................. 51 Table 5-12: Mandatory/Optional requirements of metamorphic terms in OneGeology-Europe............ 52 Table 5-13: The OneGeology-Europe metamorphic grade specification.............................................. 53 Table 5-14: The OneGeology-Europe metamorphic facies specification.............................................. 55 Table 5-15: The OneGeology-Europe contact type terms (mainly after CGI/GeoSciML)..................... 56 Table 5-16: The OneGeology-Europe structure types (mainly after CGI/GeoSciML). Sketches modified after ISO 710/7 ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Table 5-17: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe Other Lines and Delineated Objects............ 60 Table 5-18: The OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the oberservation method (after CGI/GeoSciML) ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Table 5-19: The composition of a “composite term” within the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary and 1G-E DS Geology; ................................................................................................................................................ 63 Table 5-20: Selected OneGeology-Europe composite terms................................................................ 64 Table 5-21: The OneGeology-Europe terms and age ranges of orogenic events ................................ 67 Table 6-22: GeoSciML domains used and amended by OneGeology-Europe..................................... 69 Table 6-23: Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe volcanic rocks ........................................................ 70 Table 6-24:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe subvolcanic rocks ................................................... 71 Table 6-25:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe plutonic rocks.......................................................... 71 Table 6-26:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe sedimentary rocks.................................................. 71 Table 6-27:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe metamorphic rocks ................................................. 72 Table 6-28:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe environmental events.............................................. 74 Table 6-29:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe genetic processes................................................... 74 Table 6-30:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe metamotphic facies................................................. 74 Table 6-31:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe metamotphic grades ............................................... 75 Table 6-32:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe contact types........................................................... 75 Table 6-33: Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe other lines and delineated objects ......................... 75 Table 6-34:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe composite rocks...................................................... 75 Table 6-35:Terms proposed by 1G-E to describe orogenic events ...................................................... 77 Table 6-36: Overview ............................................................................................................................ 79 Table ANNEX I.1-37: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for volcanic rocks .................................. 92 Table ANNEX I.1-38: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for subvolcanic rocks ............................ 92 Table ANNEX I.1-39: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for plutonic rocks................................... 92 Table ANNEX I.1-40: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for sedimentary rocks............................ 93 Table ANNEX I.1-41: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for metamorphic rocks .......................... 94 Table ANNEX I.2-42: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe environmental events ......... 94 Table ANNEX I.2-43: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe genetic event processes .... 95 Table ANNEX I.3-44: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe contact types ...................... 96 Table ANNEX I.3-45: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe structures............................ 96 Table ANNEX I.3-46: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe observation methods.......... 96

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14 Lists of Figures

14 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Participating countries in OneGeology-Europe..................................................................... 7 Figure 4-2: The OneGeology-Europe Conceptual Scientific Content Model to describe the geological content of the rock/map units. ............................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5-3: Hierarchical overview representation of the geochronological ages. For clarity concepts are indicated up to Epochs only. ................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 5-4: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of volcanic rocks ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 5-5: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of subvolcanic............................................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 5-6: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of plutonic rocks ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 5-7: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of other igneous rocks ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 5-8: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of other igneous rocks ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 5-9: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the lithology of metamorphic rocks ................................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 5-10: Extract of the 1G-E Geological Conceptual Scientific Content Modelv (Figure 4-2) to describe the genesis of a rock/map unit,............................................................................................... 45 Figure 5-11. Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe EnvironmentalEvent terms...................... 46 Figure 5-12: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the genetic process terms...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 5-13: Extract of 1G-E Geological Conceptual Conten Model to describe the metamorphic situation ................................................................................................................................................. 52 Figure 5-14: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the metamorphic grade............................................................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 5-15: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the metamorphic facies............................................................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 5-16: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the contact types ........ 56 Figure 5-17: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe structure and fault types (mainly according to CGI/GeoSciML).................................................................................................... 57 Figure 5-18: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe Other Lines and Delineated Objects (mainly acc. to CGI/GeoSciML) ............................................................................. 60 Figure 5-19: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe oberservation method (acc. to CGI/GeoSciML) ........................................................................................................................ 61 Figure 5-20: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms to describe the composite terms... 62 Figure 5-21: Hierarchical order of the OneGeology-Europe terms and age ranges of orogenic events............................................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 6-22: The use of the CGI/GeoSciML vocabulary by OneGeology-Europe and the amended feature types to be proposed to the IUGS-CGI IWG............................................................................. 68

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ANNEX I Extract from CGI/GeoSciML

ANNEX I – ANNEX III

ANNEX I Extract from CGI/GeoSciML ANNEX I.1 Lithology

ANNEX I.1.1 Igneous Rocks Table ANNEX I.1-37: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for volcanic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


v Fine grained igneous rock v1. Fragmental igneous rock v1.2 Pyroclastic material v1.2.1 Ash tuff, lapillistone, and

lapilli tuff v1.3 Pyroclastic rock v2.1 Rhyolitic rock v2.2 Dacitic rock v2.3 Trachytic rock v2.4 Andesitic rock v2.5 Basaltic rock v2.6 Phonolitic rock v2.7 Tephritic rock v2.8 Foiditic rock v2.9.1 Komatiitic rock

Table ANNEX I.1-38: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for subvolcanic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


sv1 Doleritic rock

sv2 Aplite

sv3 Pegmatite

Table ANNEX I.1-39: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for plutonic rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


p.1 Granitic rock

p1 Granodiorite

p1.1 Granite

p1.1 Tonalite

p1.2 Syenitic rock

p1.2.2 Syenite

p.1.2.5 Monzonite

p1.3 Dioritic rock

p1.3.1 Diorite

p1.3.2 Monzodiorite

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OneGeology-EuropeID


p1.4 Gabbroic rock

p1.4.1 Monzogabbro

p1.4.2 Gabbro

p1.5 Anorthositic rock

p1.9 Foidolite

p6 Foid syenitic rock

p7 Foid dioritic rock

p8 Foid gabbroic rock

p10.1 Peridotite

p10.2 Pyroxenite

ANNEX I.1.2 Sedimentary Rocks Table ANNEX I.1-40: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for sedimentary rocks OneGeology-EuropeID


s Sedimentary material s1 Sediment s1.1.1 Gravel s1.1.2 Sand s1.1.5 Mud s1.1.7 Diamicton s1.2 Organic rich sediment s1.2.2 Coal s1.2.5 Peat s2 Sedimentary Rocks s2.1 Clastic sedimentary rock s2.1.1 Breccia s2.1.2 Conglomerate s2.1.3 Sandstone s2.1.5.1 Shale s2.1.6 Mudstone s2.1.8 Diamictite s2.2 Carbonate sedimentary rock s2.3 Non-clastic siliceous

sedimentary rock s2.3.2 Biogenic silica sedimentary

rock s2.4 Iron rich sedimentary rock s3 Evaporite s4 Duricrust s5 Bauxite

ANNEX I.1.3 Metamorphic Terms

ANNEX I.1.3.1 Metamorphic Rocks

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Table ANNEX I.1-41: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML for metamorphic rocks OneGeology-Europe ID


m Metamorphic rock m2.1 Quartzite m3.1 Serpentinite m5.1 Slate m5.2 Schist m5.3 Phyllite m5.4 Mylonitic rock m5.4.1 Phyllonite m5.7 Marble m5.8 Amphibolite m5.9 Eclogite m5.10 Gneiss m6 Migmatite m8 Impact Metamorphic rock

ANNEX I.2 Genesis

ANNEX I.2.1 Environmental Event Table ANNEX I.2-42: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe environmental events OneGeology-EuropeID


ee1 Earth surface setting ee2 Terrestrial setting ee3 Hillslope setting ee4 Humid tropical setting ee5 Polar climatic setting ee6 Marine setting ee7 Basin plain setting ee8 Continental shelf setting ee9 Epicontinental marine setting ee10 Aeolian process setting ee11 Shoreline settings ee12 Deltaic system setting ee13 Coastal plain ee14 Lacustrine setting ee15 River plain system setting ee16 Wetland setting ee17 Bog ee18 Glacier related setting ee19 Cave ee20 Low pressure high temperature setting ee21 High pressure low temperature Earth

interior setting ee22 Ultra high pressure crustal setting

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ANNEX I.2.2 Genetic Process Table ANNEX I.2-43: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe genetic event processes OneGeology-EuropeID


gp1 Sedimentary process gp2 mass wasting gp3 Deposition gp4 mechanical deposition gp5 chemical precipitation gp6 magmatic process gp7 pyroclastic eruption gp8 vulcanian eruption gp9 strombolian eruption gp10 partial melting gp11 tectonic process gp12 continental collision gp13 Subduction gp14 metamorphic process gp15 Alteration gp16 Weathering gp17 frost shattering gp18 Human activity gp19 bolide impact gp20 cometary impact

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ANNEX I.3 Extract from CGI/GeoSciML-Contact and Structures

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ANNEX I.3 Contacts and Structures

ANNEX I.3.1 Contact Type (CGI/GeoSciML) Table ANNEX I.3-44: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe contact types OneGeology-EuropeID


ct1 Contact

ct1.1 Lithogenetic contact

ct1.2 Faulted contact

ANNEX I.3.2 Structures Table ANNEX I.3-45: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe structures OneGeology-EuropeID

Term https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/GeoSciML/tags/Vocabulary_200811/

ft1 Strike slip Fault FaultMovementSense200811.xls

ft1.1 2) left /sinistral FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft1.2 3) right/dextral FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft2 Reverse movement Type Fault (no dip) FaultMovementSense200811.xls

ft2.1 5) low angle = Thrust (dip <45°) FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft2.2 6) high angle =Reverse Fault (dip >45°) FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft3 Normal Movement Type Fault (no dip) FaultMovementSense200811.xls

ft3.1 8) low angle Normal Fault (dip<45°) FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft3.2 9) high angle Normal Fault (dip>45°) FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft4 Decollement/detachment regional sub horizontal extension fault FaultMovementSense200811.xls

ft5 Oblique slip FaultMovementSense200811.xls

ft5.1 12) right reserve FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft5.2 13) left reverse FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft5.3 14) right normal FaultMovementType200811.xls

ft5.4 15) left normal FaultMovementType200811.xls

ANNEX I.4 Observation Method Table ANNEX I.3-46: Terms extracted from CGI/GeoSciML to describe observation methods OneGeology-EuropeID


om1 Inferred



ANNEX II – IUGS Stratigraphic Chart

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ANNEX II IUGS Stratigraphic Chart


ANNEX III – Classification Schema

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ANNEX III IUGS Classification Schemas for Igneous Rocks QAPF modal classification of plutonic and volcanic rocks (Q = quartz, A = alkali feldspar, P = plagioclase, F = feldspathoid) (LeMaitre et. al. 2002)



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QAPF modal classification of plutonic and volcanic rocks (Q = quartz, A = alkali feldspar, P = plagioclase, F = feldspathoid)

Volcanic Rocks

Plutonic Rocks



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Additional chemical classification of volcanic rocks (Total Alkali – Silica, TAS)

Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and...

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