Scientific thinking: developing risk and working safely...
Transcript of Scientific thinking: developing risk and working safely...
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
1The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
The
Fra
mew
ork
for s
eco
nda
ry s
cien
ce: o
verv
iew
a
nd le
arn
ing
ob
ject
ives
Ove
rvie
w o
f str
ands
Stra
nds
Subs
tran
dsSu
b-s
ubst
rand
s
1 H
ow sc
ienc
e w
orks
1.1a
Ex
plan
atio
ns, a
rgum
ent a
nd d
ecis
ions
1.
1a1
Scie
ntifi
c th
inki
ng: d
evel
opin
g
expl
anat
ions
usi
ng id
eas a
nd m
odel
s
1.1a
2 Sc
ient
ific
thin
king
: cha
lleng
e an
d
co
llabo
ratio
n in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f
ex
plan
atio
ns
1.1a
3 Sc
ient
ific
thin
king
: dev
elop
ing
argu
men
t
1.11
b A
pplic
atio
ns, i
mpl
icat
ions
and
cul
tura
l
unde
rsta
ndin
g
1.1.
1c
Com
mun
icat
ion
for a
udie
nce
and
with
pu
rpos
e
2 Pr
actic
al a
nd e
nqui
ry sk
ills
1.1.
2a
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: p
lann
ing
an a
ppro
ach
1.1.
2b
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: s
elec
ting
and
man
agin
g va
riabl
es
1.1.
2c
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: a
sses
sing
ris
k an
d w
orki
ng sa
fely
1.1.
2d
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: o
btai
ning
an
d pr
esen
ting
prim
ary
evid
ence
1.1.
2e
Wor
king
crit
ical
ly w
ith p
rimar
y ev
iden
ce
1.1.
2f
Wor
king
crit
ical
ly w
ith se
cond
ary
evid
ence
2 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
Stra
nds
Subs
tran
dsSu
b-s
ubst
rand
s
2 O
rgan
ism
s, b
ehav
iour
and
hea
lth
2.1
Life
pro
cess
es
2.2
Varia
tion
and
inte
rdep
ende
nce
2.3
Beha
viou
r
3 Ch
emic
al a
nd m
ater
ial b
ehav
iour
3.1
Part
icle
mod
els
3.2
Chem
ical
reac
tions
3.3
Patt
erns
in c
hem
ical
reac
tions
4 En
ergy
, ele
ctric
ity a
nd fo
rces
4.1
Ener
gy tr
ansf
er a
nd e
lect
ricity
4.2
Forc
es
5 Th
e en
viro
nmen
t, Ea
rth
and
the
univ
erse
5.1
Chan
ging
env
ironm
ent a
nd su
stai
nabi
lity
5.2
Chan
ging
Ear
th
5.3
Eart
h, S
pace
and
bey
ond
3The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
How
scie
nce
wor
ks le
arni
ng o
bjec
tive
s
1 H
ow sc
ienc
e w
orks
1.1
Expl
anat
ions
, arg
umen
t and
dec
isio
ns
1.1a
1 Sc
ient
ific
thin
king
: dev
elop
ing
expl
anat
ions
usi
ng id
eas a
nd m
odel
s
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
use
an e
xist
ing
●
mod
el o
r ana
logy
to
exp
lain
a
phen
omen
on
desc
ribe
mor
e th
an
●
one
mod
el to
ex
plai
n th
e sa
me
phen
omen
on a
nd
disc
uss t
he
stre
ngth
s and
w
eakn
esse
s of
each
mod
el
desc
ribe
the
●
stre
ngth
s and
w
eakn
esse
s of a
ra
nge
of a
vaila
ble
mod
els a
nd se
lect
th
e m
ost
appr
opria
te
just
ify th
e se
lect
ion
●
of a
par
ticul
ar
mod
el a
s the
mos
t ap
prop
riate
eval
uate
the
●
effec
tiven
ess o
f us
ing
mod
els a
nd
anal
ogie
s in
thei
r ex
plan
atio
ns
reco
gnis
e th
at it
is
●
poss
ible
to h
ave
and
to u
se
diffe
rent
, and
so
met
imes
co
nflic
ting,
mod
els
in th
eir e
xpla
natio
n
reco
gnis
e an
d
●
expl
ain
the
valu
e of
us
ing
mod
els a
nd
anal
ogie
s to
clar
ify
expl
anat
ions
desc
ribe
how
the
●
use
of a
par
ticul
ar
mod
el o
r ana
logy
su
ppor
ts a
n ex
plan
atio
n
expl
ain
why
the
●
man
ipul
atio
n of
a
mod
el o
r ana
logy
m
ight
be
need
ed to
cl
arify
an
expl
anat
ion
devi
se o
wn
sim
ple
●
mod
els o
r an
alog
ies t
o ex
plai
n ob
serv
atio
ns, d
ata
or sc
ient
ific
idea
s
eval
uate
the
●
stre
ngth
s and
w
eakn
esse
s of t
heir
own
mod
els a
nd
anal
ogie
s
expl
ain
how
●
devi
sing
and
usi
ng
alte
rnat
ive
mod
els
coul
d he
lp to
mak
e a
‘cre
ativ
e le
ap’ i
n an
exp
lana
tion
4 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.1a
2 Sc
ient
ific
thin
king
: cha
lleng
e an
d co
llabo
rati
on in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f exp
lana
tion
s
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
scie
ntis
ts o
f all
disc
iplin
es a
nd
natio
nalit
ies o
ften
w
ork
toge
ther
to
deve
lop
expl
anat
ions
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
scie
nce
is a
co
mm
unal
, and
th
eref
ore
falli
ble,
hu
man
act
ivity
an
d th
at d
iffer
ent
expl
anat
ions
can
ar
ise
from
in
divi
dual
bia
s
desc
ribe
how
bia
s,
●
a la
ck o
f evi
denc
e or
mis
conc
eptio
ns
can
give
rise
to
inap
prop
riate
th
eorie
s and
the
role
of s
cien
tists
in
ques
tioni
ng th
ese
desc
ribe
the
●
proc
ess o
f va
lidat
ing
the
wor
k of
oth
er sc
ient
ists
an
d ex
plai
n ho
w
this
influ
ence
s the
ac
cept
ance
or
reje
ctio
n of
a
theo
ry
expl
ain
why
it is
●
impo
rtan
t for
the
scie
ntifi
c co
mm
unity
to h
ave
a pr
oces
s for
va
lidat
ing
the
wor
k of
oth
er sc
ient
ists
an
d ho
w th
is h
as
influ
ence
d th
e ac
cept
ance
of
curr
ent t
heor
ies
expl
ain
and
just
ify
●
why
a ‘s
cien
tific
clai
m’ s
houl
d be
ac
cept
ed o
r re
ject
ed b
y th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
the
key
com
pone
nts o
f va
lidat
ion
to th
e ev
iden
ce
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
scie
nce
cann
ot y
et
expl
ain
ever
ythi
ng
reco
gnis
e
●
ques
tions
that
the
scie
ntifi
c pr
oces
s ca
nnot
yet
ans
wer
iden
tify
som
e
●
ques
tions
that
the
scie
ntifi
c pr
oces
s ca
nnot
yet
co
mpl
etel
y an
swer
bu
t can
con
trib
ute
to
iden
tify
som
e
●
ques
tions
that
the
scie
ntifi
c pr
oces
s ca
nnot
yet
co
mpl
etel
y an
swer
bu
t can
con
trib
ute
to, a
nd e
xpla
in th
e re
ason
s for
this
expl
ain
why
●
scie
ntifi
c pr
oof i
s on
ly e
ver
prov
isio
nal
expl
ore
the
●
impl
icat
ions
of t
he
prov
isio
nal n
atur
e of
scie
ntifi
c pr
oof
5The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.1a
3 Sci
enti
fic
thin
king
: dev
elop
ing
argu
men
t
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
iden
tify
a ra
nge
of
●
scie
ntifi
c da
ta a
nd
othe
r evi
denc
e to
ba
ck a
n ar
gum
ent
and
the
coun
terc
laim
in le
ss
com
plex
and
/or
fam
iliar
con
text
s,
e.g.
est
ablis
hing
a
win
d fa
rm
iden
tify
a ra
nge
of
●
scie
ntifi
c da
ta a
nd
othe
r evi
denc
e to
ba
ck a
n ar
gum
ent
and
the
coun
terc
laim
in
mor
e co
mpl
ex
and/
or le
ss fa
mili
ar
cont
exts
, e.g
. use
of
ant
ibio
tics
use
crite
ria to
sele
ct
●
rele
vant
scie
ntifi
c da
ta a
nd o
ther
so
urce
s of e
vide
nce
to su
ppor
t or
nega
te a
n ar
gum
ent
expl
ain
how
the
●
use
of c
riter
ia
impr
oves
the
effec
tiven
ess o
f se
lect
ing
scie
ntifi
c da
ta a
nd o
ther
so
urce
s of e
vide
nce
to su
ppor
t or
nega
te a
n ar
gum
ent
devi
se c
riter
ia to
●
sele
ct re
leva
nt
scie
ntifi
c da
ta a
nd
othe
r sou
rces
of
evid
ence
to
supp
ort o
r neg
ate
an a
rgum
ent i
n fa
mili
ar c
onte
xts
devi
se c
riter
ia to
●
sele
ct re
leva
nt
scie
ntifi
c da
ta a
nd
othe
r sou
rces
of
evid
ence
to
supp
ort o
r neg
ate
an a
rgum
ent i
n le
ss
fam
iliar
con
text
s
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
scie
ntifi
c ev
iden
ce
can
be u
sed
to
supp
ort o
r dis
prov
e th
eorie
s
desc
ribe
how
●
scie
ntifi
c ev
iden
ce
from
diff
eren
t so
urce
s car
ries
diffe
rent
wei
ght i
n su
ppor
ting
or
disp
rovi
ng th
eorie
s
expl
ain
how
●
scie
ntifi
c ev
iden
ce
from
a ra
nge
of
sour
ces c
an b
e us
ed
to su
ppor
t or
disp
rove
theo
ries
desc
ribe
exam
ples
●
of w
here
scie
ntifi
c th
eorie
s,
appl
icat
ions
and
m
odel
s hav
e be
en
chan
ged
by n
ew
evid
ence
or
soci
etal
nor
ms
expl
ain
how
●
scie
ntifi
c th
eorie
s,
appl
icat
ions
and
m
odel
s hav
e be
en
chan
ged
or
mod
ified
by
scie
ntis
ts a
s a re
sult
of n
ew e
vide
nce
expl
ain
how
●
scie
ntifi
c th
eorie
s,
appl
icat
ions
and
m
odel
s hav
e be
en
chan
ged
by th
e st
reng
th o
f new
ev
iden
ce, c
hang
es
in so
ciet
al n
orm
s or
valu
es
6 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.1b
App
licat
ions
, im
plic
atio
ns a
nd c
ultu
ral u
nder
stan
ding
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
som
e
●
bene
fits a
nd
draw
back
s of
scie
ntifi
c de
velo
pmen
ts w
ith
whi
ch th
ey a
re
fam
iliar
expl
ain
som
e is
sues
,
●
bene
fits a
nd
draw
back
s of
scie
ntifi
c de
velo
pmen
ts w
ith
whi
ch th
ey a
re
fam
iliar
eval
uate
the
●
issu
es, b
enefi
ts
and
draw
back
s of
scie
ntifi
c de
velo
pmen
ts
with
whi
ch th
ey
are
fam
iliar
eval
uate
the
●
rele
vant
issu
es,
bene
fits a
nd
draw
back
s of
scie
ntifi
c de
velo
pmen
ts w
ith
whi
ch th
ey a
re
fam
iliar
and
dra
w
conc
lusi
ons a
bout
w
hich
wou
ld b
e m
ore
appr
opria
te
desc
ribe
and
●
eval
uate
exa
mpl
es
of p
erce
ived
and
ac
tual
risk
aris
ing
from
the
appl
icat
ion
of
scie
ntifi
c or
te
chno
logi
cal
deve
lopm
ents
eval
uate
and
●
anal
yse
the
pote
ntia
l im
pact
of
the
appl
icat
ion
of
new
scie
ntifi
c an
d te
chno
logi
cal
deve
lopm
ents
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
deci
sion
s abo
ut th
e us
e an
d ap
plic
atio
n of
scie
nce
and
tech
nolo
gy a
re
influ
ence
d by
so
ciet
y an
d in
divi
dual
s
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
deci
sion
s abo
ut th
e us
e an
d ap
plic
atio
n of
scie
nce
and
tech
nolo
gy a
re
influ
ence
d by
so
ciet
y an
d in
divi
dual
s, a
nd
how
thes
e co
uld
impa
ct o
n pe
ople
an
d th
e en
viro
nmen
t
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
diffe
rent
de
cisi
ons o
n th
e us
e an
d ap
plic
atio
n of
sc
ient
ific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l de
velo
pmen
ts
may
be
mad
e in
di
ffere
nt
econ
omic
, cu
ltura
l and
so
cial
con
text
s
expl
ain
that
●
scie
ntifi
c ev
iden
ce
coul
d be
shap
ed b
y a
num
ber o
f fac
tors
an
d us
ed to
in
fluen
ce d
ecis
ions
ta
ken
on th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
sc
ient
ific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l de
velo
pmen
ts
desc
ribe
the
pow
er
●
and
limita
tions
of
scie
nce
in
addr
essi
ng a
rang
e of
mor
al o
r eth
ical
is
sues
, and
how
this
co
uld
influ
ence
the
impa
ct o
f dec
isio
ns
take
n on
the
appl
icat
ion
of
scie
ntifi
c an
d te
chno
logi
cal
deve
lopm
ents
expl
ain
how
●
scie
ntifi
c ev
iden
ce
can
be sh
aped
by
bias
, sci
entifi
c st
atus
, pol
itica
l or
econ
omic
fact
ors,
an
d ho
w th
is c
ould
in
fluen
ce th
e im
pact
of d
ecis
ions
ta
ken
on th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
sc
ient
ific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l de
velo
pmen
ts
7The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.1c
Co
mm
unic
atio
n fo
r aud
ienc
e an
d w
ith
purp
ose
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
use
key
scie
ntifi
c
●
voca
bula
ry a
nd
term
inol
ogy
in
disc
ussi
ons a
nd
writ
ten
wor
k
use
a ra
nge
of
●
scie
ntifi
c vo
cabu
lary
an
d te
rmin
olog
y co
nsis
tent
ly in
di
scus
sion
s and
w
ritte
n w
ork
com
mun
icat
e
●
effec
tivel
y an
d us
e ap
prop
riate
sc
ient
ific
term
inol
ogy
and
conv
entio
ns in
di
scus
sion
and
w
ritte
n w
ork
com
mun
icat
e
●
effec
tivel
y us
ing
a w
ide
rang
e of
sc
ient
ific
term
inol
ogy
and
conv
entio
ns in
di
scus
sion
and
w
ritte
n w
ork
com
mun
icat
e
●
qual
itativ
e an
d qu
antit
ativ
e ev
iden
ce e
ffect
ivel
y us
ing
scie
ntifi
c te
rmin
olog
y an
d co
nven
tions
, dr
awin
g on
ab
stra
ct id
eas a
nd
mod
els a
s ap
prop
riate
to th
e au
dien
ce a
nd
purp
ose
use
a w
ide
rang
e of
●
tech
nica
l vo
cabu
lary
and
te
chni
ques
with
flu
ency
, de
mon
stra
ting
com
mun
icat
ion
and
num
eric
al sk
ills
as a
ppro
pria
te fo
r a
rang
e of
aud
ienc
es
and
purp
oses
iden
tify
and
use
the
●
conv
entio
ns o
f va
rious
gen
res f
or
diffe
rent
aud
ienc
es
and
purp
oses
in
scie
ntifi
c w
ritin
g
adap
t the
styl
istic
●
conv
entio
ns o
f a
rang
e of
gen
res f
or
diffe
rent
aud
ienc
es
and
purp
oses
in
scie
ntifi
c w
ritin
g
adap
t the
styl
istic
●
conv
entio
ns o
f a
wid
er ra
nge
of
genr
es fo
r di
ffere
nt
audi
ence
s and
pu
rpos
es in
sc
ient
ific
writ
ing
use
sim
ple
crite
ria to
●
judg
e th
e ap
prop
riate
ness
of a
pi
ece
of sc
ient
ific
writ
ing
for a
pa
rtic
ular
aud
ienc
e
devi
se c
riter
ia to
●
judg
e th
e ap
prop
riate
ness
of
a pi
ece
of sc
ient
ific
writ
ing
for a
pa
rtic
ular
aud
ienc
e
criti
cally
eva
luat
e
●
crite
ria u
sed
to
judg
e th
e ap
prop
riate
ness
of
a pi
ece
of sc
ient
ific
writ
ing
for a
pa
rtic
ular
aud
ienc
e
8 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.2
Prac
tica
l and
enq
uiry
skill
s
1.2a
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: p
lann
ing
an a
ppro
ach
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
an
●
appr
opria
te
appr
oach
to a
nsw
er
a sc
ient
ific
ques
tion
usin
g a
limite
d ra
nge
of
info
rmat
ion
and
mak
ing
rele
vant
ob
serv
atio
ns o
r m
easu
rem
ents
desc
ribe
an
●
appr
opria
te
appr
oach
to a
nsw
er
a sc
ient
ific
ques
tion
usin
g so
urce
s of
evid
ence
and
, w
here
app
ropr
iate
, m
akin
g re
leva
nt
obse
rvat
ions
or
mea
sure
men
ts
usin
g ap
prop
riate
ap
para
tus
expl
ain
how
the
●
plan
ned
appr
oach
to
ans
wer
a
scie
ntifi
c qu
estio
n w
as in
form
ed b
y sc
ient
ific
know
ledg
e,
unde
rsta
ndin
g or
ot
her s
ourc
es o
f ev
iden
ce
expl
ain
how
the
●
plan
ned
appr
oach
w
as in
form
ed b
y a
rang
e of
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge,
un
ders
tand
ing
and
evid
ence
and
, w
here
app
ropr
iate
, ho
w th
is in
fluen
ced
the
met
hod
of d
ata
colle
ctio
n
expl
ain
how
to p
lan
●
appr
opria
te
appr
oach
es to
in
vest
igat
ory
wor
k by
synt
hesi
sing
in
form
atio
n fr
om a
ra
nge
of so
urce
s in
com
plex
con
text
s an
d w
here
va
riabl
es a
re le
ss
easi
ly c
ontr
olle
d
expl
ain
why
●
diffe
rent
ap
proa
ches
are
re
quire
d to
in
vest
igat
e di
ffere
nt k
inds
of
scie
ntifi
c qu
estio
ns
and
how
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge,
un
ders
tand
ing
and
sour
ces o
f evi
denc
e ar
e us
ed in
the
diffe
rent
ap
proa
ches
1.2b
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: s
elec
ting
and
man
agin
g va
riab
les
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
reco
gnis
e th
e ra
nge
●
of v
aria
bles
in
volv
ed in
an
inve
stig
atio
n an
d de
cide
whi
ch to
co
ntro
l
desc
ribe
and
●
iden
tify
key
varia
bles
in a
n in
vest
igat
ion
and
assi
gn a
ppro
pria
te
valu
es to
thes
e
use
and
appl
y
●
inde
pend
ent a
nd
depe
nden
t va
riabl
es in
an
inve
stig
atio
n by
ch
oosi
ng a
n ap
prop
riate
ra
nge,
num
ber
and
valu
e fo
r eac
h on
e
iden
tify
key
fact
ors
●
in c
ompl
ex c
onte
xts
whe
re v
aria
bles
are
le
ss e
asily
con
trol
led
use
and
appl
y ke
y
●
varia
bles
in
com
plex
con
text
s,
incl
udin
g on
es in
w
hich
var
iabl
es a
re
less
eas
ily
cont
rolle
d
iden
tify
and
●
man
age
a ra
nge
of
varia
bles
in
com
plex
con
text
s in
clud
ing
ones
in
whi
ch v
aria
bles
are
le
ss e
asily
co
ntro
lled
9The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.2c
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: a
sses
sing
risk
and
wor
king
safe
ly
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
expl
ain
how
act
ion
●
has b
een
take
n to
co
ntro
l obv
ious
risk
an
d ho
w m
etho
ds
are
adeq
uate
for
the
task
expl
ain
how
to ta
ke
●
actio
n to
con
trol
the
risks
to th
emse
lves
an
d ot
hers
, and
de
mon
stra
te
com
pete
nce
in th
eir
prac
tical
tech
niqu
es
expl
ain
how
●
appr
oach
es to
pr
actic
al w
ork
wer
e ad
apte
d to
co
ntro
l ris
k
use
and
appl
y ris
k
●
asse
ssm
ent i
n ca
rryi
ng o
ut
prac
tical
pro
cedu
res
expl
ain
why
the
●
chos
en a
ppro
ach
to p
ract
ical
wor
k ne
eded
to b
e ad
apte
d to
con
trol
ris
k
expl
ain
how
●
haza
rds a
re
iden
tified
and
risk
s m
anag
ed to
col
lect
da
ta in
a sa
fe a
nd
skilf
ul m
anne
r
10 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.2d
Usi
ng in
vest
igat
ive
appr
oach
es: o
btai
ning
and
pre
sent
ing
prim
ary
evid
ence
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
and
reco
rd
●
obse
rvat
ions
and
ev
iden
ce
syst
emat
ical
ly
expl
ain
how
the
●
obse
rvat
ion
and
reco
rdin
g m
etho
ds
are
appr
opria
te to
th
e ta
sk
use
and
appl
y
●
qual
itativ
e an
d qu
antit
ativ
e m
etho
ds to
obt
ain
and
reco
rd
suffi
cien
t dat
a sy
stem
atic
ally
expl
ain
how
●
inhe
rent
var
iatio
n,
e.g.
from
hum
an
erro
r, se
nsiti
vity
and
ac
cura
cy o
f in
stru
men
t, ne
eds
to b
e co
nsid
ered
w
hen
colle
ctin
g da
ta
use
and
appl
y
●
syst
emat
ic
obse
rvat
ion
and
prec
ise
mea
surin
g w
ith a
rang
e of
ap
para
tus,
whi
lst
taki
ng a
ccou
nt o
f in
here
nt v
aria
tion,
to
obt
ain
and
reco
rd re
liabl
e da
ta
use
and
appl
y
●
syst
emat
ic
obse
rvat
ion
and
prec
ise
mea
surin
g w
ith a
rang
e of
ap
para
tus,
whi
le
taki
ng a
ccou
nt o
f in
here
nt v
aria
tion,
to
obt
ain
and
reco
rd re
liabl
e da
ta
in a
mor
e de
man
ding
co
ntex
t
reco
gnis
e th
at th
e
●
pres
enta
tion
of
expe
rimen
tal
resu
lts th
roug
h th
e ro
utin
e us
e of
ta
bles
, bar
cha
rts
and
sim
ple
grap
hs
mak
es it
eas
ier t
o se
e pa
tter
ns a
nd
tren
ds
desc
ribe
way
s in
●
whi
ch th
e pr
esen
tatio
n of
ex
perim
enta
l re
sults
thro
ugh
the
rout
ine
use
of
tabl
es, c
hart
s and
lin
e gr
aphs
mak
es it
ea
sier
to se
e pa
tter
ns a
nd tr
ends
expl
ain
how
the
●
pres
enta
tion
of
expe
rimen
tal
resu
lts th
roug
h th
e ro
utin
e us
e of
ta
bles
, cha
rts a
nd
line
grap
hs m
akes
it
easi
er to
see
patt
erns
and
tr
ends
appl
y an
d us
e
●
appr
opria
te w
ays o
f re
cord
ing
rele
vant
ob
serv
atio
ns a
nd
com
paris
ons,
cle
arly
id
entif
ying
poi
nts o
f pa
rtic
ular
si
gnifi
canc
e
expl
ain
how
the
●
chos
en
pres
enta
tion
of
data
has
bee
n us
ed
to su
ppor
t a v
alid
co
nclu
sion
expl
ain
how
the
●
chos
en
pres
enta
tion
of
data
take
s acc
ount
of
unc
erta
inty
or
alte
rnat
ive
conc
lusi
ons
11The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.2e
Wor
king
cri
tica
lly w
ith
prim
ary
evid
ence
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
patt
erns
●
and
tren
ds in
re
sults
and
link
this
ev
iden
ce to
any
pr
edic
tion
mad
e
desc
ribe
how
the
●
patt
erns
and
tren
ds
in th
e re
sults
link
to
the
conc
lusi
ons
draw
n an
d w
heth
er
the
evid
ence
is
suffi
cien
t
expl
ain
how
●
patt
erns
and
tr
ends
in re
sults
ca
n be
m
anip
ulat
ed to
be
cons
iste
nt w
ith
the
evid
ence
ga
ther
ed a
nd th
e pr
edic
tions
mad
e
expl
ain
how
the
●
num
eric
al d
ata
have
be
en m
anip
ulat
ed to
m
ake
valid
co
mpa
rison
s and
co
nclu
sion
s lin
ked
to
the
orig
inal
scie
ntifi
c qu
estio
n
synt
hesi
se a
nd
●
man
ipul
ate
data
, an
alys
e fin
ding
s an
d dr
aw v
alid
an
d re
liabl
e co
nclu
sion
s co
nsis
tent
with
th
e ev
iden
ce a
nd
linke
d to
the
orig
inal
scie
ntifi
c qu
estio
n
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
corr
elat
ion
does
no
t alw
ays i
mpl
y ca
usat
ion
synt
hesi
se a
nd
●
man
ipul
ate
data
, an
alys
e fin
ding
s,
draw
val
id a
nd
relia
ble
conc
lusi
ons
cons
iste
nt w
ith th
e ev
iden
ce, a
nd
expl
ain
how
st
rong
ly th
e ev
iden
ce re
late
s to
the
orig
inal
sc
ient
ific
ques
tion
expl
ain
why
●
corr
elat
ion
does
no
t alw
ays i
mpl
y ca
usat
ion
desc
ribe
and
●
sugg
est h
ow
plan
ning
and
im
plem
enta
tion
coul
d be
impr
oved
desc
ribe
and
●
sugg
est,
with
re
ason
s, h
ow
plan
ning
and
im
plem
enta
tion
coul
d be
impr
oved
expl
ain
how
●
impr
ovem
ents
to
the
plan
ning
and
im
plem
enta
tion
wou
ld h
ave
led
to
the
colle
ctio
n of
m
ore
valid
and
re
liabl
e ev
iden
ce
and
a m
ore
secu
re
conc
lusi
on
eval
uate
the
plan
ning
●
and
impl
emen
tatio
n,
and
expl
ain
how
this
co
uld
acco
unt f
or
erro
rs a
nd a
nom
alie
s an
d ho
w in
adeq
uaci
es
coul
d be
rem
edie
d
eval
uate
the
●
plan
ning
and
im
plem
enta
tion,
an
d ex
plai
n ho
w
this
cou
ld
acco
unt f
or
erro
rs a
nd
anom
alie
s and
th
e su
bseq
uent
im
pact
on
the
conc
lusi
on in
si
mpl
e co
ntex
ts
eval
uate
the
●
plan
ning
and
im
plem
enta
tion,
an
d ex
plai
n ho
w
this
cou
ld a
ccou
nt
for e
rror
s and
an
omal
ies a
nd th
e su
bseq
uent
impa
ct
on th
e co
nclu
sion
in
mor
e co
mpl
ex
cont
exts
12 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
1.2f
W
orki
ng c
riti
cally
wit
h se
cond
ary
evid
ence
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
patt
erns
●
and
tren
ds in
se
cond
ary
evid
ence
and
link
th
ese
to th
e pr
edic
tion
or
conc
lusi
on d
raw
n
desc
ribe
wha
t nee
ds
●
to b
e co
nsid
ered
in
the
colle
ctio
n an
d m
anip
ulat
ion
of
sim
ple
seco
ndar
y ev
iden
ce to
eva
luat
e th
e co
nclu
sion
or
inte
rpre
tatio
n m
ade
expl
ain
whe
ther
●
the
colle
ctio
n an
d m
anip
ulat
ion
of
seco
ndar
y ev
iden
ce is
su
ffici
ent o
r in
suffi
cien
t to
supp
ort t
he
conc
lusi
on o
r in
terp
reta
tion
mad
e
expl
ain,
usi
ng
●
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g,
how
som
e of
the
limita
tions
in th
e co
llect
ion
and
man
ipul
atio
n of
se
cond
ary
evid
ence
ca
n di
stor
t the
co
nclu
sion
dra
wn
eval
uate
the
●
conc
lusi
ons
draw
n by
oth
ers,
in
clud
ing
scie
ntis
ts, i
n fa
mili
ar o
r les
s co
mpl
ex
cont
exts
and
co
nsid
er h
ow
stro
ngly
the
evid
ence
su
ppor
ts th
ese
conc
lusi
ons o
r cl
aim
s
eval
uate
the
●
conc
lusi
ons d
raw
n by
oth
ers,
in
clud
ing
scie
ntis
ts, i
n le
ss
fam
iliar
or m
ore
com
plex
con
text
s,
and
cons
ider
how
st
rong
ly th
e ev
iden
ce su
ppor
ts
thes
e co
nclu
sion
s or
cla
ims
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
diffe
rent
co
nclu
sion
s may
be
draw
n fr
om
seco
ndar
y da
ta
reco
gnis
e th
at th
e
●
sele
ctio
n, o
rder
ing
or re
ject
ion
of
seco
ndar
y da
ta
coul
d le
ad to
di
ffere
nt
conc
lusi
ons
expl
ain
how
●
seco
ndar
y nu
mer
ical
dat
a ha
ve b
een
man
ipul
ated
to
supp
ort a
pa
rtic
ular
co
nclu
sion
or
view
poin
t
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
scie
ntifi
c co
ntro
vers
ies c
an
aris
e fr
om d
iffer
ent
inte
rpre
tatio
ns o
f the
sa
me
evid
ence
desc
ribe
a ra
nge
●
of is
sues
that
can
aff
ect t
he
cred
ibili
ty o
f dat
a
expl
ain
how
●
scie
ntifi
c co
ntro
vers
ies c
an
aris
e fr
om d
iffer
ent
way
s of
inte
rpre
ting
evid
ence
13The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
Rang
e an
d co
nten
t lea
rnin
g ob
ject
ives
2 O
rgan
ism
s, b
ehav
iour
and
hea
lth
2.1
Life
pro
cess
es
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
the
role
●
of o
rgan
syst
ems
in p
lant
s and
an
imal
s tha
t can
co
ntrib
ute
to th
e se
ven
life
proc
esse
s
expl
ain
how
the
●
orga
ns a
nd ti
ssue
s in
pla
nts a
nd
anim
als f
unct
ion
to su
ppor
t the
se
ven
life
proc
esse
s in
a he
alth
y or
gani
sm
expl
ain
how
the
●
spec
ialis
atio
n of
ce
lls in
pla
nts a
nd
anim
als s
uppo
rt
the
seve
n lif
e pr
oces
ses i
n a
heal
thy
orga
nism
expl
ain
how
●
chem
ical
, phy
sica
l an
d bi
olog
ical
fa
ctor
s can
dis
rupt
th
e se
ven
life
proc
esse
s
expl
ain
how
●
indi
vidu
al
intr
acel
lula
r and
ex
trac
ellu
lar
proc
esse
s and
st
ruct
ures
in p
lant
s an
d an
imal
s su
ppor
t the
seve
n lif
e pr
oces
ses
expl
ain
why
●
cert
ain
chem
ical
, ph
ysic
al a
nd
biol
ogic
al fa
ctor
s ca
n di
srup
t the
se
ven
life
proc
esse
s
expl
ain
how
the
●
diffe
rent
in
trac
ellu
lar a
nd
extr
acel
lula
r pr
oces
ses w
ork
toge
ther
to
supp
ort l
ife in
fa
mili
ar c
onte
xts
eval
uate
the
●
impa
ct o
f ch
emic
al, p
hysi
cal
and
biol
ogic
al
fact
ors a
nd e
xpla
in
thei
r effe
cts o
n th
e lif
e pr
oces
ses
use
and
appl
y th
eir
●
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
how
lif
e pr
oces
ses i
n or
gani
sms w
ork
toge
ther
in u
nfam
iliar
co
ntex
ts
criti
cally
eva
luat
e th
e
●
rela
tive
impa
ct o
f ch
emic
al, p
hysi
cal a
nd
biol
ogic
al fa
ctor
s and
th
eir e
ffect
on
life
proc
esse
s in
unfa
mili
ar
cont
exts
14 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
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2.2
Vari
atio
n an
d in
terd
epen
denc
e
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
how
●
orga
nism
s can
va
ry a
nd h
ow th
is
may
lead
to th
eir
surv
ival
in
chan
ging
en
viro
nmen
ts
desc
ribe
how
the
●
maj
or ta
xono
mic
gr
oups
are
cl
assi
fied
use
a co
mbi
natio
n
●
of fo
od c
hain
s w
ithin
a h
abita
t to
prod
uce
food
w
ebs
expl
ain
how
●
varia
tion
has
bene
fits a
nd
limita
tions
for t
he
surv
ival
of
orga
nism
s in
spec
ific
habi
tats
desc
ribe
som
e
●
exam
ples
of
varia
tion
aris
ing
from
inhe
rited
and
en
viro
nmen
tal
fact
ors
expl
ain
ener
gy
●
tran
sfer
in fo
od
chai
ns a
nd w
ebs
and
rela
te th
is to
th
e ab
unda
nce
of
orga
nism
s
expl
ain
how
●
varia
tion
in
orga
nism
s can
be
artifi
cial
ly in
duce
d an
d th
e eff
ect o
f th
ese
orga
nism
s on
the
envi
ronm
ent
expl
ain
how
●
inte
rnal
and
ex
tern
al fa
ctor
s ca
n aff
ect e
nerg
y tr
ansf
er in
food
ch
ains
and
web
s
expl
ain
how
the
●
com
bine
d eff
ects
of
cha
nges
to
gene
s and
en
viro
nmen
tal
chan
ge c
an le
ad to
va
riatio
n in
a
spec
ies
expl
ain
the
●
fluct
uatio
ns in
di
strib
utio
n an
d po
pula
tion
size
us
ing: en
ergy
flow
–
pyra
mid
s of
–nu
mbe
r and
bi
omas
s
pred
ator
/pre
y –
rela
tions
hips
appl
y an
d us
e th
eir
●
know
ledg
e of
va
riatio
n an
d in
terd
epen
denc
e to
exp
lain
:
n –
atur
al
sele
ctio
n
the
–ap
plic
atio
ns
and
impl
icat
ions
of
art
ifici
al
sele
ctio
n
evol
utio
nary
–
and
ecol
ogic
al
rela
tions
hips
appl
y an
d us
e th
eir
●
exte
nsiv
e kn
owle
dge
of v
aria
tion
and
inte
rdep
ende
nce
to
expl
ain
and
criti
cally
ev
alua
te th
e im
pact
of
hum
an a
ctiv
ity o
n ev
olut
iona
ry a
nd
ecol
ogic
al
rela
tions
hips
15The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
2.3
Beha
viou
r
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
1Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
sim
ple
●
lear
ned
and
inna
te
beha
viou
rs in
re
spon
se to
in
tern
al a
nd
exte
rnal
stim
uli
and
how
thes
e ai
d su
rviv
al
expl
ain
how
●
chan
ges i
n le
arne
d be
havi
our d
ue to
in
tern
al a
nd
exte
rnal
stim
uli
are
of b
enefi
t to
the
orga
nism
mak
e lin
ks
●
betw
een
obse
rved
so
cial
beh
avio
urs
and
the
bene
fit to
th
e su
rviv
al o
f the
sp
ecie
s
expl
ain
how
●
chem
ical
and
el
ectr
ical
sign
als
enab
le b
ody
syst
ems t
o re
spon
d to
in
tern
al a
nd
exte
rnal
cha
nges
an
d th
e eff
ect o
f th
is o
n be
havi
our
expl
ain
the
effec
ts
●
of n
atur
al a
nd
artifi
cial
su
bsta
nces
on
chem
ical
and
el
ectr
ical
sign
als
with
in th
e bo
dy,
and
poss
ible
eff
ects
on
beha
viou
r
eval
uate
evi
denc
e
●
from
diff
eren
t sou
rces
ab
out t
he im
pact
of
natu
ral a
nd a
rtifi
cial
su
bsta
nces
on
beha
viou
r
16 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
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3 Ch
emic
al a
nd m
ater
ial b
ehav
iour
3.1
Part
icle
mod
els
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
mat
ter
●
usin
g a
sim
ple
mod
el a
nd u
se it
to
expl
ain
chan
ges o
f st
ate
reco
gnis
e th
e lin
k
●
betw
een
heat
ing
and
cool
ing
and
chan
ges o
f sta
te
use
the
sim
ple
●
part
icle
mod
el to
ex
plai
n th
e ph
ysic
al
char
acte
ristic
s of
solid
s, li
quid
s and
ga
ses
appl
y an
d us
e th
e
●
part
icle
mod
el to
de
scrib
e a
rang
e of
ph
ysic
al
obse
rvat
ions
appl
y an
d us
e th
e
●
part
icle
mod
el to
de
scrib
e a
rang
e of
se
para
tion
tech
niqu
es
eval
uate
and
refin
e
●
the
part
icle
mod
el
to e
xpla
in a
rang
e of
phy
sica
l ob
serv
atio
ns
eval
uate
and
refin
e
●
the
part
icle
mod
el
to e
xpla
in a
rang
e of
sepa
ratio
n te
chni
ques
refin
e th
e pa
rtic
le
●
mod
el to
exp
lore
th
e st
ruct
ure
of
atom
s, in
clud
ing
prot
ons,
neu
tron
s an
d el
ectr
ons
appl
y pa
rtic
le
●
mod
els i
n un
fam
iliar
con
text
s,
and
begi
n to
ev
alua
te th
e st
reng
ths a
nd
wea
knes
ses o
f the
m
odel
use
the
part
icle
●
mod
el a
nd id
eas
from
scie
nce
and
acro
ss d
isci
plin
es to
ex
plai
n ph
enom
ena
and
eval
uate
the
use
of
the
mod
el
use
the
part
icle
●
mod
el a
nd id
eas
from
scie
nce
and
acro
ss d
isci
plin
es to
ex
plai
n co
mpl
ex
phen
omen
a an
d m
ake
criti
cal
eval
uatio
ns to
ju
stify
the
use
of a
‘g
ood
enou
gh’
mod
el
17The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
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3.2
Chem
ical
reac
tion
s
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
sort
som
e
●
reac
tions
into
re
vers
ible
and
irr
ever
sibl
e
reco
gnis
e th
at n
ew
●
mat
eria
ls a
re m
ade
durin
g ch
emic
al
reac
tions
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
mat
eria
ls c
an b
e m
ade
up o
f one
or
mor
e ki
nds o
f pa
rtic
les
desc
ribe
the
type
●
and
arra
ngem
ent
of a
tom
s in
elem
ents
, co
mpo
unds
and
m
ixtu
res
desc
ribe
and
●
deve
lop
a pa
rtic
le
mod
el to
exp
lain
th
e di
ffere
nces
be
twee
n th
e te
rms a
tom
s, el
emen
ts,
com
poun
ds a
nd
mix
ture
s
use
a pa
rtic
le
●
mod
el to
con
stru
ct
pred
ictio
ns fo
r si
mpl
e ch
emic
al
reac
tions
and
to
prod
uce
wor
d eq
uatio
ns
use
a pa
rtic
le
●
mod
el to
con
stru
ct
pred
ictio
ns fo
r ch
emic
al re
actio
ns
and
to p
rodu
ce
sym
bol e
quat
ions
expl
ain
the
●
evid
ence
that
a
chem
ical
reac
tion
has t
aken
pla
ce in
te
rms o
f ene
rgy
tran
sfer
and
re
arra
ngem
ents
of
bond
s bet
wee
n at
oms
use
a pa
rtic
le
●
mod
el to
pre
dict
th
e ou
tcom
e of
ch
emic
al re
actio
ns
and
to p
rodu
ce
bala
nced
sym
bol
equa
tions
expl
ain
the
●
evid
ence
that
a
chem
ical
reac
tion
has t
aken
pla
ce in
te
rms o
f re
arra
ngem
ents
of
bond
s bet
wee
n at
oms,
usi
ng th
e m
odel
of t
he
diffe
renc
es o
f el
ectr
on st
ruct
ure
betw
een
elem
ents
use
a pa
rtic
le m
odel
to
●
pred
ict t
he o
utco
me
of c
ompl
ex c
hem
ical
re
actio
ns a
nd to
pr
oduc
e ba
lanc
ed
sym
bol e
quat
ions
and
io
nic
half-
equa
tions
w
hen
appr
opria
te
expl
ain
the
evid
ence
●
that
a c
hem
ical
re
actio
n ha
s tak
en
plac
e (in
a sy
stem
at
equi
libriu
m) i
n te
rms
of e
nerg
y tr
ansf
er a
nd
rear
rang
emen
ts o
f bo
nds b
etw
een
atom
s
18 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
3.3
Patt
erns
in c
hem
ical
reac
tion
s
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe,
reco
rd
●
and
grou
p ob
serv
atio
ns fr
om
chem
ical
reac
tions
desc
ribe
patt
erns
●
in a
rang
e of
ch
emic
al re
actio
ns
link
expe
rimen
tal
●
and
num
eric
al
data
to il
lust
rate
a
rang
e of
pat
tern
s in
che
mic
al
reac
tions
expl
ain
prop
ertie
s
●
and
patt
erns
in
reac
tivity
in te
rms
of a
par
ticle
mod
el
for a
tom
ic
stru
ctur
e
appl
y kn
owle
dge
●
of p
atte
rns o
f re
activ
ity in
the
perio
dic
tabl
e to
pr
edic
t the
ou
tcom
es o
f re
actio
ns fr
om a
ra
nge
of fa
mili
ar
cont
exts
appl
y kn
owle
dge
of
●
patt
erns
of r
eact
ivity
in
the
perio
dic
tabl
e to
ev
alua
te c
ritic
ally
a
rang
e of
dom
estic
and
in
dust
rial p
roce
sses
in
clud
ing
syst
ems a
t eq
uilib
rium
19The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
4 En
ergy
, ele
ctri
city
and
forc
es
4.1
Ener
gy tr
ansf
er a
nd e
lect
rici
ty
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
how
●
ener
gy c
an b
e st
ored
, e.g
. foo
d,
fuel
s and
ele
ctric
al
cells
desc
ribe
how
●
ener
gy is
tr
ansf
erre
d in
si
mpl
e co
ntex
ts
such
as h
eatin
g an
d co
olin
g, fo
od
chai
ns a
nd si
mpl
e ci
rcui
ts
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
quan
titat
ive
mea
sure
s of
ener
gy tr
ansf
er a
re
need
ed to
info
rm
deci
sion
s, e
.g.
abou
t life
styl
es
desc
ribe
how
●
ener
gy st
ored
in a
ra
nge
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces,
e.g
. fo
od, b
iom
ass,
oil,
ga
s, w
ind
and
wav
es, c
an b
e us
eful
ly
tran
sfer
red
use
a si
mpl
e m
odel
●
of e
nerg
y tr
ansf
er
to d
escr
ibe
com
mon
ob
serv
atio
ns
expl
ain
why
●
quan
titat
ive
mea
sure
s of
ener
gy tr
ansf
er
shou
ld a
lso
be
cons
ider
ed w
hen
mak
ing
info
rmed
de
cisi
ons,
e.g
. bu
ildin
g w
ind
farm
s
expl
ain
how
●
elec
tric
ity is
ge
nera
ted
usin
g a
varie
ty o
f ene
rgy
reso
urce
s
deve
lop
mor
e
●
com
plex
mod
els o
f en
ergy
tran
sfer
m
echa
nism
s (in
corp
orat
ing
idea
s abo
ut
part
icle
s or w
aves
)
use
ener
gy-
●
acco
untin
g sy
stem
s, in
clud
ing
Sank
ey d
iagr
ams,
to
trac
k en
ergy
tr
ansf
ers
use
quan
titat
ive
●
mea
sure
s of
ener
gy tr
ansf
er to
su
ppor
t inf
orm
ed
deci
sion
-mak
ing
appl
y th
e id
ea o
f
●
ener
gy
cons
erva
tion
and
diss
ipat
ion
to
sim
ple
biol
ogic
al,
chem
ical
and
ph
ysic
al sy
stem
s
appl
y th
e co
ncep
t
●
of c
onse
rvat
ion
of
ener
gy to
ene
rgy
effici
ency
ca
lcul
atio
ns in
liv
ing
and
non-
livin
g sy
stem
s
deve
lop
the
idea
●
of e
nerg
y di
ssip
atio
n in
a
varie
ty o
f con
text
s
eval
uate
the
●
econ
omic
cos
ts
and
envi
ronm
enta
l eff
ects
of e
nerg
y us
e th
roug
h th
e m
easu
rem
ent o
f en
ergy
tran
sfer
s an
d effi
cien
cy
calc
ulat
ions
desc
ribe
the
●
effec
ts o
f ene
rgy
tran
sfer
to li
ving
sy
stem
s by
elec
trom
agne
tic
and
nucl
ear
radi
atio
n
use
quan
titat
ive
●
mea
sure
s and
the
conc
ept o
f ene
rgy
cons
erva
tion
to
eval
uate
a ra
nge
of st
rate
gies
to
cons
erve
lim
ited
ener
gy re
sour
ces
use
and
appl
y
●
com
plex
mod
els
of e
nerg
y tr
ansf
er
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of
phen
omen
a
expl
ain
a w
ide
●
rang
e of
com
plex
ph
enom
ena
usin
g th
e pr
inci
ple
of
cons
erva
tion
of
ener
gy a
nd
appr
opria
te w
ave
or p
artic
le m
odel
s
appl
y br
oade
r or
●
deep
er k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of
ener
gy in
exp
lana
tions
of
obs
erva
tions
and
ph
enom
ena
use
valid
and
ratio
nal
●
argu
men
t to
offer
so
lutio
ns to
pro
blem
s ar
isin
g fr
om th
e ap
plic
atio
ns a
nd
impl
icat
ions
of e
nerg
y
20 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
4.2
Forc
es Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
reco
gnis
e th
e
●
forc
es a
ctin
g on
an
obje
ct in
diff
eren
t si
tuat
ions
dist
ingu
ish
●
betw
een
situ
atio
ns
invo
lvin
g ba
lanc
ed
and
unba
lanc
ed
forc
es
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
forc
es c
an
com
bine
or w
holly
or
par
tly c
ance
l ea
ch o
ther
out
and
th
eir s
ize
and
dire
ctio
n ca
n be
re
pres
ente
d us
ing
arro
ws
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
ther
e ar
e co
ntac
t fo
rces
and
forc
es
that
act
at a
di
stan
ce
appl
y id
eas a
bout
●
bala
nced
and
un
bala
nced
forc
es
to e
xpla
in th
e w
ay
obje
cts m
ove
inve
stig
ate
●
situ
atio
ns w
here
fo
rces
are
app
lied
over
larg
e an
d sm
all a
reas
or h
ave
a tu
rnin
g eff
ect
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
forc
es a
t a d
ista
nce
get w
eake
r as t
he
dist
ance
incr
ease
s
reco
gnis
e ho
w
●
sim
ple
quan
titat
ive
rela
tions
hips
can
be
app
lied
to th
e w
ay o
bjec
ts m
ove
(incl
udin
g ba
lanc
ed a
nd
unba
lanc
ed fo
rces
)
reco
gnis
e ho
w
●
sim
ple
quan
titat
ive
rela
tions
hips
can
be
app
lied
to
situ
atio
ns w
here
fo
rces
are
app
lied
over
larg
e an
d sm
all a
reas
or h
ave
a tu
rnin
g eff
ect
use
sim
ple
●
quan
titat
ive
rela
tions
hips
to
mak
e pr
edic
tions
in
mor
e co
mpl
ex
situ
atio
ns
use
sim
ple
●
rela
tions
hips
in
volv
ing
mor
e co
mpl
ex
quan
titie
s to
mak
e qu
antit
ativ
e pr
edic
tions
in
fam
iliar
situ
atio
ns
use
rela
tions
hips
●
invo
lvin
g m
ore
com
plex
qua
ntiti
es
to m
ake
quan
titat
ive
pred
ictio
ns in
m
ore
com
plex
and
un
fam
iliar
si
tuat
ions
appl
y kn
owle
dge
and
●
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
fo
rces
in e
xpla
natio
ns
of o
bser
vatio
ns a
nd
phen
omen
a to
co
mpl
ex a
nd
unfa
mili
ar c
onte
xts
use
valid
and
ratio
nal
●
argu
men
t to
offer
so
lutio
ns to
pro
blem
s ar
isin
g fr
om th
e ap
plic
atio
ns a
nd
impl
icat
ions
of f
orce
s
21The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
5 Th
e en
viro
nmen
t, E
arth
and
the
univ
erse
5.1
Chan
ging
env
iron
men
t and
sust
aina
bilit
y
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
how
●
natu
ral a
nd h
uman
pr
oces
ses h
ave
chan
ged
the
atm
osph
ere
over
tim
e
expl
ain
som
e of
●
the
chan
ges t
hat
have
led
to th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
the
curr
ent
atm
osph
ere
reco
gnis
e si
mpl
e
●
idea
s of
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
use
one
or m
ore
●
mod
els,
such
as
the
carb
on c
ycle
or
food
web
s, to
ex
plai
n so
me
of
the
cons
eque
nces
of
cha
nges
in th
e en
viro
nmen
t
use
prim
ary
and
●
seco
ndar
y fo
rms
of e
vide
nce
to
desc
ribe
and
expl
ain
the
impa
ct
of h
uman
act
ions
at
a lo
cal,
regi
onal
an
d gl
obal
leve
l
eval
uate
the
●
accu
racy
and
va
lidity
of p
rimar
y an
d se
cond
ary
evid
ence
in
rela
tion
to h
uman
im
pact
on
the
bios
pher
e
desc
ribe
and
●
anal
yse
how
co
mpl
ex d
ata
coul
d be
re
pres
ente
d or
m
isre
pres
ente
d to
ju
stify
dec
isio
ns
take
n to
man
age
sust
aina
bilit
y
link
and
synt
hesi
se
●
data
and
evi
denc
e fr
om a
rang
e of
so
urce
s to
expl
ain
hum
an im
pact
on
the
bios
pher
e
desc
ribe
how
●
evid
ence
and
ar
gum
ents
from
di
ffere
nt p
oliti
cal a
nd
econ
omic
pe
rspe
ctiv
es h
ave
been
use
d to
just
ify
deci
sion
s tak
en to
m
anag
e su
stai
nabi
lity
22 The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 200800354-2008PDF-EN-01
5.2
Chan
ging
Ear
th
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
reco
gnis
e th
e
●
proc
esse
s inv
olve
d in
the
form
atio
n of
ro
cks
desc
ribe
the
●
proc
esse
s inv
olve
d in
the
form
atio
n of
se
dim
enta
ry,
met
amor
phic
and
ig
neou
s roc
ks a
nd
use
the
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
rock
s to
expl
ain
how
they
fo
rmed
use
the
rock
cyc
le
●
as a
mod
el to
ex
plai
n th
e cy
clic
al
natu
re o
f roc
k-fo
rmin
g pr
oces
ses
and
the
times
cale
s ov
er w
hich
they
op
erat
e
use
the
theo
ry o
f
●
plat
e te
cton
ics t
o ex
plai
n so
me
of
the
maj
or sl
ow
(long
-ter
m)
chan
ges a
nd th
e di
strib
utio
n an
d na
ture
of a
ctiv
e zo
nes o
n th
e su
rfac
e of
the
Eart
h
link
plat
e te
cton
ic
●
theo
ry to
its
supp
ortin
g ge
olog
ical
ev
iden
ce
appl
y an
d us
e th
e
●
theo
ry o
f pla
te
tect
onic
s to
expl
ain
rela
ted
geol
ogic
al
phen
omen
a
23The National Strategies | Secondary The Framework for secondary science: overview and learning objectives
© Crown copyright 2008 00354-2008PDF-EN-01
5.3
Eart
h, S
pace
and
bey
ond
Year
7Ye
ar 8
Year
9Ye
ar 1
0Ye
ar 1
1Ex
tens
ion
desc
ribe
the
●
appa
rent
m
ovem
ent o
f the
Su
n ac
ross
the
sky
and
the
patt
ern
in
the
chan
ging
ap
pear
ance
of t
he
Moo
n
desc
ribe
the
●
posi
tion
of th
e Ea
rth
in re
latio
n to
th
e po
sitio
n of
ot
her b
odie
s in
the
Sola
r Sys
tem
and
us
e th
is to
exp
lain
so
me
phen
omen
a
reco
gnis
e th
at
●
astr
onom
y an
d sp
ace
scie
nce
prov
ide
evid
ence
ab
out t
he S
olar
Sy
stem
appl
y m
odel
s and
●
use
scie
ntifi
c da
ta
to e
xpla
in th
e re
lativ
e m
ovem
ent
of th
e ce
lest
ial
bodi
es in
the
sola
r sy
stem
desc
ribe
how
●
astr
onom
y an
d sp
ace
scie
nce
prov
ide
evid
ence
of
the
sola
r sys
tem
an
d ga
laxy
expl
ain
som
e
●
met
hods
use
d to
ex
plor
e th
e so
lar
syst
em a
nd g
alax
y (b
oth
from
the
Eart
h an
d fr
om
Spac
e)
expl
ain
how
the
●
elec
trom
agne
tic
spec
trum
can
in
form
the
stud
y th
e st
ars i
n ou
r ga
laxy
(and
un
iver
se)
eval
uate
the
●
avai
labl
e ev
iden
ce
and
expl
ain
why
it
favo
urs a
n ex
pand
ing
univ
erse
as t
he
curr
ent c
onse
nsus
m
odel
expl
ain,
usi
ng
●
avai
labl
e ev
iden
ce a
nd
mod
els o
f the
un
iver
se, w
hy th
e ul
timat
e fa
te o
f the
un
iver
se is
diffi
cult
to
pred
ict