Scientific study of plant life and development?

BOTANY

STUDY OF THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PLANTS?

MORPHOLOGY

STUDY OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PLANTS?

ANATOMY OR HISTOLOGY

PASTURES

ANNUAL CROPS

PERENNIAL CROPS

e.g. GRAPES

PISTACHIO – PERENNIAL TREE CROP

PLANT LIFE CYCLES

Annual - a plant that completes its life cycle in one season and dies (e.g. wheat, subclover, peas, beans)

Biennial - a plant that requires two seasons to complete its life cycle. Vegetative phase and flowering phase (e.g. carrot, onion)

Perennial - a plant that lives from year to year (e.g. apple, citrus, tea bush)

Ephemeral - very short lived plants (e.g. desert and tundra plants)

ANGIOSPERMS – FLOWERING PLANTS

GRASSES - POACEAE

MONOCOTYLEDONS

Single seed leaf or cotyledon embryo contains:

coleoptile -- a sheath in which the true leaves and plumule grow

plumule: origin of young leaves --> growing point, crown or node

radicle ---> initial seminal roots coleorhiza -- protective sheath for the radicle

Tillers - axillary shoots that grow later from the growing point

Secondary roots form later, often with tillering

MONOCOT SEED

Adventitious roots grow from the shoot axis just at or above the soil surface.

WHEAT LIFE CYCLE

PHENOLOGY – LIFE CYCLE

RICE GROWTH CYCLE

DICOTYLEDONS

seed has 2 seed leaves /cotyledons cotyledons either hypogeal (below ground) or

epigeal (above ground) embryo

radicle ---> primary root hypocotyl - lifts the cotyledons above the soil epicotyl - main stem and growing point

apical and axillary growing points secondary roots branch from the primary root

to form a structured deep root system

Bean

DICOTYLEDON: EPIGEAL GERMINATION

DICOTYLEDON: HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

Dicotyledonous plants tend to have a dominant tap root, which develops downward, together with limited lateral root growth.

Monocotyledonous plants tend not to have a dominant tap root, instead, the roots branch in many directions creating a fibrous root system.