Scientific Soap Making
description
Transcript of Scientific Soap Making
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Scientific Soapmaking
Kevin M. Dunn
Summer 2010
$Revision: 1.1 $
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Acknowledgements
Copyright © 2010 Kevin M. Dunn
Acknowledgements
• Mike Lawson/Columbus Foods
• Scientific Soapmakers
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Why Teach Soapmaking?
Why Teach Soapmaking?
• Thriving cottage industry
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Why Teach Soapmaking?
Why Teach Soapmaking?
• Thriving cottage industry
• Soapmakers generally come from a cooking/craft background
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Why Teach Soapmaking?
Why Teach Soapmaking?
• Thriving cottage industry
• Soapmakers generally come from a cooking/craft background
• Soapmakers are interested in the chemistry of their craft
![Page 6: Scientific Soap Making](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061510/55cf8e4c550346703b90a46d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why Teach Soapmaking?
Why Teach Soapmaking?
• Thriving cottage industry
• Soapmakers generally come from a cooking/craft background
• Soapmakers are interested in the chemistry of their craft
• If gen-ed students can imagine themselves as soapmakers, theywill become interested in the chemistry
![Page 7: Scientific Soap Making](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061510/55cf8e4c550346703b90a46d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why Teach Soapmaking?
Why Teach Soapmaking?
• Thriving cottage industry
• Soapmakers generally come from a cooking/craft background
• Soapmakers are interested in the chemistry of their craft
• If gen-ed students can imagine themselves as soapmakers, theywill become interested in the chemistry
• Experiments are designed to solve real-world problems
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Let’s Make Soap
Let’s Make Soap
• 1000 g Delight (an oil blend)
• 288 g Lye (500 ppt NaOH)
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Let’s Make Soap
Let’s Make Soap
• 1000 g Delight (an oil blend)
• 288 g Lye (500 ppt NaOH)
• But how are we to weigh?
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Weighing Synthetically
Weighing Synthetically
• Place bottle of lye on balance
• Press tare button
• Use cup to transfer lye to jug of oil
• What if we overshoot?
• What about the lye in the cup?
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Let’s Make Soap
Let’s Make Soap
• 1000 g Delight (already weighed)
• 288 g Lye (weigh synthetically into oil)
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Let’s Make Soap
Let’s Make Soap
• 1000 g Delight (already weighed)
• 288 g Lye (weigh synthetically into oil)
• Shake vigorously for 60 seconds
• Pour into styrofoam cups
• Measure temperature
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Oil and Water
Oil and Water
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Glyceryl Trilaurate
Glyceryl Trilaurate
O
O
O
O
O
O
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Saponification
Saponification
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Saponification
SaponificationNaOH
O
O
O
O
O
O
NaOH NaOH
↓
ONa
O
OH
OH
OH
ONa
O
ONa
O
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Saponification
Saponification
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 Soap
• Each molecule of oil requires 3 molecules of NaOH
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Saponification
Saponification
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 Soap
• Each molecule of oil requires 3 molecules of NaOH
• What happens if you provide only 2 molecules of NaOH?
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Saponification
Saponification
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 Soap
• Each molecule of oil requires 3 molecules of NaOH
• What happens if you provide only 2 molecules of NaOH?
• What happens if you provide 4 molecules of NaOH?
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Saponification
Saponification
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 Soap
• Each molecule of oil requires 3 molecules of NaOH
• What happens if you provide only 2 molecules of NaOH?
• What happens if you provide 4 molecules of NaOH?
• We measure oil and NaOH by weight, not by molecules
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Saponification
Saponification
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 Soap
• Each molecule of oil requires 3 molecules of NaOH
• What happens if you provide only 2 molecules of NaOH?
• What happens if you provide 4 molecules of NaOH?
• We measure oil and NaOH by weight, not by molecules
• Each gram of oil should require a specific weight of NaOH forcomplete saponification
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Saponification Value
Saponification ValueTheoretical saponification value of glyceryl tristearate:
? g KOH = 1000 g oil(1 mol oil890 g oil
)(3 mol KOH
1 mol oil
)(56 g KOH
1 mol KOH
)= 189 ppt KOH
Experimental saponification value of tallow: 190-200 ppt
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Saponification Value
Saponification ValueTheoretical sodium saponification value of glyceryl tristearate:
? g NaOH = 1000 g oil(1 mol oil890 g oil
)(3 mol NaOH
1 mol oil
)(40 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
)= 135 ppt NaOH
Experimental sodium saponification value of tallow: 135-143 ppt
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Saponification Value
Saponification Value
• SV = weight (mg) of KOH needed to saponify 1 g of oil
• SSV = weight (mg) of NaOH needed to saponify 1 g of oil
• AR = weight (mg) of alkali actually used to saponify 1 g of oil
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Saponification Value
Saponification Value
• SV = weight (mg) of KOH needed to saponify 1 g of oil
• SSV = weight (mg) of NaOH needed to saponify 1 g of oil
• AR = weight (mg) of alkali actually used to saponify 1 g of oil
• SV of Delight is 211.5 ppt KOH
• SSV of Delight is 150.8 ppt NaOH
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Saponification Value
Saponification Value
• SV = weight (mg) of KOH needed to saponify 1 g of oil
• SSV = weight (mg) of NaOH needed to saponify 1 g of oil
• AR = weight (mg) of alkali actually used to saponify 1 g of oil
• SV of Delight is 211.5 ppt KOH
• SSV of Delight is 150.8 ppt NaOH
• Since Lye is 500 ppt NaOH, we have used an AR of 144 pptNaOH
• Why?
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Lye Discounting
Lye Discounting
0 2 4 6
140 144 148 152 156
TA /
ppt N
aOH
AR / ppt NaOH
1 Day Old
0 2 4 6
140 144 148 152 156
TA /
ppt N
aOH
AR / ppt NaOH
11 Weeks Old
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Checking In
Checking InWhat are the temperature and consistency of your soap?
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Measurable quantities
Measurable Quantities
• Finished soap• Total alkali• Moisture content• Hardness
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Measurable quantities
Measurable Quantities
• Finished soap• Total alkali• Moisture content• Hardness
• Raw materials• Saponification value• Lye concentration• Free fatty acid
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Free Fatty Acid
Free Fatty Acid
• Real-world oils may contain “free” fatty acid
• How can we measure it?
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Titration
Titration
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Titration
Titration
• Add 50 mL ethanol to Erlenmeyer flask
• Add 4-5 drops 1% phenolphthalein
• Add 4.18 ppt KOH until solution is faintly pink
• Solution is now “neutral”
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Weighing Analytically
Weighing Analytically
• Place coconut oil bottle on balance
• Press tare button
• Transfer 30-40 drops of oil to Erlenmeyer flask
• Replace oil bottle on balance and read weight
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Gravimetric Titration
Gravimetric Titration
• Place 4.18 ppt KOH bottle on balance
• Press tare button
• Add KOH to Erlenmeyer flask until faintly pink
• Replace KOH bottle on balance and read weight
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Acid Value
Acid Value
? g KOH = 1000 g oil(YY.YY g standard
1.XX g oil
)(4.ZZ g KOH
1000 g standard
)AV =
(YY.YY1.XX
)4.ZZ ppt KOH
• What is the Acid Value of your oil?
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Acid Value
Acid Value
? g KOH = 1000 g oil(YY.YY g standard
1.XX g oil
)(4.ZZ g KOH
1000 g standard
)AV =
(YY.YY1.XX
)4.ZZ ppt KOH
• What is the Acid Value of your oil?
• Why did we get different values?
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Free Fatty Acid
Free Fatty Acid
• Free Lauric Acid = 3.570 AV
• What is the Free Lauric Acid content of your oil?
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Free Fatty Acid
Free Fatty Acid
• Free Lauric Acid = 3.570 AV
• What is the Free Lauric Acid content of your oil?
• Which oil would saponify quicker?
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Extended Investigations
Extended Investigations
• Dreaded Orange Spots
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Extended Investigations
Extended Investigations
• Dreaded Orange Spots
• Seizing
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Extended Investigations
Extended Investigations
• Dreaded Orange Spots
• Seizing
• Superfatting vs Discounting
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Extended Investigations
Extended Investigations
• Dreaded Orange Spots
• Seizing
• Superfatting vs Discounting
• The Water “Discount”
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Lye Concentration
Lye Concentration
• What is the normal, correct, or standard lye concentration?
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Lye Concentration
Lye Concentration
• What is the normal, correct, or standard lye concentration?
• Ann Bramson, Soap: Making it, Enjoying it (1972)
25-27%, 26% average
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Lye Concentration
Lye Concentration
• What is the normal, correct, or standard lye concentration?
• Ann Bramson, Soap: Making it, Enjoying it (1972)
25-27%, 26% average
• Susan Cavitch, The Soapmaker’s Companion (1997)
26-29%, 27% average
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Lye Concentration
Lye Concentration
• What is the normal, correct, or standard lye concentration?
• Ann Bramson, Soap: Making it, Enjoying it (1972)
25-27%, 26% average
• Susan Cavitch, The Soapmaker’s Companion (1997)
26-29%, 27% average
• Robert McDaniel, Essentially Soap (2000)
33-38%, 34% average
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Lye Concentration
Lye Concentration
• What is the normal, correct, or standard lye concentration?
• Ann Bramson, Soap: Making it, Enjoying it (1972)
25-27%, 26% average
• Susan Cavitch, The Soapmaker’s Companion (1997)
26-29%, 27% average
• Robert McDaniel, Essentially Soap (2000)
33-38%, 34% average
• Anne Watson, Smart Soapmaking (2007)
30-37%, 33% average
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The Soap Formula
The Soap Formula
• Lye = 50.00% NaOH, 50.00% distilled water
• Coconut1000Lye348
Coconut1000Lye348Aq174
Coconut1000Lye348Aq348
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The Soap Formula
The Soap Formula
• Lye = 50.00% NaOH, 50.00% distilled water
• Coconut1000Lye348 (50.00% NaOH “Low-Water”)
Coconut1000Lye348Aq174 (33.33% NaOH “Medium-Water”)
Coconut1000Lye348Aq348 (25.00% NaOH “High-Water”)
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Processing Soap
Processing Soap
• 100 g oil + water + lye into 500 mL plastic bottle
• Shaken 15 sec on a paint shaker
• Gently swirled until trace
• Poured into an Upland experimental mold
• Incubated at 140◦F for 4 hours
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Questions
Questions
• What do we want to know?
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Questions
Questions
• What do we want to know?
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?
• Does it affect the curing time?
• Does it effect the hardness of the soap?
• Is there a danger of separation?
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What Can We Measure?
What Can We Measure?
• Moisture content of soap over time
• Hardness of soap over time
• Alkalinity of soap over time
• Separation of soap
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What Can We Measure?
What Can We Measure?
• Moisture content of soap over time
Initially from formula, follow weight loss over time
• Hardness of soap over time
• Alkalinity of soap over time
• Separation of soap
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What Can We Measure?
What Can We Measure?
• Moisture content of soap over time
Initially from formula, follow weight loss over time
• Hardness of soap over time
Soil penetrometer
• Alkalinity of soap over time
• Separation of soap
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What Can We Measure?
What Can We Measure?
• Moisture content of soap over time
Initially from formula, follow weight loss over time
• Hardness of soap over time
Soil penetrometer
• Alkalinity of soap over time
Titration with 5 ppt citric acid
• Separation of soap
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What Can We Measure?
What Can We Measure?
• Moisture content of soap over time
Initially from formula, follow weight loss over time
• Hardness of soap over time
Soil penetrometer
• Alkalinity of soap over time
Titration with 5 ppt citric acid
• Separation of soap
Hardness of top and bottom of bar
Alkalinity of top and bottom of bar
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Moisture
Moisture
• Coconut1000Lye348Aq348
• Total weight 1696 g
• Water weight (174 + 348) = 522 g
• Initial moisture = (522/1696) = 0.308 = 30.8% = 308 ppt
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Moisture
Moisture
• Coconut1000Lye348Aq348
• Total weight 1696 g
• Water weight (174 + 348) = 522 g
• Initial moisture = (522/1696) = 0.308 = 30.8% = 308 ppt
• Initial bar weight 141.32 g; Final weight 113.17 g
• Weight loss (28.15/141.32) = 0.199 = 19.9% = 199 ppt
• Final moisture = 308 - 199 = 109 ppt
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Penetrometer
Penetrometer
Smaller foot used for hard soaps.
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Titration
Titration
How many grams of acid required to titrate a given weight ofsoap?
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Total Alkali
Total Alkali
? g NaOH = 1000 g soap(Y.YY g acid1.XX g soap
)(5 g H3Cit
1000 g acid
)(
1 mol H3Cit192.12 g H3Cit
)(3 mol NaOH1 mol H3Cit
)(40.00 g NaOH1 mol NaOH
)TA = 3.123
(Y.YY1.XX
)ppt NaOH
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Palm Oil
Palm Oil
• Low, Medium, and High Water soaps
• Identical in other respects
• Moisture and hardness measured weekly for 60 days
• Alkalinity measured at beginning and end
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Palm Oil
Palm OilBatch Code Moisture (ppt) Alkali (ppt NaOH)KMD2007.12.27 Initial Final Initial Final
Top Bottom Top BottomA Palm1000Lye286 111 54 1.8 4.9 0.3 0.9B Palm1000Lye286Aq143 200 60 1.8 1.4 -1.7 -0.2C Palm1000Lye286Aq286 273 74 0.5 0.3 -1.7 -0.1
0
100
200
300
0 30 60
ppt
Days
MoistureABC
0
5
10
0 30 60
kg/s
cm
Days
Hardness
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Coconut Oil
Coconut OilBatch Code Moisture (ppt) Alkali (ppt NaOH)KMD2008.1.8 Initial Final Initial Final
Top Bottom Top BottomD Coconut1000Lye348 129 41 0.4 0.5 -0.6 -0.3E Coconut1000Lye348Aq174 229 88 -0.1 -0.2 -1.7 -1.0F Coconut1000Lye348Aq348 308 109 0.1 0.2 -1.8 -0.4
0
100
200
300
0 30 60
ppt
Days
MoistureDEF
0
5
10
0 30 60
kg/s
cm
Days
Hardness
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Olive Oil
Olive Oil
• Medium and high water soaps separated
• What can I do to accelerate trace?
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Olive Oil
Olive Oil
• Medium and high water soaps separated.
• What can I do to accelerate trace? Add clove oil.
![Page 69: Scientific Soap Making](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061510/55cf8e4c550346703b90a46d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Olive Oil
Olive OilBatch Code Moisture (ppt) Alkali (ppt NaOH)KMD2008 Initial Final Initial Final
Top Bottom Top Bottom1.7A Olive1000Lye264 104 36 0.3 0.2 -3.2 -0.43.5A Olive990Clove10Lye259 103 43 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7 -0.73.5B Olive990Clove10Lye259Aq130 187 61 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -0.73.5C Olive990Clove10Lye260Aq260 256 67 -0.7 6.2 -1.1 -0.2
0
100
200
300
0 30 60
ppt
Days
Moisture1.7A3.5A3.5B3.5C
0
5
10
0 30 60
kg/s
cm
Days
Hardness
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Delight
Delight
• Delight = Olive390Palm280Coconut280Castor50
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Delight
Delight
Batch Code Moisture (ppt) Alkali (ppt NaOH)KMD2008.2.17 Initial Final Initial Final
Top Bottom Top BottomA Delight1000Lye288 112 48 -0.2 0.2 -1.0 -0.4B Delight1000Lye288Aq144 201 89 -0.4 0.3 -3.1 -0.9C Delight1000Lye288Aq288 274 104 -0.9 0.9 -3.7 -1.3
0
100
200
300
0 30 60
ppt
Days
MoistureABC
0
5
10
0 30 60
kg/s
cm
Days
Hardness
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Delight
Gel Phase
• Delight1000Lye288Aq50
Tmax 151◦F after 180 minutes
Never reached gel phase
Total alkali: 1.3 ppt (top), -0.2 ppt (bottom)
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Delight
Gel Phase
• Delight1000Lye288Aq50
Tmax 151◦F after 180 minutes
Never reached gel phase
Total alkali: 1.3 ppt (top), -0.2 ppt (bottom)
• Delight1000Lye288Aq100
Tmax 156◦F after 165 minutes
“Very dry vaseline” at 145◦F after 210 minutes
Total alkali: 0.5 ppt (top), 0.1 ppt (bottom)
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Delight
Gel Phase
• Delight1000Lye288Aq200
“Vaseline” with beads of oil at 151◦F after 195 minutes
Tmax 154◦F after 210 minutes
Total alkali: -0.2 ppt (top), 4.0 ppt (bottom)
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Delight
Gel Phase
• Delight1000Lye288Aq200
“Vaseline” with beads of oil at 151◦F after 195 minutes
Tmax 154◦F after 210 minutes
Total alkali: -0.2 ppt (top), 4.0 ppt (bottom)
• Delight1000Lye288Aq250
Tmax 156◦F after 165 minutes
“Jello” with layer of oil at 156◦F after 180 minutes
Total alkali: -0.2 ppt (top), 8.7 ppt (bottom)
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Delight
Gel Phase
0
20
40
60
80
100
Aq288Aq144Aq0
40
80
120
160
200
100 200 300Te
mpe
ratu
re (o C)
Tem
pera
ture
(o F)
Moisture Content (ppt)
curd (solid)
curd + neat
neat (gel)
Soap phases determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
• Does it affect the curing time?
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
• Does it affect the curing time? Yes, more water initially length-ens the curing time.
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
• Does it affect the curing time? Yes, more water initially length-ens the curing time.
• Does it effect the hardness of the soap?
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
• Does it affect the curing time? Yes, more water initially length-ens the curing time.
• Does it effect the hardness of the soap? Yes, high-water soapsare softer initially, but may equilibrate to the same final hard-ness as low-water soaps.
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
• Does it affect the curing time? Yes, more water initially length-ens the curing time.
• Does it effect the hardness of the soap? Yes, high-water soapsare softer initially, but may equilibrate to the same final hard-ness as low-water soaps.
• Is there a danger of separation?
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Conclusions
Conclusions
• Does the initial water portion affect the final moisture content?Probably not, though moisture may take more than 60 days toequilibrate.
• Does it affect the curing time? Yes, more water initially length-ens the curing time.
• Does it effect the hardness of the soap? Yes, high-water soapsare softer initially, but may equilibrate to the same final hard-ness as low-water soaps.
• Is there a danger of separation? Yes, high-water soaps are moreprone to separation than low-water soaps.
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Checking In
Checking InWhat are the temperature and consistency of your soap?
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Scientific SoapmakingEconomically
• Spring 2010, 26 students
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Scientific SoapmakingEconomically
• Spring 2010, 26 students
• Each student paid $50 fee.
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Scientific SoapmakingEconomically
• Spring 2010, 26 students
• Each student paid $50 fee
• Students self-organized into four “firms”
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Scientific SoapmakingEconomically
• Spring 2010, 26 students
• Each student paid $50 fee
• Students self-organized into four “firms”
• Firms “bought” all equipment and supplies at list price
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Scientific SoapmakingEconomically
• Spring 2010, 26 students
• Each student paid $50 fee
• Students self-organized into four “firms”
• Firms “bought” all equipment and supplies at list price
• Students kept 90% of the soap produced
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Scientific SoapmakingEconomically
• Spring 2010, 26 students
• Each student paid $50 fee
• Students self-organized into four “firms”
• Firms “bought” all equipment and supplies at list price
• Each student kept more than $50 worth of soap
• Department kept all equipment and leftover supplies—no netcost to the Department
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
• 4 weeks startup, 5 weeks production, 4 weeks R&D
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
• 4 weeks startup, 5 weeks production, 4 weeks R&D
• Production period approximately one 8-hr day
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
• 4 weeks startup, 5 weeks production, 4 weeks R&D
• Production period approximately one 8-hr day
• Juried soap sale used to “sell” production soap
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
• 4 weeks startup, 5 weeks production, 4 weeks R&D
• Production period approximately one 8-hr day
• Juried soap sale used to “sell” production soap
• Each firm used GnuCash to track income and expenses
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
• 4 weeks startup, 5 weeks production, 4 weeks R&D
• Production period approximately one 8-hr day
• Juried soap sale used to “sell” production soap
• Each firm used GnuCash to track income and expenses
• 495 bars produced, 382 bars “sold” for $1746
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Teaching Economic Soapmaking
• 90 min lecture, 90 min lab each week
• 4 weeks startup, 5 weeks production, 4 weeks R&D
• Production period approximately one 8-hr day
• Juried soap sale used to “sell” production soap
• Each firm used GnuCash to track income and expenses
• 495 bars produced, 382 bars “sold” for $1746
• Return on Equity: 47%, 88%, 102%, 118%
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
Rack used for curing, then displaying production soap
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
• Each juror had $30 to “spend”
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
• Each juror had $30 to “spend”
• Jurors kept the soaps they selected
![Page 103: Scientific Soap Making](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061510/55cf8e4c550346703b90a46d/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
• Each juror had $30 to “spend”
• Jurors kept the soaps they selected
• For each soap selected, 9 more “sold” at the same price
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
• Each juror had $30 to “spend”
• Jurors kept the soaps they selected
• For each soap selected, 9 more “sold” at the same price
• Firms were allowed to change prices daily
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
• Each juror had $30 to “spend”
• Jurors kept the soaps they selected
• For each soap selected, 9 more “sold” at the same price
• Firms were allowed to change prices daily
• No real money changed hands, 90% of soap returned
![Page 106: Scientific Soap Making](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061510/55cf8e4c550346703b90a46d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Scientific Soapmaking Class
Juried Soap Sale
• Each firm set up a display of products with prices
• Each juror had $30 to “spend”
• Jurors kept the soaps they selected
• For each soap selected, 9 more “sold” at the same price
• Firms were allowed to change prices daily
• No real money changed hands, 90% of soap returned
• Average value of returned soap: $60/student
![Page 107: Scientific Soap Making](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061510/55cf8e4c550346703b90a46d/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Scientific Soapmaking Class
Grading Scientific Soapmaking
• 11% Homework
• 11% HSMG CP/HP Level I Exam
• 11% HSMG CP/HP Level II Exam
• 22% Cumulative Exam
• 11% Return on Equity
• 11% Analytical Project Report
• 22% Quarterly Report for Firm
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Scientific Soapmaking Class
Organizations
• The Handcrafted Soap Makers Guild (www.SoapGuild.org)
• The Saponifier (www.Saponifier.com)
• Scientific Soapmaking (www.ScientificSoapmaking.com)