Scientific revolution and enlighten

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The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution Key Concepts Key Concepts

Transcript of Scientific revolution and enlighten

Page 1: Scientific revolution and enlighten

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

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I. The Aristotelian UniverseI. The Aristotelian Universe

Derived from Ptolemy, Derived from Ptolemy, Aristotle, and PlatoAristotle, and Plato

Classical Writings Classical Writings ““ChristianizedChristianized””

Components of Medieval Components of Medieval CosmologyCosmology

Medieval PhysicsMedieval Physics Belief in Belief in ““MatterMatter”” and and ““FormForm””

Earth = Living, Protected Earth = Living, Protected SphereSphere

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II. Scientific II. Scientific ““RevolutionariesRevolutionaries””

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A. Copernicus (1473-1543)A. Copernicus (1473-1543)

Aim to glorify GodAim to glorify God Sun-centered universeSun-centered universe Challenged circular orbitsChallenged circular orbits Universe of staggering Universe of staggering

sizesize Earth no different than Earth no different than

any other planetany other planet On the Revolutions of the On the Revolutions of the

Heavenly SpheresHeavenly Spheres (1543) (1543)

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B. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)B. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Most sophisticated Most sophisticated observatory of his dayobservatory of his day

Arrogant noblemanArrogant nobleman Remained an Remained an

AristotelianAristotelian Discovered comet Discovered comet

shooting right through shooting right through crystalline spherescrystalline spheres

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C. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)C. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Student of BraheStudent of Brahe Planetary motion Planetary motion

conforms to conforms to mathematical formulamathematical formula

Elliptical orbitsElliptical orbits Planets do not move Planets do not move

at uniform speeds in at uniform speeds in their orbitstheir orbits

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D. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)D. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Early practitioner of the Early practitioner of the experimental methodexperimental method

Mathematical formula for Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling acceleration of falling objectsobjects

Law of inertiaLaw of inertia His discoveries using the His discoveries using the

telescopetelescope Challenges categories of Challenges categories of ““formform”” and and ““mattermatter””

End of his lifeEnd of his life

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E. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)E. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Newton far from the Newton far from the perfect rationalistperfect rationalist

A great synthesizerA great synthesizer Blends inductive and Blends inductive and

deductive methodsdeductive methods Argues for a universe Argues for a universe

governed by natural lawsgoverned by natural laws Principia; Mathematical Principia; Mathematical

Principles of Natural Principles of Natural PhilosophyPhilosophy (1687) (1687)

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F. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)F. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Father of the Father of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

The Inductive MethodThe Inductive Method Emphasis on Emphasis on

practical, useful practical, useful knowledgeknowledge

New attitude toward New attitude toward naturenature

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G. Rene Descartes (1596-G. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)1650)

Significance of DoubtSignificance of Doubt The Deductive The Deductive

MethodMethod Spatial relationships Spatial relationships

can be expressed in can be expressed in mathematical mathematical formulasformulas

Father of Father of ““analytical analytical geometrygeometry””

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III. Causes of the Scientific III. Causes of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Medieval Intellectual Life Medieval Intellectual Life and Medieval Universitiesand Medieval Universities

The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance Renewed emphasis on Renewed emphasis on

mathematicsmathematics Renaissance system of Renaissance system of

patronagepatronage Navigational problems of Navigational problems of

long sea voyageslong sea voyages Better scientific Better scientific

instrumentsinstruments

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IV. Consequences of the Scientific IV. Consequences of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Rise of the Rise of the ““Scientific Scientific CommunityCommunity””--Royal Society of London --Royal Society of London (1662)(1662)--Academy of Royal --Academy of Royal Sciences (1666)Sciences (1666)

The modern scientific The modern scientific methodmethod

A universe ordered A universe ordered according to natural lawsaccording to natural laws

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IV. Consequences of the Scientific IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution (cont)Revolution (cont)

Laws discovered by Laws discovered by human reasonhuman reason

““De-SpiritualizedDe-Spiritualized”” and de- and de-mystified the Universemystified the Universe

Mechanical View of the Mechanical View of the UniverseUniverse

Deistic View of GodDeistic View of God--God as the cosmic --God as the cosmic capitalistcapitalist

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The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

““Siecle de LumiereSiecle de Lumiere””““The Century of LightThe Century of Light””

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I. What was it?I. What was it? Progressive, Rationalistic, Progressive, Rationalistic,

Humanistic worldviewHumanistic worldview Emerged out of the Emerged out of the

Scientific Revolution and Scientific Revolution and culminated in the French culminated in the French RevolutionRevolution

Spokesmen = Rising Spokesmen = Rising Middle ClassMiddle Class

Paris = Center of Paris = Center of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Optimism about Optimism about mankindmankind’’s abilitiess abilities

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II. Key IdeasII. Key Ideas

Distrust of Tradition Distrust of Tradition and Revealed and Revealed ReligionReligion

Scientific method Scientific method could be applied to could be applied to society as wellsociety as well

Society can get better Society can get better as risks are takenas risks are taken

Man is naturally goodMan is naturally good Good life is on earthGood life is on earth

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III. An Attack on the Old III. An Attack on the Old RegimeRegime

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A. The World of the Old RegimeA. The World of the Old Regime

Built on traditionBuilt on tradition World of hierarchy, World of hierarchy,

privilege and privilege and inequalityinequality

Allied with the ChurchAllied with the Church Challenged by the Challenged by the

reform impulse of reform impulse of supporters of the supporters of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

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B. Conflict with the Capitalistic B. Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle ClassMiddle Class

Support for the Middle Support for the Middle Class social order against Class social order against the traditional social orderthe traditional social order

Size and increasing Size and increasing power of the Middle Classpower of the Middle Class

New notion of wealthNew notion of wealth Tension and discord Tension and discord

created by the Middle created by the Middle ClassClass

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C. Popularization of ScienceC. Popularization of Science

The popularity of science The popularity of science in the 17in the 17 thth and 18 and 18 thth centuriescenturies

Conversations on the Conversations on the Plurality of the WorldsPlurality of the Worlds (1686)—Bernard de (1686)—Bernard de FontenelleFontenelle

The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution promised the promised the comprehensibility of the comprehensibility of the workings of the universeworkings of the universe

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D. A New World of UncertaintiesD. A New World of Uncertainties

The Idea of ProgressThe Idea of Progress The anti-religious The anti-religious

implications of the implications of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

The relativity of truth and The relativity of truth and moralitymorality

John LockeJohn Locke’’s New s New PsychologyPsychology----Essay Concerning Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingHuman Understanding (1690)(1690)-- -- ““Tabula RasaTabula Rasa””

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IV. The PhilosophesIV. The Philosophes

1818thth century French century French intellectualsintellectuals

Interest in addressing a Interest in addressing a broad audiencebroad audience

Committed to reformCommitted to reform Celebrated the scientific Celebrated the scientific

revolutionrevolution The The ““Mystique of NewtonMystique of Newton”” Science applied to Science applied to

societysociety

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V. The Problem of CensorshipV. The Problem of Censorship

The attempt of the Old The attempt of the Old Regime to control new Regime to control new thinkingthinking

Publishers and writers Publishers and writers hounded by censorshounded by censors

Over 1000 booksellers Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early the Bastille in the early 17001700’’ss

Battling censorshipBattling censorship

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VI. The Role of the SalonVI. The Role of the Salon

Protection and Protection and encouragement encouragement offered by French offered by French aristocratic women in aristocratic women in their private drawing their private drawing roomsrooms

Feminine influence on Feminine influence on the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment

Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin

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VII. DiderotVII. Diderot’’s s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Ultimate strength of the Ultimate strength of the

philosophes lay in their philosophes lay in their numbers, dedication and numbers, dedication and organizationorganization

Written between 1751-Written between 1751-17721772

Attempted to illustrate all Attempted to illustrate all human knowledgehuman knowledge

Problems with publicationProblems with publication Emphasis on practical Emphasis on practical

sciencescience

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VII. DiderotVII. Diderot’’s s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia (cont) (cont)

Desire to change the Desire to change the ““general way of thinkinggeneral way of thinking””

Greater knowledge leads Greater knowledge leads to human progressto human progress

Emphasized moderation Emphasized moderation and toleranceand tolerance

Human nature can be Human nature can be moldedmolded

Inalienable rights and the Inalienable rights and the social contractsocial contract

Knowledge improves Knowledge improves goodnessgoodness

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VIII. Famous Enlightenment VIII. Famous Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers

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A. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-A. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)1755)

The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws (1748)(1748)

Despotism could be Despotism could be avoided if political power avoided if political power were divided and shared were divided and shared by a diversity of classesby a diversity of classes

Power must check powerPower must check power Admires British Admires British

governmentgovernment French parlements must French parlements must

be defenders of libertybe defenders of liberty Influence in the USInfluence in the US

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B. Voltaire (1694-1778)B. Voltaire (1694-1778)

Enthusiasm for Enthusiasm for English institutionsEnglish institutions

Reformer not a Reformer not a revolutionaryrevolutionary

Admirer of Louis XIVAdmirer of Louis XIV Relationship with Relationship with

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great ““Ecrasez lEcrasez l’’infameinfame””

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C. Baron Paul dC. Baron Paul d’’Holbach (1723-Holbach (1723-1789)1789)

Deterministic view of Deterministic view of human beingshuman beings

Free will, God and Free will, God and immortality of the soul are immortality of the soul are foolish mythsfoolish myths

His views dealt the unity His views dealt the unity of the Enlightenment a of the Enlightenment a severe blowsevere blow

Other thinkers repelled by Other thinkers repelled by this inflexible atheismthis inflexible atheism

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D. David Hume (1711-1776)D. David Hume (1711-1776) Human mind is nothing Human mind is nothing

but a bundle of but a bundle of impressionsimpressions

Reason cannot decipher Reason cannot decipher anything about the origins anything about the origins of the universe or the of the universe or the existence of Godexistence of God

HumeHume’’s rationalistic s rationalistic inquiry results in inquiry results in undermining the undermining the Enlightenment confidence Enlightenment confidence in reason itselfin reason itself

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E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)1778)

His lifeHis life Turns his withering Turns his withering

critique of the Old critique of the Old Regime increasingly on Regime increasingly on the Enlightenment itselfthe Enlightenment itself

Rather than liberation, Rather than liberation, rationalism and rationalism and civilization destroys the civilization destroys the individualindividual

Man by nature was Man by nature was solitary, good and freesolitary, good and free

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E. Rousseau (cont)E. Rousseau (cont)

Civilization represents Civilization represents decay, not progressdecay, not progress

EmileEmile—protect children —protect children from too many booksfrom too many books

The Social ContractThe Social Contract (1762) and the (1762) and the ““General General WillWill””

Civilized man is an Civilized man is an alienated manalienated man

Transitional intellectual Transitional intellectual figurefigure

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F. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)F. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

One of few philosophes One of few philosophes to live to see the French to live to see the French RevolutionRevolution

Enlightenment was a Enlightenment was a personal process—personal process—release from immaturityrelease from immaturity

More optimistic than More optimistic than RousseauRousseau

““Dare to KnowDare to Know””——Enlightenment was an act Enlightenment was an act of personal courageof personal courage

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IX. Enlightened DespotismIX. Enlightened Despotism

The manner of political The manner of political reformreform

Frederick the Great of Frederick the Great of PrussiaPrussia

Catherine the Great of Catherine the Great of RussiaRussia

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria True reform or a cynical, True reform or a cynical,

manipulative manipulative consolidation of power?consolidation of power?