Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

53
Scientific Revolution 1600-1750
  • date post

    21-Dec-2015
  • Category

    Documents

  • view

    224
  • download

    2

Transcript of Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Page 1: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Scientific Revolution

1600-1750

Page 2: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe

Page 3: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Heliocentric Universe

• The following scientists proposed the heliocentric theory to replace the geocentric theory– Copernicus (Poland), On the Revolution of the

Heavenly Spheres (1543)– Kepler (Germany): elliptical motion of planets– Galileo (Italy): his telescope proves heliocentric

theory (“But it does move!”)

Page 4: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Heliocentric Universe

Page 5: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Elliptical Motion

Page 6: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Galileo and Milton

Page 7: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 8: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Methods of Reasoning

• Inductive: empirical evidence leads to axioms: Bacon and Locke (English tradition)

• Deductive: general premises lead to particular truths: Descartes (French tradition)

Page 9: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

English Garden

Page 10: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

French Garden

Page 11: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 12: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Inductive Reasoning

Bacon and Locke

Page 13: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Francis Bacon, Novum Organum (1620)

• Points out four Idols or “false notions” that corrupt our reasoning– Idols of the Tribe– Idols of the Cave– Idols of the Marketplace– Idols of the Theatre

Page 14: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Bacon: Idols of the Tribe

• False notions based in “human nature itself”

– “a false assertion that the sense of man is the measure of things”

– “the human understanding is like a false mirror” (585)

Page 15: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Bacon: Idols of the Cave

• False notions that come from an individual’s:– “own proper and peculiar nature”– “education and conversation with others”– “reading of books”– “authority of those he admires”– “impressions” dependent on the mind’s nature– Etc. (585)

Page 16: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Bacon: Idols of the Marketplace

• False notions coming from “the intercourse and association of men” through “discourse”

– “the ill and unfit choice of words wonderfully obstructs the understanding” (585)

Page 17: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Bacon: Idols of the Theatre

• False notions coming from “various dogmas of philosophies, and also from wrong laws of demonstration” (585)– Philosophies, both old and new– Scientific principles received uncritically

Page 18: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• Galileo claims that the earth is revolving around the sun. However, many people criticize his idea because they see the sun move across the sky during the day. Therefore, they say, the sun is obviously moving around the earth. These people are confused by the Idols of the __________.

Page 19: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• Galileo claims that the earth is revolving around the sun. However, many people criticize his idea because they see the sun move across the sky during the day. Therefore, they say, the sun is obviously moving around the earth. These people are confused by the Idols of the Tribe.

Page 20: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• As a boy, King Rex of Country Y once lost a game of cards to a courtier with red hair, and he suspected the courtier of cheating. Even since then, he has not trusted red-haired people: people with red hair are not allowed to serve in the court. King Rex is suffering from a bad case of the Idols of the

__________________.

Page 21: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• As a boy, King Rex of Country Y once lost a game of cards to a courtier with red hair, and he suspected the courtier of cheating. Even since then, he has not trusted red-haired people: people with red hair are not allowed to serve in the court. King Rex is suffering from a bad case of the Idols of the

Cave.

Page 22: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• Aquinas reasoned that woman is inferior to man because, according to Aristotle, the male sperm ideally forms a male offspring, and female gender results from some defect in the reproduction process. Aquinas shows signs of Bacon’s Idols of the __________.

Page 23: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• Aquinas reasoned that woman is inferior to man because, according to the great philosopher Aristotle, the male sperm ideally forms a male offspring, and female gender results from some defect in the reproduction process. Aquinas shows signs of Bacon’s Idols of the Theatre.

Page 24: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• The Aztecs often talked about “a great white god” that would come and rule over them. So, when Cortez arrived with his men, they believed that this white man was the great white god. The Aztecs were confused by the Idols of the ____________.

Page 25: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Which Idol is it?

• The Aztecs often talked about “a great white god” that would come and rule over them. So, when Cortez arrived with his men, they believed that this white man was the great white god. The Aztecs were confused by the Idols of the Marketplace.

Page 26: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

• At birth, the mind is a “white paper” (tabula rasa, “blank slate”). How does this blank slate get written on?

• The answer: experience. Two kinds:– Sensation– Reflection

Page 27: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Locke: Sensation

• The senses “from external objects convey into the mind what produces there those perceptions” – “yellow, white, heat, cold, soft, hard, bitter,

sweet” (589)

Page 28: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Locke: Reflection

• “the perception of the operation of our own mind within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has got”– “perception, thinking, doubting, believing, reas

oning, knowing, willing, and all the different actings of our minds” (589)

Page 29: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Deductive Reasoning

Descartes

Page 30: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637)

• Decides to reject anything he can’t be certain of:– He rejects sense perceptions because the senses

can deceive– He rejects thoughts because thoughts can be

unreal (for example, dreams)

Page 31: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Descartes

• Even though he can’t trust his thoughts, he concludes that there must be an “I” doing the thinking.

• He arrives at the following as his “first principle”: “I think, therefore I am” (“Cogito, ergo sum”)

Page 32: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Cartesian dualism

• By basing existence on thinking rather than sense perception, Descartes separates the mind from the body

• He identifies the self (“I”) with the mind rather than the body; the self is “a substance the whole essence or nature of which is to think” (587)

• The soul is totally separate from the body

Page 33: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Descartes: How do we know anything is true?

• “the things which we conceive very clearly and distinctly are all true” (587, italics added)

Page 34: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Descartes’ Idea of God

• I have doubts, therefore I can conceive of a more perfect knowledge with no doubts

• This more perfect knowledge must come from a more perfect nature– Thoughts about external things equal to me

must come from inside me, if true; or from nothing, if false

– Thoughts about something more perfect than me must come from a more perfect being, God

Page 35: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Deism

• The new “natural” religion of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (Descartes, Newton, etc.)

• God is a clockmaker—the “master mechanic”—who built the “World-Machine” then stepped aside to let run

• No ritual, no miracles, no myth • God = Reason

Page 36: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

17th. Cent. Dutch Painting

• Empiricism and detail; precision– Camera obscura

• Light and space– Sense of space beyond the picture

• Secular focus: funded by middle class commerce

Page 37: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Vermeer

TheGeographer

(c. 1668)

Page 38: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

De Hooch

A DutchCourtyard

(1658-60)

Page 39: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 40: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 41: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Ter Borch

The Suitor’sVisit

(c. 1658)

Page 42: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 43: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 44: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 45: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 46: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 47: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 48: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Vermeer

Woman HoldingaBalance

(c. 1664)

Page 49: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 50: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

Vermeer, View of Delft (1658)

Page 51: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.
Page 52: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.

De Hooch

A DutchCourtyard

(1658-60)

Page 53: Scientific Revolution 1600-1750. Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe.