SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CENTER OF KURDISTAN

8/2/2019 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CENTER OF KURDISTAN

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CENTER OF KURDISTANCENTRE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DU KURDISTAN (CRSK)

Association de Loi 1901 RDA NW212005346, 4 Rue de Saverne, 21000 DIJON FRANCE

Dr Ali KILIC

PrsidentDoctor of Philosophical [email protected] : 0033631556896 January 6, 2012

Academy of Sciences of KurdistanAnd

80.me Anniversaryacademician Prof.Dr. Nadir Nadirov

and

The International Year of Chemistry


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The Symposium of the International Commission for the History ofChemistry modern (CHMC) as part of the Year, under the aegis ofIUPAC and UNESCO was held in Paris on the occasion of the Year

centenary of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Marie Curie, has posedmany questions. The Academy of Sciences organizes the Symposium onhistory of chemistry which will coincide with 80.eme Anniversaryacademician Nadir Nadirov.

First, how to adapt new technologies to conserve andhighlight the use of traditional sources and objects as well asnew? Then, how historians they adapt their methodssearch for new sources and use these technologies?

These two questions are about business than sciencethey coincide with the anniversary of Kurdish academician Prof. Dr. NadirNadirov one hand and also the conference of the Academy of Sciences onHistory of Chemistry to be held January 19, 2012. The question that arises iswhy the nomination Marie Curie Academy Science in 1911 sparked a debate,not decided on the merits, but on access for women in the five academies thatare part of Academy of Sciences? Why Darwin was not elected Academy ofSciences for three years before his death when he was admitted to Section ofMechanics who don 'have anything in his specialty? Why in 1922,

thirty-five members of the Academy of Medicine for direct elections to MarieCurie free as an associate member when she was not specialty Mechanics inMedicine as Charles? All candidates for vacant seat desist for her. It is awarded"in recognition of the part she taken to the discovery of radium, and a newmedication, Brachytherapy ". Marie Curie was not provided doctor, that CharlesDarwin did not the mechanical as it happens that the growing, but sheparticipated in the work of Academy, in particular a report on the danger ofradiation in 1925. However, the centenary of the Nobel Prize for MarieSklodowska Curie in chemistry had mainly Franco-Polish Academies of

Sciences of two countries and their companiesm have learned Chemistryrespective jointly decided to honor Marie Sklodowska Curie in throughout theyear 2011, also declared by the United Nations' International Year of Chemistry" This is why we celebrate 80. Anniversary of our dear compatriot NadirNadirov Karimovich known globally is a historical and scientific fact for thePeople of Kurdistan.

History, because it's the first time in the history of Kurdistan, Kurdish is arecognized academician by the National Academy of Sciences Republic of

Kazakhstan, and member of the International Engineering Academy, Honoraryoil from the USSR, Nadir Nadirov Karimovich is invented the USSR State Prize


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winner, and Distinguished Scientist of the Kazakh SSR, Outstanding Engineerof the twentieth century, the knight, "SPI Gold Medal" and the title of "Marshalof science" with the award of medals of Napoleon (France), winner of numerousnational awards, academic degrees and honorary awards. With a fruitful

scientific activity Karimovich Nadir quickly became the pride of the Kurdishpeople, the public persona of and world renowned in 1957 as a graduate student,NK Nadirov meeting in Moscow with the legendary Mustafa Barzani, for therestoration of civil and political rights of the Kurdish population of the USSR in1960-1990. But because of the revisionist policies of the CPSU and politicshegemony of U.S. imperialism and the CIA in the Middle and Near East ourpeople has been a chemical genocide in South Kurdistan. This Genocide inKurdistan continued north by the bombers of the State of F35imperialist Turkey with the help of NATO and the U.S. and the EU. Over 500guerrillas of the National Liberation Movement have been the subject ofuse of chemical weapons and biological bacterirological. F35 of theState Major Turkish bombed the village has killed 35 civilians Robotsi which 19are Children. Glten Kisanak Kurdish MP in Turkish Parliament has accused thegovernment of the AKP and the Turkish state of having committed crimesagainst Humanity, war crimes and crimes of genocide .1Scientific, because it'sthe first time, a Kurd has become a pioneering founder of the new science,where he made many discoveries, among scientists in the field ofpetrochemicals.

Academician NK Nadirov took the title of "Honorary oil from theUSSR"(This is appropriate only production workers) in the periodSoviet, which is an academician of Sciences of the USSR oiland Kazakhstan in the world. Colleagues (five generations - from students toteachers), he called the owner of numerous public, academic andcommunity awards, honors and awards, the "father of scienceoil from Kazakhstan. "But in these activities and scientificacademic there was not subjects Kurds and Kurdish was used for science

interests of the State of Kazakhstan, not the People of Kurdistan.In these circumstances it is very honorable academician Nadirovawarded medals. We know that May 27, 2011 in Kazakhstan, theMinistry of Education and Science of RK due to 65th anniversaryAcademy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, Academician NK Nadirov, receivedGrand Gold Medal of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic ofOf Kazakhstan "For an important contribution to the evolution of science."But the Minister of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan has not authorized thedemonstration Kurds to the Turkish Embassy.

However, in October 2011, the academician NK Nadirov received the


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medal Grand Gold - the highest award of the International Academy ofEngineering"For his personal contribution to development cooperationscience and technology internationally. "Finally, academician NadirNadirov Karimovich is the first among the Kurds Soviet Es Doctor

Science Chimical. Professeur Nadir N. was in the spring of 1983 he waselected academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR(Now the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic ofKazakhstan). Renowned scholar is one of the founders of the Academy ofSciences of Bashkortostan, a member of the International Academy ofEngineering(Moscow), the National Academy of Engineering of the Republic ofKazakhstan. But the founder of the Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan.

The truth is that the Kurdish scientist began studying thephysicochemical properties of natural sorbents (bleachingclays) in Siberia and the Far East (primarily in the field, onthe location and in the laboratory), to develop new methodsto activate them for use in the economy rather thanimported. "The science, biology, chemistry" - the mysterious words ofthe future benefit of the famous Neftekhimik. His doctoral thesis on "Surveynatural sorbents in Siberia and the Far East for the refining andhydrogenation of soybean oil, "NK Nadirov defended March 6, 1967 meetingspecial council at KSU them. Kirov (now the National UniversityKazakh. Al-Farabi). Winner of State Prize of the Kazakh SSR in the

Science and Technology, 1980; Worker Emeritus of Scienceand technology of the Kazakh SSR, in 1982. He received the PrixInternational Academician IM Gubkin in 1983.1983, "Inventor of the USSR"in 1985. "Honorary oil from the USSR" (the only scientist), and 1991works are (2). In this context, we CRSK, Research CenterScientific Kurdistan 80.me we celebrate Anniversaryacademician Nadir Nadirov1 and the International Year of Chemistry.We consider the chemistry, is no exception to this progression even ifthe whole process can be the result of a single, even though the encounter

11. 2 N.K. Nadirov, A.P. Popov, Protein from Petroleum, U.S. JointPublications Research Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1974.2. N.K. Nadirov, N. S. Nametkin, Podsolevye nefti Prikaspiskovpadiny,302 pp., Izdvo Nauka Kazakhskoi SSR, 1983.(in Russian)

3. N.K. Nadirov, N. Markovich,

, 334 pp., 1991.

4. N.K. Nadirov, Kurds of Kazakhstan, 556 pp., 2003 (in Russian).

5. N.K. Nadirov, Tengiz: more nefti, more problem, 2003, ISBN9965405085.


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ideas and observations remains profitable, even if the error is sometimesslid along the way, even if the scientists were able to curb antagonismsdevelopment, scientific progress inexorably as the Men's curiosity is boundless.The first steps of an empirical chemical and a philosophy seeking to unravel the

mysteries of why the date of antiquity. Alchemy and philosophers, the passageof medicine by plants to medicine by drugs that mimic nature and from theorganic synthesis, the needs of men that led to the birth ofindustry before all is said, the birth of the atomic theory are all of which are partof the history of chemistry.

The other Chemistry is primarily the creation science of molecules andmaterials which everything else depends. It is she who shapes the world inconcretewhich we live (drugs, cosmetics, polymers, plastics, glass,etc. .. ). Our future takes shape around the molecules and materials inventedin chemical laboratories and these possible worlds are infinitelyas many potential chemical transformation of matter andcompanies is high and both the central question in chemistry,positive science par excellence, are characterized by their practical utilitypotential. The chemistry is, let us not forget, also one of the industriesdominant on the planet.

Chemistry according to Marc Fontecave,2 3 is also unique in themultiplicity border it shares with other disciplines (life sciences and

health, physical and materials, engineering sciences, earth sciences andenvironment) and this gives him the opportunity to interveneoriginal and relevant to virtually all major challenges of humanity'sTwenty-first century (food, energy, health, environment).Science is now askedto identify strategies completelyinnovative, clean, economical, effective andabove all, lasting for production of fuels, electricity, materials. It is obvious thatthe chemistry, now called the "green", will play a major role in thedevelopment of this new science. It will translate into processesnew synthesis his concern for potential toxicity of solvents, products

and reagents, the use of renewable starting materials, and finally thewaste reduction and associated energy expenditure.

These objectives require both a deepening of the conceptsfundamentals and methods of chemistry and a research developmenttechnology. During this session some of these aspects will be illustratedwhether research on catalysis and hydrogen, synthesismolecules, materials,nanotechnology and analytical methods of matter.

First of all chemistry is only, perhaps, to have as many borders

2M. Fontecave, Professor at the College de France, Membre Academy of the Sciences


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with all other disciplines and this gives him an opportunity to interveneof original and relevant manner on virtually every major challengeshumanity of the twenty-first century (food, energy, health, environment, ...). InIndeed, if today disciplines have become essentially interdependent, the

chemistry is probably the one that most often and deeper incursions increased inothers, life sciences and health, physical and materials, engineering sciences,earth sciences and the environment, all of which continuously urge the. Thedevelopment of these interfaces is undoubtedly one of the issuesmost important of contemporary science. Unfortunately it is notCertainly the French research is equal to that ambition as Chemistry, in theheart of the scientific challenges of the future barrierscultural and organizationalmultidisciplinarity are strong, both Training is compartmentalized, asinternational competition and limitation means led to the scientific communitiesto curl up on Chemistry by its unique position at the crossroads of disciplinescan play this role in forging mix. Requested, the chemistry is because it isabove all the creation science of molecules and materials on whicheverything else. It is she who shapes the concrete world in which welive (drugs, cosmetics, polymers, plastics, glass, to namesome chemical compounds in our universe). Our future takes shapearound the molecules and materials invented in chemistry labsand these are infinitely many possible worlds as the potentialchemical transformation of matter and companies both large and isfundamental questions posed by chemicals, positive science par excellence,

are characterized by their practical potential. The chemistry is, lest we forgetnot, as an industry that, in France, second sector after automotive,represents a hundred billion euros in sales for more than onethousand businesses and 250,000 employees, which we ranked second inEurope and fifth worldwide. Chemistry has, on the other hand, is uniqueit is given a universal language and fraternal, practiced and understood inluminous matter we are made, from that which surrounds us, ofit is finally possible. This language is based on an original alphabet, theof the periodic proposed in 1869 by the Russian chemist

Mendeleyev and tells us what we are and where we can go. Itunifies the biological sciences and physical sciences and binding if the livingcan be understood in rational terms is largely, is too often forgottenoften, because it is expressed in the language of chemistry. If it isnow to build a sustainable society in which mensatisfy their needs but still without compromising the future generationsfuture, science will be asked to identify strategies completelyinnovative, clean, economical, effective and above all, lasting forproduction of fuels, electricity, materials. It is obvious that the

chemistry, now called the "green", will play a major role in thedevelopment of this new science. It will translate into processes


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new synthesis his concern for potential toxicity of solvents, products andreagents, the use of renewable starting materials, and finally thewaste reduction and associated energy expenditure.This is illustrated in thearticles in this issue. This ambition of chemistry for tomorrow will rely in

particular on the study and development of new catalytic processes. This is whatwe said Pierre Braunstein, a historical perspective through the development ofcatalysis and some examples of his laboratory.

According to Pierre Braunstein Member of the Academy of Sciences,Director of CNRS, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, University ofStrasbourg. The chemical sciences are central in our society and it is throughthem that pass number of solutions to current challenges, whether in the fields ofhealth, food, energy or the environment. Science of creation and transformationof matter, thechemistry offers a choice space for imagination. The synthesis ofmolecules original and new materials plays a crucial role and engine, withoften a major impact in the life sciences orphysical disciplines with whichchemistry has close links. Tools and methodologies of chemical synthesis havebeen evolving, with support theoretical and spectroscopic methods moresophisticated, have enabled dramatic advances. The new concepts developedfrommost recent experimental data and the imagination of chemists werethe source of exceptional success.

The systematic study of the chemistry of transition metals began

the nineteenth century and it soon became clear that the new compounds andproducts were quite different from what chemists were accustomed.The typical behavior of halides of transition metals, such asFeCl2 4H2O, was not the usual ionic compounds such assodium chloride. It was also clear that these compoundsnot resemble those typically covalent organic chemistry. Whereas thecompounds formed by transition metals have a complex formation, they weretherefore called metal complexes. The basis of these studies were presented byAlfred Werner (1866 Mulhouse Zurich 1919) is considered the father of

coordination chemistry and received for it the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913.If Werner complexes, such as [Co (NH3) 6] Cl3 which the metal center islocated in a octahedron formed by the ligands NH3, have no connectionmtalcarbone, organometallic compounds are in turn characterized bypresence of at least one M-C bond. The term "coordination compounds"Refers to the nature of the bonds between the ligands and the (s) center (s)metal (s), metals may also be directly linked by of metal-metal bonds to formclusters, whose existence was notany contemplated at the time of AlfredWerner1. It is the study of the formation and the reactivity of metal-carbon

bonds that is central to the concerns of organometallic chemistry and continuesto have a major impact on development of homogeneous catalysis.


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The term catalysis was introduced by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in1835, but it is thanks to Wilhelm Ostwald (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909) andPaul Sabatier (1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Victor Grignard for

his discovery of organomagnesium) was understood that the mode of action of acatalyst, a substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction and orientsits selectivity without appearing in the final products. It acts only onthe kinetic parameters and not thermodynamic of the reaction. The impactcatalysis, catalysts and therefore, has become more significant as 60% industrialprocesses involve catalysis, as well as the production of over 90% of industrialchemicals. The market

Global catalysts from 9.3 to 12 billion dollars between 1998 and2003 and should reach $ 16.3 billion by 2012. Catalysis is intimately linked innature activities such asdigestion and fermentation as well as many other processesenzyme. Also consider the oxidation catalysed byporphyrin iron, to decarboxylation reactions or dehydrogenationalcohols catalyzed by zinc complex, the reduction of dinitrogen N2ammonia NH3 by nitrogenase, an enzyme-based clusters of iron andfermolybdne, hydrogenases with heart iron or iron-nickel, cobalt role in theformation of carbon-carbon (methylcobalamin, the most active formof vitamin B12) or copper in the oxygen carrier that is

hemocyanin.

Thus, if one takes into account the chemical processes used by theNature and the chemical industry, almost everything around us is derived from away or other chemical processes controlled. Whether itfertilizer required foragriculture involving one of the biggest challenges isfeed a growing worldpopulation, of pharmaceuticals,plastics and polymers, fuels and storageenergy,we could not conceive a life of comfort such as ours, and whichsuck hundreds of millions of human beings, without chemistry.

On the occasion of 80. Anniversary of Kurdish Academician Prof.Nadir Nadirov we believe that the evolution of science and technology havenever been faster than now. The implications are considerable forscientists and support for the public as well. Faster andcommunication better scientific results of the academicinternational community of peers, at the request based institutions andindustries as well as political - and policy makers is a realchallenge and is therefore a question posed globally.Indeed chemistry plays a central role in modern society because it is

closely associated with a major industry that directly or indirectly,provides products that appear in everyday life. However, chemistry,


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whether the chemical or lala science of chemistry itself, hassuffered from a somewhat negative. In fact, chemistry plays a roleUnique in the resolution of current problems facing the worldfaces. Meet the challenges of health, nutrition, energy, and control

environmental and natural resource management byprocess development "green" and cost effectiveness are areascrucial on the agenda e current chemistry.

In this sense Manfred T. Reetz3 has experimentally and implementeda new approach to asymmetric catalysis, namely the directed evolutionof enantioselective enzymes as catalysts in synthetic chemistryorganic and biotechnology. It is based on repetitive cycles ofmutagenesis of the gene expression screening and high throughput forenantioselectivity. The most frequently used methods of mutagenesis inemerging field of directed evolution are error-prone PCR (epPCR), thesaturation mutagenesis and DNA shuffling, the methods we have used in ouroriginal proof of principle study using alipase return in 1996-1997.Subsequently, we applied our approach toother enzymes, and a number of industry groups and academicalso contributed to this new field of asymmetric catalysis.However, as in modern synthetic organic chemistry, developmentmethodology is crucial for further progress. The challenge is todevise methods and strategies to probe the space Darwinian more

proteins efficiently than before, allowing for fasterdirected evolution. To this end, we developed an iterativeSaturation Mutagenesis (ISM) in its two embodiments: Casting forcontrol and B-FIT enantioselectivity improved thermostabilityenzymes. To evaluate the effectiveness of these developmentsmethodology, we developed a strategy that allows thedeconvolution construction of fitness landscapes. Applicationsin the transformations using enantioselective lipase, epoxides hydrolases,reductases and monooxygenases as Baeyer-Villigerases

will be highlighted in the discours.4

3Manfred T. Reetz Laboratory Evolution of Stereoselective Enzymes: A Prolific Source of Catalysts forAsymmetric ReactionsMax-Planck-Institut fr KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mlheim/Ruhr, Germany4ReferencesM. T. Reetz: Enzyme, Directed Evolution. In: Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, Bioprocess, Bioseparation, and CellTechnolgy, (Ed.: M. C. Flickinger), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2010, Vol. 1, pp.1-22.M. T. Reetz, S. Wu, H. Zheng, S. Prasad: Directed Evolution of Enantioselective Enzymes: An Uncreasing Catalyst Sourcefor Organic Chemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. 2010, 82, 1575-1584.M. T. Reetz: Laboratory Evolution of Stereoselective Enzymes: A Prolific Source of Catalysts for Asymmetric Reactions.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000826.

M. T. Reetz, M. Bocola, L.-W. Wang, J. Sanchis, A. Cronin, M. Arand, J. Zou, A. Archelas, A.-L. Bottalla, A. Naworyta, S.L. Mowbray: Directed Evolution of an Enantioselective Epoxide Hydrolase: Uncoveringthe Source of Enantioselectivity at Each Evolutionary Stage.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 7334-7343.


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On the other hand, six Chinese scholars think it is important tounderstand how biologically active agents, such as complexmetals and nanomaterials, recognize their biological targets andthe influence of diseases related to process. In their report, they

presented at the Trilateral Symposium in Paris on 7-8 October 2010 theysummarized the recent progress [1-8] on biomolecular recognition,ligand-induced structural transitions and their applicationspotential. This work was supported by the NSFC, the Academy FundChinese Science and Jilin Province.

These academicians Guoqiang Yang in his paperPhotoluminescent Properties of Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transferand Charge Transfer Compounds

5 showed that excited state intramolecularproton transfer (ESIPT) compounds and intramolecular charge transfer(ICT) compounds have attracted much attention for their propertiesluminescent. The luminescence characteristics of sensitive compoundsthe environment. For ESIPT compounds, a fast cycle of four levelsPhotophysics occurs immediately after photoexcitation. The emissionstate proton transfer gives abnormally high Stokes shift andno self-absorption is detected. ICT for compounds, the emission showsred shift with increasing the solvent polarity. during thistime, significantchanges in luminescence properties are observedin the solution to aggregation. For good photo-stability and unique properties

luminescent compounds and compounds ESIPT ICT should have apotential intrinsic material luminescents.8

Academician Wen-Hua Sun6 think the Iron, the secondthe most popular metals in the soil with a lower toxicity than theother metals, has been used more than 3300 years, and now using thebasic substance inorganic materials and an effective catalyst forammonium synthetic. In the past twelve years, iron complexesprocatalysts that for the polymerization of olefins have been widely

studied, with a focus on 2,6-bis (arylimino) pyridyliron

5Chuanqi Zhao, Yujun Song, Jie Geng, Jinsong Ren, Xiaogang Qu* Biomolecular Recognitions and Their PotentialApplicationsLaboratory of Chemical Biology, Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of RareEarth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, China [1] X. Li, Y. Peng, J. Ren, X. Qu. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2006, 103, 19658-19663.[2] H. Yu, X. Wang, M. Fu, J. Ren, X. Qu. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008, 36, 5695-5703.[3] C. Chen, C. Zhao, X. Yang, J. Ren, X. Qu. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 389-393.[4] H. Yu, C. Zhao, Y. Chen, M. Fu, J. Ren, X. Qu. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 492-498.[5] Y. Peng, X. Li, J. Ren, X. Qu. Chem. Commun. 2007, 5176-5178.[6] C. Zhao, Y. Song, J. Ren, X. Qu. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 1739-1745.[7] H. Yu, J. Ren, X. Qu. Biophysical J. 2006, 90, 3203-3207.

[8] Y. Peng, X. Wang, Y. Xiao, L. Feng, C. Zhao, J. Ren, X. Qu. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131,6Wen-Hua SunIron Procatalysts in Ethylene ReactivityInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China


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complexes.1 achievements iron procatalysts various oligomerizationethylene and the polymerization were examined in many articles.2 Inregarding their application, increased responsiveness to ethyleneusing 2,6-bis (arylimino) procatalyst pyridyliron was conducted for both

oligomerization and polymerization. The industrial application expects,however,has not yet been reached. Moreover, the hot topic of developingprocatalysts new iron oligomerization and polymerization has become anormal subject, who signs a maturity period of the subject. critical issuesthe use of iron procatalysts in the polymerization of olefins havebeen clearly marked with either positive or negative results. forovercome the problems, new models were procatalystswidely explored, some progress has been successfully made.3 Therefore,this is the "iron age" of the real polymerization of olefins, which is veryworthy of further research approfondies.7

For Gerhard Erker811 Lewis acids and bases usually formstrong adducts when brought together in a solution. However, acids and basesLewis Lewis can co-exist in a solution when they aresufficiently bulky substituents that prevent their reactionannihilation. These "frustrated Lewis pairs" (FLP) can make patternsremarkable reaction in the solution according to their action.In these examples will be shown when talk mostly very reactiveintramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs are used for the binding of smallmolecules and / or activation. Some of the systems described are able to

heterolytic dihydrogen splitting and the use of metal-free hydrogenationcatalytic reactions of specific substrates. Carbon dioxide bindingLewis will be discussed in pairs. FLP react with many alkenes and alkynes.Some of these substrates with some rather unusual reaction modesare observed. Eventually, the potential of 1,1-carboboration of highly reactiveelectrophilic acetylenes with borane is briefly discussed as anew way of non-activated solid cleaving carbon-carbon bonds. Studyrecent.

Physical Sciences; Chemical and Biological were the subject ofour analysis on the classification and Computer Science, FoundationsPhilosophical Computer [1]. Philosophy of biology, chemistryand physics was one of my concerns in the history of sciencethat led to the drafting of a project for the Foundation of the Academy of

71 (a) B. L. Small, M. Brookhart, and A. M. A. Bennett, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 4049. (b)1 (a) B. L. Small, M. Brookhart, and A. M. A. Bennett, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 4049. (b)V. C. Gibson, B. S. Kimberley, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, and P. Howard, Chem. Commun.,1998, 313.2 (a) V. C. Gibson, C. Redshaw and G. A. Solan, Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 1745. (b) C.

Bianchini, G. Giambastiani, I. G. Rios, G. Mantovani, A. Meli and A. M. Segarra, Coord. Chem.Rev., 2006, 250, 1391. (c) V. C. Gibson and S. K. Spitzmesser, Chem. Rev., 2003, 103, 283.8Gerhard Erker Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal-free Hydrogen Activation and More Universitt Mnster, Germany


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Science of Kurdistan, with the aim of planning andscience programming for the foundation of the State of the Republic ofKurdistan. But neither Mr. Barzani and Mr. Ni Djelal Talabani responded to ourrequest.

On 13 May 2008 section of Molecular and Cell Biology,Genomics of the Academy of Sciences organized a conference onepigenetics and cellular memory. This is a new discipline ofMolecular and cellular biology, genomics. The question Whatis Epigenetics? What relationship established with scientific research that I hadcompleted twenty years there? What are the conclusions from the project forfounding of the Academy of Kurdistan that we filed in January 2005 toauthorities in Kurdistan?

Foundation of the Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan

Indeed, for researchers and scientists from the case of Kurdistan foundation ofthe Academy of Sciences and Research Center Scientific Kurdistan, is a matterof scientific managementnamely, it is now the hearts of our science andphilosophy for years. The question is:how scientists Kurdistan can remainindifferent to scientific and technical progress since the states that occupyKurdistan use all new technologies to prevent the Liberation of the Kurdishpeople. In other words, how and by what means our Researchers can turn these

new technologies to change balance of power for the scientific and technicalprogress is the available to the construction of Kurdistan released. There areseveral reasons.

First of all scientific reason for the organization of science andthe objective of the Academy of Sciences. With the scientific revolution andtechnique, the radical changes taking place in the qualitative systemModern science affect all aspects of relationships and technologyhighlight the important and complex scientific tasks:

Important because they require the need to lay the foundationsscientists of a new company by introducing newtechnologies. That the Scientific and Technical Revolution gave risea new primacy of science and technology on one of the Techniqueproduction, science becomes a decisive factor and most dynamicdevelopment of productive forces. Complex, because that "both arecritical to maintaining the competitiveness of the economy in crisis, andOnce created antagonistic contradictions which "changestechnological knowledge on man, in his professional life, on

employment must be drastically controlled. "Nowadays, nobody doubts the factthat science can be used man, mankind and all peoples of the world, but at the


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same time, We find that its results are often used by law dominant to harmhumanity and peoples' interests.

This creates a serious social problems How to give, a science policy

that will encourage development of civilization? How to learn to direct themovement of thought Scientific interest in the sense of man, of humanity andpeople?

In both cases, the question first, concerns the organization of science insociety and scientific research, the forecasts of the development of socialprocesses in science and herself.

These are applications of science and science that are inClearly, the principles of Ethics of Science, which became the subject ofmuch scientific research. The truth is that the study of science,is a need for the scientific reality of our time in the history ofphilosophy, the question of science, was asked by philosophers into twodifferent ways:

First, science is a cognitive activity. Second, science is a system of humanknowledge with a specific object and a method of investigation proper. Itrequires the active intervention of the scientific organization of knowledgeworkersm scientific planning for a new and a new organization of

division of scientific work to found the Academy of SciencesKurdistan. Starting from a dialectical classification based on the ScienceDivision of Humanities, Science of Nature and ScienceEarth and space, the Academy of Sciences sets its objective asfollows:

_Adopter Of scientific research programs of action tostrengthen the role of science and increasing scientific knowledge andtechnical classification from a dialectic of science andinterdisciplinary scientific interaction,

make or cause to conduct scientific research forthe advancement of science, to solve new problems or untreated far in the areasof Anatolian Civilizations, to contribute to the preservation of ancient cultures,

encourage researchers to carry out work, to subsidizescientific publications and create new research units applied to promote dialoguebetween scientific and the opening of an international scientific and technicalcooperation,

organize and supervise education preparatory to research. InUltimately, the objectives of the scientific organization of


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Scientific knowledge is to answer the questions of the environmentScientific and highlight the scientific and research units the links between them.

The study of the scientific environment

1. What scientific environment are we?

2. What is the scientific potential exists inside and outside the country and whatis the level of its scientific organization, technical and academic?

3. What are qualities existing scientific and scientific purpose for which we canreorganize the scientific needs of the country and the region and how we canimprove performance in the four Universities of Kurdistan?

4. What are the prospects for an opening for international scientific andtechnical cooperation for a scientific organization and basic research inconsidering the challenges and risks?5. What is our strategic choice and technology in relation to the scientificpurpose, political, commercial and how can we develop new methods using newtechnologies from the organization of scientific knowledge and its internationaltransfer in the process the founding of Kurdish state and facing the developmentof European science?

5. Structures of the organization's scientific knowledge

A) The organization of scientific knowledge in organizing the scientificpotential existing in Kurdistan and Mesopotamia

B) The nature of the organization and planning and reorganization of science inthe process of creating Constituent Assembly and the state in South Kurdistan.

C) The definition of scientific and technical tasks main and sub-specialized

scientific tasks for the planning of the Society of Kurdistan,Finally, the search is a scientific activity whose purpose is scientific practice.

The completion of a scientific research is carried out by a methodology whichis either a technical procedure, either a strategy for the scientific purpose orcarrying out several tasks. This means that the completion of each task requiresthe active participation of every scientist specialized in light of data on whichapply the scientific objective determined.


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The free choice of the researcher and scientist is the foundation of developmentand the development of scientific freedom and academic researcher or scientistis responsible for its choice and the appropriate method in the sector and isobliged to carry out scientific, technical and artistic accordance with its choices.

6. The current direction of science and the scientific purpose of thedissemination of science for a real scientific methodology of the theoreticalanalysis of the organization of scientific knowledge requires determining thedirection of development of science and the study their application areas. In thissense, we believe it is impossible to resolve the issues of reorganization ofscientific knowledge and its links with the company is asking these questions inhuman sciences is a science of nature, as matters purely methodological, whichtotally disregards the qualities gnosological or as purely gnosological whichare totally ignored methodological issues of knowledge and science (ignore thedialectic), either as purely economic issues and policies which completelyignore the application of science to production. On the other hand, it means thatthe strict application of science to production is a necessity, because the needs ofsociety are composed of the needs of science, whose satisfaction will dependmainly on the level of production, the state of technical, material possibilitiesand potential scientific society itself. The focus of our scientific approach to thefounding of the Centre de la Recherche Scientifique of Kurdistan dependsprimarily on the reorganization of the human sciences of the natural sciencesand earth sciences and space in second place the interpretation of the purpose of

basic and applied sciences. That is why we attach great value to scienceacademies of sciences in Europe, especially at the Academy of Sciences ofFrance including the foundations of the founding of the Academy of Sciences ofKurdistan.

What is the relationship established between our scientific andacademic level of development of science and the Conference of the Academyof Sciences after twenty years of our scientific and academic work?

The key issue is that the development of physical sciences. Chemicaland biological basis of the diversification of scientific branches of science wasmy point of departure.

First I pay tribute to the President of Academic and Scientific Jury whospoke favorably upon presentation of my thesis. "Lovers traces of surfaces,images of body movement remarkable connoisseur of the arts of science[2] andtechnology" Franois Dagognet in his speech at the Symposium of Creusot, said"science has not ceased to lay out what is l 'Interiority. The disciplines mostinnovative operators have pulled their procedures secret, then broken.

reproduced and even improved It has suffered from this kidnapping. was.challenged, but he did so far interrupted.. "[3]But the problem is how one of the


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major development of science is that it is oriented towards the study not only ofitems already Included in the transformation practice of the mass. production, ineveryday experience. Mats also objects whose use practice will in principle onlyto future stages of historical development. civilization as a whole?

In the course of its history, science equated various types of objectssystemic, developing knowledge on their properties, on the laws of theiroperation and transformation.

Each type of organization requires systemic objects to be known andunderstood, a special category grid serving concrete scientific notions thatcharacterize the details of the structure and behaviour of objects in question.

Undoubtedly philosophy is capable of creating categorical matrices

necessary for scientific research before the science begins to control the types ofmatching. The application categories developed by philosophy in scientificresearch concrete enriches and develops it. However, to fix their content again,we need once again to. Reflection on the philosophical science that form aparticular aspect of philosophical apprehension of reality in the course do whichis developing the device block of philosophy. "But the philosophy is not ascience. (.) Its purpose is not this or that particular area of reality. But at thesame time philosophy is a science-science general laws of reality.. Here, E.Bitsakis[4] mixing the definition of the dialectic with philosophy. It is distinct

and special science is at the same time a science for many reasons he says. "Thephilosophy has an object; it seeks to identify and formulate laws on this subject:She uses the methods of science. It has a body of knowledge, it has a history, asscience-like and at the same time profoundly different ;(...) File The definitionof philosophy as science can not conceal its specific character, its relativeautonomy by special report on science and its qualitative difference compared tothem. The formula science and defines the concepts, philosophy and formuladefines the philosophical categories.. "La. confrontation in the history ofphilosophy[5] and natural sciences can therefore see that philosophy has certain

possibilities projected in relation to scientific research, since it is capable ofproducing in advance categorical structures that will be necessary . "Philosophycan not play its effective role in developing the design of world scientificwriting N, Smnov, if it manages to be argued along with other sciences, astheir equal, ie as Science special issue with its precise, a litigant also meticulousstudy and concrete that the object of any science, "[6](3). The contradictionbetween itself the universal character of human knowledge and his approachnecessarily compartmentalized within science, the contradiction between thespecification of scientific knowledge and the trend towards integration, that'swhat makes it so indispensable development d 'A world-scientific' philosophy.


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The question that arises is what are the mechanisms to ensure such adevelopment class development of science of unity and diversification of theirbranches of science in general and scientific development of informationtechnology in particular. The answer is not related only to study the nature of

philosophical knowledge but also the knowledge engineering. It involvesanalysis function of philosophy as a theoretical kernel of the design world andthe cognitive activity of the elucidation of the relationship betweenphilosophical categories and the culture.

The science, scientific and technological revolution have led to deepdifferences between the various branches specializing in the manufacture ofproducts. But gradually as the growing differentiation and that there always newbranches. We see the growing importance of relations between the variousbranches and their coordination, which call for a centralized function of theeconomy. At the heart of this scientific development instead of science appliedto. all levels of life is crucial. That is why it is necessary to clarify ourclassification dialectic of science and the place of information technology in thescheme we are proposing is a characteristic of science.

First, the classification dialectic of basic sciences division between thenatural sciences and human sciences and finally the technical sciences. Then wedivide the natural sciences into three parts:

1. The physical and technical sciences and mathematics2.The science-technology chemical and biological

3. The Earth Sciences. The physical and technical sciences and mathematicsdivided into six parts: They are:

I. scientific computing and automation

2. The mathematics

3. The general physics and astronomy

4. Nuclear physics

5. The physical technique of energy

6. The mechanical and ordering process


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II. Science chemical-and biological technology are divided into five parts:

The general chemistry and technical2. La. Physico-chemistry and technology of inorganic substances3. The biochemistry, biophysics and chemical compounds,4. The physiology5. The general biology.

111. 1st earth sciences are es following:

1 The geology, geochemistry and geophysics2. The oceanography, physics of 1 atmosphere

The human sciences are divided between:

I. The philosophy2. The story3. 1 economy and the law4. literature and linguistics.

The development of science was determined by three basic sciences: the

physical sciences, chemical sciences and biological sciences. The classificationof science and the connection and differentiation of branches scientificcomputing are inseparable from the scientific process.

I. The physical sciencesThey are undoubtedly physics and physicists who kicked off the revolution inthe natural sciences of our time. The funky and discoveries, the rapiddevelopment of physical sciences, particularly after the Second World War,

have fertilized and stimulated the development and progress radicals othernatural sciences.

The inevitable intervention of physics in all divisions of science proceeds inlarge measure because , takes as subject to study the properties of both thesimplest and most general of terms. This is a good reason that physics is calledthe "mother of. Mechanics. " The progress of physical sciences exerts a directinfluence on all the essential elements of modern production - energy base,working tools and technology physics exerts a strong influence on objects ofwork (and raw materials). This is particularly evident in our time where we see

the rise of energy and atomic and nuclear technology, electronic technology andlaser technology semiconductors and integrated circuits.


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One can say without exaggeration that the results of the physical sciences o.served as a starting point for the creation and development of a very largenumber basic sciences (particularly those that arise at the junction of chemicaland physical sciences, biological and physical). and many fundamental scientific

disciplines of engineering.The progress of physics have exerted a huge influence on the design of thecontemporary world. This is due primarily to the close links uniting physics and.theory of knowledge, Divisions fundamental modern physics, as the study of thestructure of matter theory. a relativity, quantum mechanics, are organicallylinked to the theory of knowledge.

The restricted theory of widespread. Relativity of Albert Einstein's theory of ela, quantum mechanics were naturally fundamental theories that have given the

departure of scientific theory and modern physics for a large part in all thenatural sciences.

In contemporary science, Einstein's scientific work, provide a striking example.It proves that the relativity of space, time and movement, one can infer that themass of a body depends on its speed and thus energy movement. If the speedapproaching its limit - 300 000 km / sec - the mass of the body tends to infinity,La. Thesis Einstein that mass of a body at rest depends on its internal energy Ehad an immense importance. The pier and was the basis of the energy of the

scientific revolution. and technical It appeared that if we measured the energyand mass through the normal units, energy is equal to mass multiplied by thesquare of the speed of light -1. In other words E. = ml The division of thenucleus of uranium reached 3 million times more energy than the chemicalreaction of a combustion (1g uranium provides more heat than 3 tons of coal).But it is there. That a small portion of the energy contained in all the mass ofmatter. Already nuclear energy uses about ten times more than the inner energyparticles compared with Atomic Energy of the disintegration of heavy nuclei.

The formula Einstein opens up prospects even more remote and grandioseenergy use kernel, it contains the following steps of the scientific andtechnological revolution in the energy field. To get a complete picture ofpotential energy of matter flowing from the formula of Einstein, just engaging ,simple arithmetic.

According to Einstein's formula, energy is equal to the mass (say, for example1g) multiplied by the square of the speed of light -1. The speed of light is 300000 km / s, or 3.10 cm / s. Consequence 1 = 9.10 cm / s. By multiplying themass in grams per 1 we get the energy it contains ergs. 1kWh is equal to. 3,6.10

ergs. So the total energy recele in one gram of substance is equal to 9.10 ergs,and divided by 3,6.10, it is equal to 2.5.10 kWh (or 25 million kwh).


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From the reactions that we are known today, the full realization of this energy ispossible only through the clash of matter and antimatter, called by the reactionof annihilation. It was determined that if a particle meets its corresponding

antiparticle, they annihilate disappear, while their energy and mass are convertedinto energy and more full (for example in the radiation), without breaking thelaw of the conservation, with full realization of all energy, according toEinstein's formula E = ml This exceeds several thousand times the amount ofenergy per unit mass reached at the nuclear reactions,

The revolution in physics has therefore opportunities for turning in techniqueand in any material production.

Another axis of the scientific revolution in physics, closely related. nuclearphysics and the atomic energy quantum mechanics, heralds a turningrevolutionary technology, technology and production.

One can understand the processes leading to fission and nuclear synthesis only,using the theory of quanta. Quantum mechanics was the theoretical basis fordevelopment of electronics, and later, generators quantum of light, lasers, ie thefundamental basis of a revolutionary turning already visible in productiontechnology.

The opportunities afforded by the use of laser beams are immense.

The properties of laser-the opportunity to focus on tiny masses of matter-permit,the leader on a mass thermonuclear (a mixture of deuterium and tritium), tocreate the conditions for a thermonuclear reaction temperature of tens ofmillions of degrees and density of fuel exceeding hundreds of times the densityof the solid body. This is a promising direction of establishing a thermonuclearenergy.

The application of laser technology also opens up great prospects. the creationof a method of optical information processing and manufacturing of opticalcalculators speed operative - known as optoelectronics. This involves replacinga liaison usual cable and wire by an optical link - a light-guide fiber, themanufacture of a 'working optical memory of a great capacity for computers anda' memory) Permanent for information systems.

All these ideas and. Discoveries have opened the door has an extraordinaryprogress of the radio and the procession triomphai of l1ectronique that

penetrates literally touti'4es branches of the art and areas of technology.


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The influence that physics, including quantum theory, has exercised over thechemical sciences, is. this respect very instructive. The classification periodicMendlev, which was in large measure an empirical law of chemistry, hasacquired, with the development. of quantum mechanics and approval model

atomic quantum solid theoretical basis, fi is that the arrangement of elementsdiscovered by Mendlev a physical sense. both important and simple. Theserial number of an element in the sense mendlevien (physicists call it atomicnumber) is equal to the number of positive charges or, in other words, thenumber of protons in the nucleus of atoms of this element. The law Mendlevbecame one of the laws of atomic physics and nuclear.The quantum theory opens up tremendous opportunities to the physics of solidin the field of action on the fundamental properties of metals and crystal ingeneral. The quantum properties of solids can use the crystal in the manufactureof many instruments of physics. The study of physical phenomena on thinsemiconductor films has become an essential element of work to get integratedcircuits, hybrid and functional, which directly affects. miniaturization and themicrominiaturisation of electronic assemblies and the creation of the lastgenerations of computers. This is the table although incomplete decisivechanges in the physical XX century. All we have to say concerns scientificdiscoveries already. made and their impact already. Visible on the technical andmaterial production,

But the revolution in physics continues. The technical means always the most

powerful available for research in physics dice continually increasing itspossibilities. With a technical research and experimentation increasinglycomplex, physicists, penetrating into the depths of the micro and macro world,discover new problems and not always resolved in a comprehensive andfundamental importance.

The successes in the construction of particle accelerators. energy growingyielded very important data which have raised fundamental problems whosesolution will open at. humanity new opportunities.

These are primarily the problems of the structure of particles with a stronginteraction (adrons), whose most famous are the proton and the neutron. Theirproperties and their systematic today are well described. from the assumptionsublmentaires particles, quarks ...

It is quite possible that the energy obtained with the current accelerators is notsufficient to free quarks concentrated in adrons. If this hypothesis is confirmed,it means it will consider alternate methods of energy in the act Basic hundreds orthousands of doing more powerful than that achieved with conventional nuclear

reactions, this opens the prospect of a gigantic leap in the potential energy of theuniverse and perhaps of mankind.


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Another group again, that the problems of. weak interaction. He may have afundamental importance not only to understand the microstructure of thematerial, but also the spatial and temporal structure of our world and, perhaps,for cosmology. In particular, it may be that the solution of major problems with

the structure of. Matters will require fundamental review representations ofspace and time, that penetration in the heart of the micro-world make it possibleprocesses which we now seem improbable I ".

In the opinion of physicists, approximation of particles at a distance of 10 - 16 -10 - 17 cm may give rise to phenomena of fundamental importance. Thedistances that order correspond to an energy of about 300 billion lectrovolts ina system whose center of inertia is a particle collision. That is why the study of apackage to obtain protons to an energy of 2 to 5 trillion lectrovolts.And new opportunities hitherto unknown yet appear 'clash of heavy nuclei maygive rise to phenomena comparable to the shock waves through the action whichthe nuclear material can go to unusual statements. The scientific researchersreport in this regard the possible existence of new forms of nuclear materialdifferent from atomic nuclei that we know.

The acceleration of technology creates new phenomena practices purelytechnological and scientific. Here are some examples:

The beams of particles accelerated exerted on many substances very specificthat we can not achieve by other methods,sources of gamma rays, electronicaccelerators are widely used for sterilization in the medical devices industry forthe polymerisation radiation insulation cables, for dfectoscopie large parts inthe mechanical industry, etc..;beams of electrons with an intensity of up to onemillion amps are used in research to control thermonuclear fusion;

The accelerated heavy ions can be used in the manufacture of molecular filtersvirus by irradiation of a plastic film These filters can carry out disinfection ofwater by simple filtering.

These examples that we cited in the field of physics can lead to a newinterpretation of the natural sciences and general laws of the world, open newprospects for the new technology and computerization of society and productionThis revolution in the physical sciences is inseparable in the chemical sciencesin the unit dialectical process of scientific knowledge and technical. theirapplications.

11. The Chemical Sciences


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The revolution in science has developed chemical on one side of autonomouslywithin the framework of this science, ie in the process of unification anddiversification of chemical sciences, and the other, under the power of recent

trends in physics and foremost in quantum physics, nuclear physics or high-energy subatomic physics.

The technical revolution in chemistry is linked to control of the structure ofmolecules and consequently the creation of substances structure and propertiesdefined in advance, ie the creation of controlled chemical bonds. Again,integration (or interaction) and usage (differentiation) of recent concepts ofphysical sciences play a leading role. On the one hand, the scientific applicationof the architecture of molecules was followed by basic discoveries that, forexample, who identified and molecular weight. validation of the notion ofvalence elements, ie the number of atoms types with which an atom of theelement is able to unite to form a stable combination. Thus were made laws ofthe composition of molecules and laid the theoretical basis for chemicalsynthesis on the subject. On the other hand, the progress made by sciencechemical itself is taking advantage of new theories and possibilities offered byscientific branches of modern physics, which brings the first theoreticalexplanation of the many laws established empirically.

That said, the development of science around the middle of the twentieth

century has revealed that not only the electron moving creates a magnetic fieldbut that the electron at rest, also a "magnet Basic has a set of properties thatallow it to be valentiel, The role of the electron results in a whole range ofphenomena in the remarkable. Chemistry crystals, including control of a crystallattice, inspecting properties semi-conductor and dielectric, the formation ofentirely new chemical compounds.

The possibility to form molecules and substances naturally required to continuethe study of architecture substances and existing molecules, its interrelation with

the essential properties of the substance, as well as find ways to act on'Architecture of molecules. It was intensely studied architecture at this greatarchitect that nature. The essential properties of the material depending on thegeometric layout of the same atoms in space (as part of molecules) gave birth toa specific branch of chemistry that deals with the spatial arrangement of atomsin the molecule and the influence of this factor on the geometric properties ofmatter is the stereochemistry. The emergence of this science was alreadyprovided for in the last century by A. Bourtherov,

That is why we can ask clearly explain the nature of the diversification of

branches of science (physical, chemical, biological) in both the dialectical unityof fundamental interaction and diversity of unity and fight for their ? In other


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words, if the full knowledge of the structure and laws of the surrounding worldhas offered to humanity, technology and production, the possibility of creating acontrolled and planned, substances and materials with properties defined inadvance and necessary to men, is that there will be a scientific answer that will

resolve the problem of labour computerized objects - one of the basic elementsessential for material production assisted by new technology " ?

First, gasoline and specificity of the scientific and technological revolution areexpressed in the combination of analysis and explanation of the structure ofmatter, the nature of reactions and processes that occur in the world surroundingthe structure of the process of organic life, functioning mechanisms and themechanical action on the process of working with processes of a whole. otherorder as:

Action-oriented structure of matter on the synthesis of body properties data inadvance on obtaining artificial and monitoring reactions of disintegration andsynthesis of light and heavy nuclei; The development and practical use of aninformation theory, a theory and practice of automatic control systems,machines; The creation of systems for automated data processing, managementsystems and automated automatic in the complex technical and socio-economicproduction;

A second action-oriented process of organic life ever more important.The characteristics of a material and technical background. Revolution scientificcomputing with the corollary, the radical changes in relations between man andthe environment, define the social aspect of this revolution. It does not affectonly the technical and information technology in particular, but it also createsconditions for a radical change in the nature and content of human work in thetechnological processes in general. Besides, it radically changed the role of manand the role of science-kid in the system of productive forces.

A far-reaching social consequences of scientific and technological revolution iswhat a kid time offers the possibility to increase significantly the free time,which in turn creates conditions for an increase in the level of education andqualification. Life Intellectual men is also profoundly changed they receive amass and a range of information constantly growing, modern means of transportand communications so extraordinary increase their opportunities to participatein events as varied referring to times or to the most varied, the usual range ofconsumer goods and services change radically, leading to a change corollary ofhuman needs. All these changes are marked by an extraordinary dynamism ofsocial development.


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c) The geochemistry or chemistry of the Earth, which in its researchmaterials and Earth processes based on laws and chemical methods. Thisscience studies the chemical evolution of our planet, seeks to explain theviewpoint chemical origin and history of the Earth, its layers, its terrain,

mountains, seas and oceans.d) physico-chemical mechanical linking the mechanical and electricalproperties of matter at. its composition and chemical structure.

e) electrochemistry, branch of chemistry devoted to the study of theproperties of ions containing systems and processes involving ions, takingplace at a meeting point of these systems with other bodies, includingmetals. Can be classified in electrochemistry everything that relates to theliaison between the electrical and chemical phenomena.

f) The biochemistry, who studies protein structure and protein molecules,the functions of enzymes, problems and protein synthesis. in the body, therelationship of dependency between the chemical structure and. biologicalfunctions (activity) of proteins. La. biochemistry studies of key processesand complex against 1 'immunity and properties of proteins immunisantes

g) radiochemistry, which is closely linked to the problems of radio-activityand radioactive isotopes, use of atomic energy.

h) The physical chemical, which is interested in applying the results ofmodern physics, the basic problems of chemistry, and specifically theissues of the structure of atoms and molecules and. studying themechanism intimate chemical reactions.

i) The chemical kinetics, science chemical transformations. who die speedsand directions of the chemical reaction. The development of a generaltheory of the process chain and the discovery of possibilities to controlchemical reactions chain depend on the development of this branch ofchemistry.

The progress made by the physical sciences and chemical sciences have an

influence on the biological sciences It is from physics and chemistry thatbiologists dealing with energy efficiency and studying the complex processesthat are place in the living organism, and vice versa. chemistry seeks to usebiological principles to solve the tasks of chemical synthesis.

III The biological sciences

Recent discoveries of physics, chemistry and mathematical methods have led toa revolution in the biological sciences. Molecular biology has revolutionized thescience of World kids living in proportions that quantum theory hasrevolutionized the nuclear physics that there are forty years.


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The intense study of the biological functions of living beings. from the analysisof the structure and molecular interactions gave biochemistry leadership, leadingto a relatively new science - molecular biology. In kid time, the establishment of

the principle of catalytic functioning of living matter was a fundamental for thedevelopment of biological science.

Take the seeds in the biological sciences

The ferments are in many ways incomparably superior to artificial catalysts.Before their power by any action, thousands of chemical reactions take place inliving organisms. Using ferments, in the absence of high temperatures andpressures, millions and billions of times faster in the presence of the best

chemical catalysts.

The ferments have yet another benefit - the most important. They differ catalystsartificial rationality surprising for their actions, strictly oriented and maximumefficiency. Each closing act in an optimum manner, without findingtechnological solutions optimal 'in transforming not only one compound or agroup of very close. and transforming them in a direction strictly determined.)

The discovery and description of a growing number of biochemical reactions

put the agenda the task of trying to establish the fundamental principles thatgovern the nature and interdependence of these reactions. Without that. it wasimpossible to develop a systematic process alive, countless biochemical terms.

The solution of these problems was first linked two basic discoveries made inthe thirties and forties and have been essential elements of the revolution in thebiological sciences, particularly on the biochemical level. The first is thediscovery of "conservation." Energy of biochemical reactions in the form ofchemical bonds in a particular matter which received the name of adenosine

triphosphate. The second is the discovery of the principle of combinationreactions in biological systems, ie that the surplus energy formed in response toa course can be transmitted to another reaction that would not be d 'Itselfpossible.

These two basic discoveries immediately bring the logic in research on thebiochemical organization of the activity of cells to distinguish combinationsreactions energy. eligible and ineligible. Thus began the assembly ofbiochemical elements in separate groups or mechanisms intact, and when theresearchers took fiai to operate on a certain segment, they found they managedto swallow train, from components, or as Such physiological process whose


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biochemists had initiated the development thirty years ago. ' " [7]

The subsequent progress of science, a deeper penetration of the secrets of lifediscovered was able to process more complex than photosynthesis and

respiration, biochemistry did not yet understand. It was primarily the process ofgrowth and development as well as the phenomena of heredity and itstransmission.

Neither the methods and experiences of physiology, nor those of biochemistrywere unable to highlight the properties of living matter which constitute thesubstance of these phenomena. Only with the advent of electron microscopy thatwe put into the unknown world of the infinitesimally small particles of the livingcell. Thus the practical results of the revolution. Intervened in physics were apowerful catalyst for the revolution in biology. If the power separator ordinarymicroscope can achieve a magnification of two to three thousand times, theelectron microscope can magnify objects of study of hundreds of thousand timesand even more than a million times. The amount converts to quality basicopportunities have opened to the study of microscopic organizations, intimateprocess taking place in the living cell.

In entering ever more deeply into the secrets of the process alive,. biologicalscience learns about the mechanism for the use of genetic information. Thus,biology was brought to explore the giant molecules of organic polymers: nucleic

acids, proteins and some carbohydrates, ie training, which play a decisive role inthe performance of vital functions essential. The study of these moleculesrequired methods and processes hoc analysis and constituted one of the keyorientations of a science booming molecular biology, we talk a little further.

The results of the biological chemistry were and still are today an grazing toolknowledge of life processes. But the language of chemistry did not allow itselfto penetrate the mysteries of life. The biophysical came to the rescue. The searchcontinued for solving the problem of living has enormous methodological and

practical importance for the development and improvement of materialproduction,

Academician G. Frank wrote "What we call the living can not be translated intolanguage purely chemical. In addition to the list of reactions involved in theprocess of exchanging chemical substances, in addition to the catalytic reactionsand chemical kinetics of these processes, there must be some organization inspace (structure) of all rnacromolculaires, which is beyond the frameworkrepresentations purely chemical. " [8]


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This organization, writes G. Frank is not only the location of chemicalprocesses; acting itself is changing, determines their conduct and organise. Thatis why, alongside the chemistry and molecular approaches, we need what mightbe called conventional language of 'approaches surmolculaires "These

approachessurmolculaires can not already under the sole jurisdiction ofchemistry and biochemistry. We are witnessing here are qualitatively differentprocesses and chemicals added to the forces of interaction phenomenacharacteristics of the system surmolculaire complex. The study of thesephenomena is usually biophysics or physical chemical biology " [9]

The biological sciences naturally attach particular importance nature of theactivities of living organisms and their smallest components in the cell andcomponents of the cell itself. Science has entered into the inframicroscopiquestructure of the cell, which allowed him to make the most unexpecteddiscoveries, forcing a radical revision of current ideas on the principlesbiochemical, biophysical and physico-chemical properties of cellular processes.

"How is born. a new science, a new specialty? "asks P. Thuiflier thy has notanswered both general and satisfactory this question, although variousassumptions have been made. " [10]

This interpretation seems skeptical, because the development of a new disciplineand the birth of a new science does not depend on the identity or the intellectual

originality of ideas. Rather, it depends on the character of the nature of thesubject of science itself method of exposure in the wider it is the means toachieve an objective, an activity according to a certain orderly fashion. It is bymethodological role that tears the veil to the extraordinary complex phenomenaof nature, society and the human conscience and directs the science to therelease of natural links, objectives, forcing the researcher to stay on Field factsrigorously established. For example, lob jet of molecular biology is to study theevents essential activity vital to their elementary levels in the cell and itscomponents, the nucleus and the cytoplasm, in the tiny intra-cellular structures,

systems the simplest located on the border of living and not living like virus andbacteriophages, and finally, in systems of biological macromolecular polymersand proteins nuclides acids that carry out its essential functions in training live ...

There is a particularly intensive development of molecular biology researchrelated to problems of proliferation, heredity, structure and. properties ofmacromolecular compounds, their biosynthesis and laws of their reproduction inthe process of growth, division and cell development.

In other words, bios macromolecular polymers and nucleic acids areessential objects of research in molecular biology.


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Over the past thirty years, biology has undergone a profoundtransformation by the convergence of disciplines for a long time remainedindependent of both the problems they saw as the equipment and methodologythey used. Thus, the cellular physiology, genetics, biochemistry, virology,

microbiology have melted into a common discipline, which is now known as themolecular biology. It aims to interpret the phenomena that take place withinliving organisms in office structures and functional interrelationships that occurbetween macromolecular constituents of the cell. [11]

In its first stage, molecular biology has sought to analyze the materialthe simplest cell, namely the bacterial cell, that some discoveries were madeaccessible. such a study. In recent years, the elucidation of the main structure ofbiological macromolecules, proteins and nucleic acids, the interpretation of theirfunctions in terms of structure, recognition of their biosynthetic pathways andtheir regulations have renewed our knowledge of heredity and cellularmechanisms. "

This feels the development and differentiation, more interconnection ofscience that results, models and methods of some sciences are becoming morewidely used in other (for example the use of physical and chemical dodles inbiology and medicine), and this shows the problem of interdisciplinary research.Another important feature of the current stage of development of science is toincrease the role of constructive elements in scientific knowledge. "On the onehand. In entire body, others share in somatic cell cultures taken from the bodies

complex.[12] "Because the discovery of the nature and structure of nuclei acidsdemonstrates the rationality of the exceptional nature and organization of hiscreatures, in fact, nucleic acids are composed wholly of four elements: the fournucleotide that does differ from one another by their nitrogen content - adenine,guanine, cytosine, themine. Thus, the tremendous diversity of. life on. Terre A.always a basic biochemical perfectly unique and universal. Moreover, theprinciple of complementarity, which explains the old secret of heredity, is one ofthe essential bases. molecular biology with which it was established that in aDNA molecule, the amount of guanine is always equal to. the amount of

cytosine, adenine quantity is a gaie. the amount of themine. During the vitalactivity of the body, the DNA molecules involved in trade undergo manycellular damage under the influence of internal and external factors. Thus, thenew directions of development of molecular biology and its revolutionarycontinuous progress based on solid methodology.

"It is the combination of organic synthesis and very fruitful, two methodologicalapproaches. the study of nature and properties of the simplest components of acomplex, and the study of the structure, organization, the properties of complexbody as a whole, forces and processes that constitute the system as. thananything else.


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The key question is how simple it gives birth to the complex, what are the forcesand laws that are operating here, how to structure new properties of the complexsystem.

It is a focus of scientific research that part of the molecular levels the mostprimitive and the most basic driving , levels of organization of increasingcomplexity,. systems with new properties and functions.[13] " The essentialfeature of this passage from simple to complex is an integrated process, wepropose the term of fundamentalism to define the orientation of cognitivescience. If one analyses the development of natural sciences, technical andsocial, one finds much in common in their methodology and practice.

Thus, this methodology is it absolutely necessary as regards the creation ofautomated systems that the development of the vast majority of complexprograms, as it is to solve the problems of the relationship between the party andeverything between simple and compound. The need for such a methodologicalapproach is more apparent than ever today as regards the solving of economicand socio-economic and development programmes in which we have alwaysdealing with large complex systems to several components .

D'oc current problem 1 "fundamentalism" for all the natural sciences, technicaland social. The mechanism of development of science in their process ofunification of the different branches of science plays an important role in

guiding scientific thought and technology of our century. 11 opens twopossibilities for developing and refining the material productive forces, throughwhich we can see the development of the revolution in the natural sciences,technical, social interaction and their dialectic in two aspects:

First, humanity will affect so focused on the processes of organic life and fromit. Raising a colossal effectiveness of social production, and also increase thepossibilities of the man himself - the first productive force of society - and theperfect considerably.

Secondly, the company will continuously introduce into production the resultsof technological and organizational organic life> and. From then allow a newscientific and technological revolution which, it has every reason to think, leaveit far behind the possibilities opened up by the current scientific andtechnological revolution.

This revolution in the biological sciences wakes up the "technical", ""technology "and the organization of operating systems which exceed incomplexity all the systems that man has been able to create and productivityhave never seen in practice the global industry at the same time that capacity, an


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infinite number of dimensions, economic performance and reliabilityunimaginable.

The active phase of the revolution in the biological sciences began, it

seems, most recently as physics and chemistry, and its practical results may notbe as clear and important that the results achieved by physicists and chemists,but it is already visible today that the possibilities, both cognitive and practical,opened by the revolution in science are of a magnitude that they can serve as aspringboard . a new revolution in science and information technology, whichmeans the development of physical sciences, chemical, biological as the basisfor development and differentiation branches scientific computing,

MARIE CURIE AND the INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF CHEMISTRY


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Maria Sklodowska-Curie 1867-1934 Woman of Science and courage,

In the history of radioactivity, since its discovery, the name of Curie

is at the forefront.


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Maria Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, November 7, 1867. capitalPoland then occupied by the Russians, who are trying to weaken the local elite.Like many intellectuals, Maria is a follower of the doctrinepositivist Auguste Comte, the only way forward for them. in a high

family of teachers, she led an austere life. bright student, serious, withan astonishing powers of concentration, Maria makes the dream soinconceivable for a woman to pursue research careers. In June 1883 shegraduated in Poland's graduation from high school (with the gold medal). Theshy Maria arrived in Paris in 1891 to pursue scientific studies.it is received in 1893 the first degree in physics and mathematics.The Curie discovered polonium together in July and radium inDecember 1898 and show - major discovery - that radioactivity is notthe result of a chemical reaction but a property of the element, in factthe atom. In the shed that serves as a laboratory Pierre observed the propertiesradiation and Maria rather purifies the radioactive elements. "One of our

joys was to enter the night in our workshop, so we perceive on all sidesthe luminous silhouettes of bottles and capsules that contained ourproducts. "

A century ago, June 25, 1903, Maria Sklodowska-Curie defended hisdoctorate at the Sorbonne entitled "Research on substancesRadioactive ". She closes his memory:" Our research onnew radioactive materials have resulted in a scientific movement,

and were the starting point of many works related to researchradioactive substances and new to the study of radiation substancesknown radioactive ". December 10, 1903, in Stockholm, in solemn session, theAcademy Royal Sciences of Sweden awards the Nobel Prize for Physics withHenri Becquerel for "the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" and Peter andMarie Curie "in recognition of extraordinary merits which they havedemonstrated by their joint researches on the phenomena of radiationdiscovered by Professor Becquerel

In 1904, Pierre Curie gets a chair of physics at the Sorbonne and in 1905 waselected to the Academy of Sciences.

Sexism of the time denied entry to the Academy of SciencesDespite a second Nobel Prize in chemistry it gets 10 December 1911,to have determined the atomic weight of radium. facilitate surgery. Maryorganized the first service Mobile X-ray by creating mobile radiological teamand hospitals. Itcontinued her studies with her daughter Irene and Dr ClaudiusRegaud We then use a protective screen for any metal and cloth gloves! MarieCurie was not expressed publicly on issues of general interest, however, wasclose to his heart as social progress. As Pierre Curie once, it's science it was the


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most confidence for men have a better life. It was not associated, in general,Om calls submitted to him. The most notable exceptions to this attitudeconcerning equal rights and duties of women and men, andparticular the issue of women's suffrage.

Marie Curie was not elected to the Academy of Sciences. Itsnomination in 1911 sparked a debate, not decided on the merits on accesswomen in the five academies that are part of the Institute.In 1922, thirty-five members of the Academy of Medicine offerto elect Marie Curie as an associate member free. All candidates fordesist vacant chair for her. It is awarded "in recognition ofthe part she took in the discovery of radium, and a new medication,the Brachytherapy. "

Marie Curie was not provided doctor, as it happens that thegrows, but she participated in the work of the Academy, in particular a reportthe danger of radiation in 1925.

His daughter Irene fierce as she, in the same laboratory, discoveredFrederic Joliot in January with her husband, artificial radioactivity, whichalso be worth a Nobel Prize. At the origin of cancer treatments anddating techniques of ancient artifacts, rocks and the universe, asmolecular biology and modern genetics, radioactivity is also the

source of nuclear9

energy and the atomic bomb.

According to Marc Fontecave first chemistry is only, perhaps, tohave as much, borders with all other disciplines and that itgives the possibility to intervene appropriately and Originalvirtually all major challenges of the twenty-first century humanity (food,energy, health, environment, ...). While the disciplines are nowbecome essentially interdependent, chemistry is probably thehas most often and most deeply intensified its incursions in

other, life sciences and health, physics and materials science toengineering, earth sciences and environment, which all seek in the times. Thedevelopment of these interfaces is undoubtedly oneof the most important issues of contemporary science.Chemistry by its unique position at the crossroads of disciplines can playrole in forging this mix. Requested, the chemistry is because it is beforewhile the creation science of molecules and materials on which all the

9 By Marc Fontecave Member of the Academy of Sciences, professor at the College de France, "Chair of Chemistry

biological processes


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remains. It is she who shapes the concrete world in which we live(Drugs, cosmetics, polymers, plastics, glass, to name onlysome chemical compounds in our universe). Our future takes shapearound the molecules and materials invented in chemistry labs and

these are infinitely many possible worlds as the potentialchemical transformation of matter and companies both large and isfundamental questions posed by chemicals, positive science par excellence,are characterized by their practical potential. The chemistry is, lest we forgetnot, as an industry that, in France, second sector after automotive,represents a hundred billion euros in sales for more than onethousand companies. Chemistry has, on the other hand, is unique in that it isgiven a universal language and fraternal, practiced and understood around theworld, allowing a luminous reading of the material we are made, from thataround us, from that which is finally possible.

This language is based on an original alphabet, the classificationPeriodic proposed in 1869 by Russian chemist Mendeleyev and tells us whatwe are and where we can go. It unifies the biological sciences andbinds to the physical sciences and if the living can be understood in termsrational it is in large part, we too often forget, because it isexpressed in the language of chemistry. it is now to build asustainable society in which men satisfy their needs but finallywithout compromising future generations, science will be sought

to find innovative strategies completely, clean, economical,effective and sustainable especially for the production of fuels, electricity,materials. It is evident that chemistry, that which is now called "green"will play a major role in the development of this new science. Itresult in new methods of synthesizing its concern for the toxicitypotential solvents, products and reagents, the use ofstarting renewable finally waste reduction and spendingassociated energy.

This is illustrated in the articles in this issue. Thisambition of chemistry for tomorrow will rely in particular on the studyand development of new catalytic processes. This is what we saidPeter Braunstein, a historical perspective through the development ofcatalysis and some examples of his laboratory. The discovery of newcatalysts will allow chemical companies to implement reactionseven more effective, more selective, cleaner. Another area inwhich chemistry will play a major role is that of new technologiesEnergy and the exploitation of renewable energy, solar

in particular. Didier Roux tells us that creative solutions foractual energy savings especially in construction depend on the


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development of new insulation, especially nano-structured. The sameit is through the synthesis and optimiz

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