Scientific presentations ESR - ENIGMA ITN...of fractured rock masses are poorly known at scales of...
48
Chemical Reactions Heterogeneity Transient effects Density Effects Mixing Coastal aquifers ESR1: WP1: Marco Dentz
Transcript of Scientific presentations ESR - ENIGMA ITN...of fractured rock masses are poorly known at scales of...
Ch
emic
al R
eact
ion
sH
eter
og
enei
ty
Tra
nsi
ent
effe
cts
Den
sity
Eff
ects
Mix
ing
Co
asta
laq
uif
ers
ES
R1
: W
P1
: M
arco
De
ntz
Den
sity
Eff
ects
Tem
po
ral
Flu
ctu
atio
ns
Rea
ctio
ns
Het
ero
gen
eity
Mix
ing
Qu
anti
fy t
he
imp
act
of
the
cou
pli
ng
bet
wee
n d
ensi
ty e
ffec
ts a
nd
te
mp
ora
lan
d s
pat
ial
var
iab
ilit
y o
n m
ixin
gan
d c
hem
ical
rea
ctio
ns
in
coas
tal
aqu
ifer
s.
(i)
Qu
anti
fica
tio
n o
f fl
ow
het
ero
gen
eity
an
d f
luid
def
orm
atio
n
(ii)
Iden
tifi
cati
on
of
flo
w s
trai
n a
nd
str
ess
cen
ters
, wh
ich
dri
ve
con
cen
trat
ion
gra
die
nts
an
d m
ixin
g
(iii
)D
evel
op
men
t o
f m
ixin
g a
nd
rea
ctio
n d
iag
no
stic
s to
ex
pla
in
and
pre
dic
t o
bse
rved
rea
ctio
n p
atte
rns.
Den
sity
eff
ects
Tra
nsi
ent
Eff
ects
Rea
ctio
ns
Het
ero
gen
eity
Mixing
Theoretical Approach
Fie
ld E
xp
erim
ents
:
-A
rgen
ton
a
Nu
mer
ical
Sim
ula
tio
ns
-2d
-3d
Cen
tre
d’H
ydro
géol
ogie
et d
e G
éoth
erm
ie (C
HY
N)
1
Clo
sin
g b
lin
d s
po
ts f
or
surf
ace
wa
ter
gro
un
dw
ate
r
exch
an
ge
s b
y i
nte
gra
tin
g n
ov
el
tra
cers
in
n
um
eri
cal
mo
de
ls
(Ja
nu
ary
, IT
N k
ick
-off
me
eti
ng
, P
ari
s)
Cen
tre
d’H
ydro
géol
ogie
et d
e G
éoth
erm
ie (
CH
YN
)
•C
HY
N: P
HIL
IP B
RU
NN
ER
, PH
ILIP
PE
RE
NA
RD
, DA
NIE
L H
UN
KE
LER
,
•U
FZ
•F
ZJ
Cen
tre
d’H
ydro
géol
ogie
et d
e G
éoth
erm
ie (C
HY
N)
2
ST
UD
Y S
ITE
: UP
PE
R E
MM
EVA
LLE
Y
Goa
ls:
•P
rovi
de a
nd in
tegr
ate
field
and
mod
ellin
g ap
proa
ches
to o
verc
ome
the
conc
eptu
al a
nd o
bser
vatio
nal g
aps
betw
een
the
hypo
rhei
can
d m
eand
er
scal
e
Fle
ck
en
ste
in,
Bru
nn
er
Cen
tre
d’H
ydro
géol
ogie
et d
e G
éoth
erm
ie (C
HY
N)
3
ST
UD
Y S
ITE
: WAT
ER
BA
LAN
CE
Cen
tre
d’H
ydro
géol
ogie
et d
e G
éoth
erm
ie (C
HY
N)
4
ST
UD
Y S
ITE
: UP
PE
R E
MM
EVA
LLE
Y
Cha
ract
eris
tics:
•P
reci
pita
tion:
136
5 m
m/y
•B
asin
: 175
km
2
•A
v. r
unof
f: 5.
5 m
3 /s
•A
bstr
actio
n: 3
60 l/
s
Ae
sch
au
wa
ter
sta
tio
n
Cen
tre
d’H
ydro
géol
ogie
et d
e G
éoth
erm
ie (C
HY
N)
5
EX
PE
CT
ED
RE
SU
LTS
•T
he E
SR
pro
ject
aim
s to
pro
vide
and
inte
grat
e fie
ld a
nd m
odel
ling
appr
oach
es to
ove
rcom
e th
e co
ncep
tual
and
obs
erva
tion
al g
aps
betw
een
the
hypo
rhei
can
d m
eand
er s
cale
•T
he n
atur
al tr
acer
Arg
on 3
7 (u
sed
to d
etec
t und
ergr
ound
nuc
lear
bo
mb
test
s) c
lose
s th
is g
ap b
ut h
as s
o fa
r no
t bee
n e
mpl
oyed
in th
is
cont
ext.
•N
umer
ical
mod
els
sim
ulat
ing
both
the
hypo
rhei
can
d m
eand
er s
cale
w
ill a
llow
qua
ntify
ing
exch
ange
flux
es a
nd p
roce
sse
s ac
ross
the
diffe
rent
spa
tial a
nd te
mpo
ral s
cale
s.
•T
he m
odel
s w
ill b
e ba
sed
on a
hig
h-re
solu
tion
char
act
eriz
atio
n of
the
stre
ambe
d an
d ca
libra
ted
with
the
trac
er d
ata.
•S
trea
mbe
d ch
arac
teriz
atio
n an
d m
odel
ling
will
ben
efi
t fro
m o
ther
E
SR
s
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Motivations
•Fracture networks are multi-scale and complex
Data are sparse
No model is satisfactory
•Hydraulic (and mechanical) properties of fractured rock
masses are poorly known at scales of 10-100 m
Relationship between flow characteristics and fracture
network properties is an open issue
Flow is channelled and hardly detectable
Some important characteristics of flow (fracture
intersection, flow in fracture planes, “matrix” structure)
are unknown
•Geophysical imagery of decametric fracture domains is a
challenge (no more an issued for large deformation zones),
As well as geophysical imagery of flow in fractures
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Motivations
•Fracture networks are multi-scale and complex
Data are sparse
No model is satisfactory
•Hydraulic (and mechanical) properties of fractured rock
masses are poorly known at scales of 10-100 m
Relationship between flow characteristics and fracture
network properties is an open issue
Flow is channelled and hardly detectable
Some important characteristics of flow (fracture
intersection, flow in fracture planes, “matrix” structure)
are unknown
•Geophysical imagery of decametric fracture domains is a
challenge (no more an issued for large deformation zones),
As well as geophysical imagery of flow in fractures
90 m
eter
s18
met
ers
55 m
eter
s
Scale
issue
Density
variability
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Motivations
•Fracture networks are multi-scale and complex
Data are sparse
No model is satisfactory
•Hydraulic (and mechanical) properties of fractured rock
masses are poorly known at scales of 10-100 m
Relationship between flow characteristics and fracture
network properties is an open issue
Flow is channelled and hardly detectable
Some important characteristics of flow (fracture
intersection, flow in fracture planes, “matrix” structure)
are unknown
•Geophysical imagery of decametric fracture domains is a
challenge (no more an issued for large deformation zones),
As well as geophysical imagery of flow in fractures
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Motivations
•Fracture networks are multi-scale and complex
Data are sparse
No model is satisfactory
•Hydraulic (and mechanical) properties of fractured rock
masses are poorly known at scales of 10-100 m
Relationship between flow characteristics and fracture
network properties is an open issue
Flow is channelled and hardly detectable
Some important characteristics of flow (fracture
intersection, flow in fracture planes, “matrix” structure)
are unknown
•Geophysical imagery of decametric fracture domains is a
challenge (no more an issued for large deformation zones),
As well as geophysical imagery of flow in fractures
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Motivations
•Fracture networks are multi-scale and complex
Data are sparse
No model is satisfactory
•Hydraulic (and mechanical) properties of fractured rock
masses are poorly known at scales of 10-100 m
Relationship between flow characteristics and fracture
network properties is an open issue
Flow is channelled and hardly detectable
Some important characteristics of flow (fracture
intersection, flow in fracture planes, “matrix” structure)
are unknown
•Geophysical imagery of decametric fracture domains is a
challenge (no more an issued for large deformation zones),
As well as geophysical imagery of flow in fractures
Fra
ctu
re d
om
ain
Fra
ctu
rin
g
pro
pe
rtie
s
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Pla
nn
ed
se
con
dm
en
t(s)
:C
NR
S R
en
ne
s (5
mo
nth
s),
UN
IL (
5 m
on
ths)
, S
KB
(2
mo
nth
)
Scientific objectives
•Constrain fracture network from geophysical
imageries, including time-lapse imagery during
flow experiments, and fracture mapping;
•Develop a methodology to DFN conditioning (e.g.
[Davy et al., 2013; Dorn et al., 2013])
•Improve our knowledge on the flow in fracture
networks: fracture intersection, flow in the
fracture planes, dead-ends (“matrix”) structure
Experiments/methods
•Experiment in the Äspö tunnel
•Geophysical imagery methods: GPR, seismic
tomography(Vp/Vs), fibre optic, others..
•Geomechanical survey: inclinometry, deformation
gages, stress measurements
•Fracture mapping: possibility of further
excavation?
•Flow experiments with contrast tracers: pumping
test (duration, dipole, …), observation
boreholes, packers, tracer
C. D
orn
et a
l. / A
dvan
ces
in W
ater
R
esou
rces
62
(201
3) 7
9–89
ES
R4
Ho
st I
TAS
CA
Ma
in d
eli
ve
rab
les:
1.2
, 1
.3,
4.2
Flo
w a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
in
fra
ctu
re n
etw
ork
s: r
ed
uci
ng
un
cert
ain
ty o
f D
FN
mo
de
ls b
y c
on
dit
ion
ing
to
ge
olo
gy
an
d g
eo
ph
ysi
cal
da
ta
Äspö Hard Rock
Laboratory
•Multiscale organization10
10m
density~orientation∗length
•Critical range: 1100m
Lin
ea
me
nts
rad
ar
Fra
ctu
rin
g i
nte
nsi
ty
alo
ng
co
re
Ph
D #
5:
Mo
nit
ori
ng
sp
ati
o-t
em
po
ral
wa
ter
red
istr
ibu
tio
n i
n t
he
su
bsu
rfa
ce
wit
h s
eis
mic
me
tho
ds
CO
NC
EP
T:
VP
/VS
or
Po
iso
n’s
ra
tio
cla
ssic
all
y p
erm
it i
ma
gin
g f
luid
s in
ro
cks
bu
t th
is s
tra
teg
y
rem
ain
s u
nd
eru
sed
in
ne
ar-
surf
ace
ap
pli
cati
on
s, h
en
cein
hyd
rog
eo
ph
ysic
s(e
.g.
Pri
de
, 2
00
5)!
Pa
squ
et
(20
11
-20
15
)
Ph
.D.
Th
esi
s
Pa
squ
et
et
al.
(2
01
5)
Ne
ar
Su
rf.
Ge
op
hys
.
Pa
squ
et
et
al.
(2
01
5)
J. o
f A
pp
. G
eo
ph
ys
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: V
P a
nd
VS
ca
n b
e e
stim
ate
d f
rom
a s
ing
le a
cqu
isit
ion
by
in
terp
reta
tio
n o
f b
oth
P-
an
d s
urf
ace
wa
ves
. R
ece
ntl
y p
rove
d t
o b
e e
ffic
ien
t o
n v
ari
ou
s h
ydro
syst
em
s(i
n 2
D a
s w
ell
!).
Lud
ov
ic B
od
et,
La
ure
nt
Lon
gu
eve
rgn
e
Ph
D #
5:
Mo
nit
ori
ng
sp
ati
o-t
em
po
ral
wa
ter
red
istr
ibu
tio
n i
n t
he
su
bsu
rfa
ce
wit
h s
eis
mic
me
tho
ds
AP
PR
OA
CH
:E
xplo
it t
he
fu
ll w
ea
lth
of
seis
mic
da
ta f
or
wa
ter
satu
rati
on
/pre
ssu
re m
on
ito
rin
g :
1.
Ext
ract
in
form
ati
on
fro
m t
em
po
ral
vari
ati
on
s o
f ti
me
s/a
tte
nu
ati
on
/dis
pe
rsio
n;
2.
Lin
k c
ha
ng
es
in s
eis
mic
pro
pe
rtie
s w
ith
hyd
rod
yna
mic
pa
ram
ete
rs;
3.
Co
mb
ine
act
ive
se
ism
ic w
ith
sca
led
se
ism
ic n
ois
e m
on
ito
rin
g.
CH
ALL
EN
GE
S:
Sp
ati
al
va
ria
bil
ity
of
“dry
” m
ech
an
ica
l p
rop
ert
ies
is l
arg
er
tha
n c
ha
ng
es
du
e t
o
wa
ter
con
ten
t;
Ne
ar-
surf
ace
me
dia
are
un
con
soli
da
ted
.
Da
ng
ea
rd(2
01
5-2
01
8)
Ph
D T
he
sis
Da
ng
ea
rde
t a
l. (
20
16
)
EA
GE
-NS
G
Pa
squ
et
et
al.
(2
01
6)
Va
do
seZ
on
e J
.
[we can share a detailed work-plan : [email protected]; [email protected]
]
Lud
ov
ic B
od
et,
La
ure
nt
Lon
gu
eve
rgn
e
ES
R 6
: A
cti
ve F
iber-
Op
tic D
TS
meth
od
s
to m
on
ito
r su
bsu
rface f
low
dyn
am
ics
Pa
ssiv
eFO
DT
Sm
etho
dsal
low
sto
loca
tepe
rmea
ble
kars
tco
ndui
ts,
frac
ture
loca
tion
s,to
quan
tify
bore
hole
flow
velo
citi
esan
dto
char
acte
rize
grou
ndw
ater
dyna
mic
sor
ther
mal
tran
spor
t.
Rea
d et
al.
(WR
R, 2
014)
Act
ive-
Dis
trib
uted
Tem
pera
ture
Sen
sing
to
cont
inuo
usly
qua
ntify
ver
tical
flow
in b
oreh
oles
Le L
ay e
t al.
(in p
rep)
Cha
ract
eriz
atio
n of
gro
undw
ater
dyn
amic
s in
a
kars
t aqu
ifer
thro
ugh
Act
ive
and
Pas
sive
Fib
er O
ptic
DT
S m
etho
ds
Act
ive
DT
Sm
etho
dsar
eve
ryco
mpl
emen
tary
for
quan
tify
ing
bore
hole
flow
sin
ambi
ent
cond
itio
ns,
orre
late
dto
pum
ping
and
cros
s-bo
reho
lefl
ows.
By
usin
gei
ther
alo
calt
herm
also
urce
orus
ing
the
arm
orin
gof
the
cabl
e,ac
tive
DT
Sm
etho
dsar
em
uch
mor
ese
nsit
ive
tofl
ow.
ES
R 6
: A
cti
ve F
iber-
Op
tic D
TS
meth
od
s
to m
on
ito
r su
bsu
rface f
low
dyn
am
ics
A
dapt
pass
ive
met
hods
inva
rious
hydr
aulic
cond
ition
s(c
ross
-bor
ehol
ein
terf
eren
cete
sts,
perio
dic
hydr
aulic
test
san
dam
bien
tco
nditi
ons)
infr
actu
red
med
ia(P
loem
eur
and
Äsp
ösi
tes)
D
evel
opac
tive
DT
Sm
etho
dsin
burie
dca
bles
with
insa
tura
ted
poro
usm
edia
inor
der
toqu
antif
yin
-situ
fluxe
sw
ithin
sand
yaq
uife
rs(H
erm
alle
site
),sa
line
wed
ges
(Arg
ento
nasi
te)
with
the
obje
ctiv
eof
test
ing
anin
nova
tive
flow
tom
ogra
phy
appr
oach
(als
opo
ssib
lew
ithin
the
hypo
rhei
czo
nes
atR
iver
Sel
kesi
tefo
rin
stan
ce).
Dev
elop
men
tof
am
odel
ofhe
attr
ansf
erin
poro
usm
edia
and
am
odel
ofin
vers
ion
ofdi
strib
uted
flow
data
)
P
ossi
ble
exte
nt:
anal
ysis
ofco
uple
dhy
dro-
(the
rmo-
)m
echa
nica
lpr
oces
ses
infr
actu
red
med
iaus
ing
Dis
trib
uted
Str
ain
sens
ing
(pos
sibl
eap
plic
atio
nsat
Plo
emeu
ran
dÄ
spö
site
s)
Mai
nob
ject
ive
:Im
age
flow
prop
ertie
san
dst
udy
hydr
o-th
erm
o-m
echa
nica
lpr
oces
ses.
ES
R7
: M
ult
i-scale
th
erm
al im
ag
ing
of
gro
un
dw
ate
r u
pw
ellin
g in
str
eam
valleys
Obje
ctive:
(1)
Quantify
rela
tive c
ontr
ibution o
f gro
undw
ate
r dis
charg
e t
o s
tream
valleys t
hro
ugh
either
springs a
nd s
tream
bed a
nd (
2)
Quantify
the
eff
ects
of
tem
pera
ture
-contr
olled h
ydra
ulic
para
mete
rs o
n d
ischarg
e
Fie
ld s
ite:
1-3
HO
BE s
ites (
Hygild,
Evi1
, Evi2
; see
poste
r),
all s
how
ing v
arious d
egre
es o
f gro
undw
ate
r upw
ellin
g o
n land a
nd s
eepage t
o
str
eam
Fie
ld m
eth
ods:
Multi-
scale
therm
al im
agin
g;
(1)
air-b
orn
e (
in-h
ouse a
ccess t
o U
AV w
ith T
IR
cam
era
, (2
) D
TS (
in-h
ouse a
ccess),
(3)
poin
t te
mpera
ture
pro
file
s.
Com
pare
with t
raditio
nal
meth
ods (
e.g
. w
ells,
seepage)
Modellin
g:
(1)
Develo
p s
tatistical m
eth
ods/m
etr
ics
for
analy
sis
of te
mpera
ture
sig
nals
and (
2)
develo
p
surf
ace-s
ubsurf
ace f
low
and h
eat
transport
model
to s
imula
te s
patio-t
em
pora
l th
erm
al and f
low
hete
rogeneity
Secondm
ents
:U
NIN
E:
geosta
tistics,
UFZ:
heat
modeling
Motivation:
Str
eam
s a
re n
atu
ral dra
inage n
etw
ork
s a
nd
their e
ffic
iency d
epends o
n t
he s
patial
hydro
logic
al connection t
o t
he u
pla
nd
Geolo
gy/t
ransm
issiv
ity
Str
eam
bed K
, te
mpera
ture
eff
ects
Rip
arian z
one h
ydro
logy
Flo
odin
g/c
lim
ate
Upw
ellin
g o
n land v
s s
tream
bed
seepage
Rip
arian z
one e
colo
gy
“Last
line o
f defe
nce”
tow
ard
s
mitig
ating e
.g.
agricultura
l pollution
!"# $
% &
'())*+,+-,.+-/0
#
1
2) )
'())*+,+-,.+-/0
34567)89:78
#
# #
!"# #.+--
;7 80<
)
3)5
!"##) (
#
;<
$=!"' 1>=
#
!41
# #
4
'())*+,+-,.+-/0
!
Se
t-u
p
Pro
cess
ing
Init
ial re
sult
s
Sa
lin
ity
E
lect
ric
curr
en
t
ES
R 9
: G
eo
ph
ysic
al
sig
na
ture
s o
f sp
rea
din
g a
nd
mix
ing
Fig
ure
s fr
om
Jo
ug
no
te
t a
l. (
in p
rep
.)
Ho
st:
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f La
usa
nn
e (
Lin
de
)
Pri
ma
ry E
NIG
MA
co
lla
bo
rato
rs
-C
NR
S (
Jou
gn
ot,
Le
Bo
rgn
e,
Me
he
ust
)
-C
SIC
(D
en
tz,
Ca
rre
ra)
-Jü
hli
ch(H
uis
ma
n)
•S
cie
nti
fic
ob
ject
ive
: To
wh
at
ext
en
t ca
n
up
sca
led
/eff
ect
ive
pro
pe
rtie
s se
nsi
tive
to
sa
lin
ity i
nfo
rm
us
ab
ou
t st
ati
stic
s o
f sp
rea
din
g a
nd
mix
ing
be
low
th
e
ave
rag
ing
-sca
le?
•E
xp
eri
me
nta
l a
pp
roa
ch:
Use
2-D
mil
lifl
uid
ice
xpe
rim
en
ts
tha
t p
rovid
e h
igh
-re
solu
tio
n i
ma
ge
s o
f p
ore
sp
ace
, w
ate
r
ph
ase
an
d s
ali
nit
y c
ou
ple
d w
ith
ge
op
hys
ica
l m
on
ito
rin
g
(ele
ctri
cal,
se
lf-p
ote
nti
al,
sp
ect
ral
ind
uce
d p
ola
riza
tio
n);
•T
he
ore
tica
l d
ev
elo
pm
en
t: U
psc
ali
ng
mo
de
ls a
nd
lin
k t
o
an
om
alo
us
tra
nsp
ort
th
eo
ry;
•O
utl
oo
k:
Turn
in
ad
eq
ua
cie
s o
f h
ydro
ge
op
hys
ica
l
inve
rsio
n m
eth
od
s (e
.g.,
ap
pa
ren
t m
ass
lo
ss)
into
pre
dic
tive
va
ria
ble
s th
at
info
rm o
n p
roce
sse
s b
elo
w t
he
reso
luti
on
lim
it o
f g
eo
ph
ysic
al
tom
og
ram
s.
23. M
ärz
2017
Slid
e 1
Agr
osph
ere
ES
R 1
0: H
igh
reso
lutio
n aq
uife
r im
agin
g w
ith G
PR
Ful
l-wav
efor
m in
vers
ion
co
ars
e s
tru
ctu
res
de
tail
ed
su
b-w
ave
len
gth
str
uctu
res
Receiver depth [m]
Tim
e [n
s]
8090
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
first
arr
ival
times
first
cyc
le
ampl
itude
s
full-
wav
efor
m
full-
wav
efor
m
first
-arr
ival
first
-cyc
le a
mpl
itude
1
Ray
-bas
ed in
vers
ion
Ful
l-wav
efor
m in
vers
ion
Obj
ectiv
es:
Dev
elop
and
ada
pt G
PR
full-
wav
efor
m in
vers
ion
to
•im
age
trac
er fr
ont d
istr
ibut
ions
usi
ng ti
me-
laps
e m
easu
rem
ents
at t
he
Kra
utha
usen
test
site
(al
luvi
al a
quife
r)•
imag
e an
d ch
arac
teris
e fr
actu
re n
etw
orks
at H
+ P
loem
eur
site
(f
ract
ured
aqu
ifer)
23. M
ärz
2017
Slid
e 2
Agr
osph
ere
Kra
utha
usen
Plu
me
split
ting
expl
aine
dby
GP
R fu
ll-w
avef
orm
inve
rsio
n
The
obt
aine
d in
vers
ion
resu
lts w
ill b
e co
mpa
red
and
com
bine
d w
ith d
ata
obta
ined
by
ES
R 2
, 3, 4
, 5, 6
, 9 &
13.
Pla
nned
sec
ondm
ents
: •
CN
RS
(2
mon
ths,
mea
sure
men
ts &
join
t ana
lysi
s of
Plo
emeu
rsi
te r
esul
ts)
•U
NIL
(2
mon
ths,
join
t ana
lysi
s of
Kra
utha
usen
& P
loem
eur
inve
rsio
n re
sults
),
Ray
-bas
edin
vers
ion
resu
lts:
Ful
l-wav
efor
min
vers
ion
resu
lts:
ES
R1
1 &
ES
R1
5U
niv
ers
ity
of
Liè
ge
, U
niv
ers
ity
of
Mo
ns,
BR
GM
MA
RIE
SK
LOD
OW
SK
A-C
UR
IE A
CT
ION
S
EN
IGM
A I
nn
ova
tive
Tra
inin
g N
etw
ork
s -2
01
7
ES
R1
1:
Join
t h
ea
t a
nd
so
lute
tra
cer
test
in
ve
rsio
n f
or
ima
gin
g
pre
fere
nti
al p
ath
ways
•R
ati
on
ale
-Im
pro
vin
g p
red
icti
on
me
tho
ds
of
e.g
. d
esi
gn
an
d i
mp
act
fo
r h
ea
t st
ora
ge
sy
ste
ms,
im
pa
cta
nd
re
me
dia
tio
nfo
r so
lute
co
nta
min
ati
on
-h
ea
ta
nd
so
lute
ha
ve d
iffe
ren
t (c
om
ple
me
nta
ry)
tra
nsp
ort
be
ha
vio
rs (
i.e
. w
ith
re
spe
ct t
o m
atr
ix d
iffu
sio
n,
dis
pe
rsio
n,
con
du
ctio
n)
an
d n
ew
ge
op
hy
sica
l te
chn
iqu
es
pro
vid
e d
eta
ile
d 2
D a
nd
3D
im
ag
es
•K
ey
ta
sks
-C
o-i
nv
ers
ion
te
chn
iqu
es
an
d p
red
icti
on
-fo
cuse
d a
pp
roa
ch(P
FA*
) (H
erm
an
se
t a
l 2
01
6 W
RR
)
-Te
st t
race
rs w
ith
dif
fere
nt
dif
fusi
on
co
eff
icie
nts
in a
ma
trix
–fr
act
ure
d m
ed
ia a
t th
e f
ract
ure
to
we
ll s
cale
s (s
ite
UM
ON
S)
Ma
teri
als
& m
eth
od
s
Da
ta4
D E
RT
an
d S
IP,
GP
R a
nd
DT
S d
ata
co
nta
ins
info
rma
tio
n o
n t
ran
spo
rt p
roce
sse
s a
nd
pre
fere
nti
al
flo
w p
ath
s
Tra
cer
test
s
Sit
es A
llu
via
l se
dim
en
ts (
HS
A)
an
d f
ract
ure
d c
ha
lk a
nd
fra
ctu
red
be
dro
ck o
verl
aid
by
w
ea
the
red
ro
cks
in I
nd
ia (
H+
Hy
de
rab
ad
site
BR
GM
)
Inte
ract
ion
sD
TS
te
chn
olo
gy
ES
R6
;
Mo
de
l co
mp
ari
son
fo
r sp
rea
din
g a
nd
mix
ing
ES
R9
;
Hyd
rog
eo
ph
ysic
al
me
tho
ds
GP
R (
ES
R1
0)
an
d S
IP (
ES
R1
2).
Su
pe
rvis
ors
: P
rin
cip
al
sup
erv
iso
r is
: P
rof.
Ala
in D
ass
arg
ue
s, H
ydro
ge
olo
gy
an
d E
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
Ge
olo
gy,
ULg
Oth
er
sup
erv
iso
r: P
rof.
Pa
sca
l G
od
ern
iau
x,
Hyd
rog
eo
log
y, U
Mo
ns
Se
con
dm
en
ts:
BR
GM
(Hyd
era
ba
d)
ES
R1
5:
Inte
gra
tio
n o
f d
yn
am
ica
l
hyd
rog
eo
ph
ysic
ald
ata
in
a m
ult
iple
-po
int
ge
ost
ati
stic
al fr
am
ew
ork
•R
ati
on
ale
•In
teg
rate
4D
sp
ati
all
y d
istr
ibu
ted
da
ta,
wit
h a
hig
h
tem
po
ral
reso
luti
on
, to
giv
e n
ew
in
sig
hts
on
tr
an
spo
rt p
roce
sse
s.
•K
ey
ta
sks:
•C
on
sid
er
pri
or
sce
na
rio
s v
ali
da
tio
n/f
als
ific
ati
on
u
sin
g 4
Dh
ydro
ge
op
hys
ica
lm
on
ito
rin
g d
ata
of
tra
nsp
ort
pro
cess
es.
•D
eve
lop
a n
ew
fra
me
wo
rk -
PFA
/PP
M-
to i
nte
gra
te
dyn
am
ica
l h
ydro
ge
op
hys
ica
ld
ata
se
ts i
n m
ult
iple
-p
oin
t g
eo
sta
tist
ica
l fr
am
ew
ork
Ma
teri
als
& m
eth
od
s
Da
ta4
D E
RT
an
d S
IP d
ata
co
nta
ins
info
rma
tio
n o
n t
ran
spo
rt p
roce
sse
s a
nd
p
refe
ren
tia
l fl
ow
pa
ths
tha
t ca
n h
elp
dis
crim
ina
te b
etw
ee
n v
ari
ou
s sc
en
ari
os
be
tte
r th
an
sta
tic
ima
ge
s.
GP
R a
nd
DT
S p
rovid
es
tim
e-l
ap
se i
ma
ge
s w
ith
a h
igh
er
spa
tia
l re
solu
tio
n
tha
n E
RT
or
SIP
Sit
es H
SA
an
d/o
r K
rau
tha
use
n,
Plo
em
eu
r
Inte
ract
ion
sC
olla
bo
rati
on
s w
ith
ES
Rs
13
(U
T)
an
d 1
4(C
SIC
) fr
om
a m
eth
od
olo
gic
al
po
int
of
vie
w.
Da
tase
ts o
f E
SR
6(D
TS
) a
nd
ES
R1
0(G
PR
) w
ill
be
in
teg
rate
d.
Su
pe
rvis
ors
: F.
NG
UY
EN
(U
Lg)
an
d T
. H
ER
MA
NS
(U
Lg)
Se
con
dm
en
ts:
CS
IC(j
oin
t in
vers
ion
), A
QU
A(t
ech
no
log
y t
ran
sfe
r)
Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
ES
R12
: Spe
ctra
l ind
uced
pol
ariz
atio
n m
onito
ring
for
in-s
itu q
uant
ifica
tion
of
bioc
hem
ical
rea
ctio
ns
J. A
. Hui
sman
, E. Z
imm
erm
ann,
J. V
ande
rbor
ght
T. L
e B
orgn
e, N
. Lin
de, D
. Jou
gnot
, U
. Gho
sh, Y
. Meh
eust
0.0
01
0.0
10.1
110
100
1000
10000
0
10
20
30
-5-10
-15
-20
-25
Fre
quency
(H
z)
ρ(Ω
m)
φ(m
rad)
ρ
φ
•E
lect
rical
pol
ariz
atio
n un
der
influ
ence
of e
lect
ric fi
eld
Spe
ctra
l Ind
uced
Pol
ariz
atio
n (S
IP)
•D
escr
iptio
n by
com
plex
, fre
quen
cy-d
epen
dent
ele
ctric
al r
esis
tivity
curr
ent I
, j
time
t
phas
e sh
ift φ
volta
ge V
, E
time
t
EIT
40 -
bore
hole
mea
sure
men
t sys
tem
Labo
rato
ry S
IP a
nd fi
eld
EIT
Bio
film
s an
d bi
oche
mic
al r
eact
ions
•D
irect
effe
cts
of b
iofil
m o
n S
IP s
igna
ture
•In
dire
ct e
ffect
s of
bio
film
s on
SIP
sig
natu
re
−C
hang
es in
por
osity
−S
IP s
igna
ture
of m
iner
al p
reci
pita
tes
−(B
io-)
chem
ical
rea
ctio
ns
Pila
wsk
iet a
l. (2
016)
Exp
erim
enta
l app
roac
h
•M
illifl
uidi
cex
perim
ents
−A
bilit
y to
obs
erve
bio
film
dis
trib
utio
n, m
iner
al p
reci
pita
tes,
and
per
haps
ev
en b
ioch
emic
al r
eact
ions
and
rel
ate
this
to c
hang
es in
SIP
sig
natu
re
and
perm
eabi
lity.
•T
ime-
laps
e E
IT m
easu
rem
ents
at P
loem
eur
site
, whe
re z
ones
with
ab
unda
nt b
iofil
m a
ctiv
ity h
as b
een
obse
rved
in b
oreh
oles
.
Con
nolly
(20
15)
C
ente
r fo
r A
pp
lied
Geo
scie
nce
(ZA
G)
Hyd
rog
eolo
gy
Eur
opea
n tr
aini
ng N
etw
ork
for
in s
itu im
aGin
g of
dyn
aMic
pr
oces
ses
in h
eter
ogen
eous
sub
surf
Ace
env
ironm
ents
ES
R13
:F
ully
Cou
pled
Hyd
roge
ophy
sica
l In
vers
ion
of 3
-D T
race
r T
omog
raph
y us
ing
Tem
pora
l Mom
ents
and
E
nsem
ble
Kal
man
Filt
erin
g
Ola
f A. C
irpka
& C
arst
en L
even
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tüb
inge
n ·
Cen
ter
for
App
lied
Geo
scie
nce
C
ente
r fo
r A
pp
lied
Geo
scie
nce
(ZA
G)
Hyd
rog
eolo
gy
ES
R13
: F
ully
-Cou
pled
EnK
F fo
r Tr
acer
Tom
ogra
phy
Ele
ctric
al R
esis
tivity
Tom
ogra
phy
(ER
T)
Mon
itorin
g of
Sal
t-T
race
r T
ests
•T
est s
ite L
ausw
iese
n w
ith
seve
ral p
umpi
ng &
man
y ob
serv
atio
n w
ells
•F
orce
d-gr
adie
nt tr
acer
test
s•
NaC
l + fl
uore
scei
n as
trac
er•
Dire
ct o
bser
vatio
n of
flu
ores
cein
& h
eads
•In
dire
ct o
bser
vatio
n of
NaC
l by
cro
ss-b
oreh
ole
ER
T
1.G
roun
dwat
er F
low
Equ
atio
n
2.A
dvec
tion-
Dis
pers
ion
Equ
atio
n
3.A
rchi
e‘s
Law
4.P
oiss
on E
quat
ion(
)0
=∇
⋅∇
−∇⋅
+∂∂
cc
tcD
qθ
θ
()
()
∑=
−=
∇⋅
∇−
∂∂wn i
w iw
iQ
hK
thS
1)
()
(x
xδ
cS
am
nw
κσ
ϑσ
σ+
==
−0
1
()
()
()
()
io
Ix
xx
x−
−−
=∇
⋅∇
δδ
ϕσ
C
ente
r fo
r A
pp
lied
Geo
scie
nce
(ZA
G)
Hyd
rog
eolo
gy
ES
R13
: F
ully
-Cou
pled
EnK
F fo
r Tr
acer
Tom
ogra
phy
Insi
ghts
from
Pre
cedi
ng S
tudi
es•
Ana
lyze
mea
n ar
rival
tim
e ra
ther
th
an ti
me
serie
s of
ER
T s
igna
ls
Con
dens
atio
n of
dat
a
Hig
h se
nsiti
vity
w.r
.t. h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
Lo
w s
ensi
tivity
w.r
.t. fo
rmat
ion
fact
or in
Arc
hie‘
s la
w
•T
empo
ral m
omen
t-ge
nera
ting
equa
tions
•G
eost
atis
tical
reg
ular
izat
ion
•G
auss
-New
ton
met
hod
•M
omen
t-ge
nera
ting
equa
tions
re
quire
ste
ady-
stat
e flo
w–
Wor
ks in
the
lab,
less
so
in th
e fie
ld
•G
auss
-New
ton
met
hod
requ
ires
sens
itivi
ty o
f all
mea
sure
men
ts
w.r
.t. a
ll pa
ram
eter
s
Man
y ad
join
t equ
atio
ns
C
umbe
rsom
e pr
ogra
min
g
C
ompu
te te
mpo
ral m
omen
ts in
tr
ansi
ent f
low
and
use
EnK
F fo
r its
inve
rsio
n
C
ente
r fo
r A
pp
lied
Geo
scie
nce
(ZA
G)
Hyd
rog
eolo
gy
ES
R13
: F
ully
-Cou
pled
EnK
F fo
r Tr
acer
Tom
ogra
phy
Wor
k P
rogr
am
•P
erfo
rm p
umpi
ng a
nd tr
acer
te
sts
in to
mog
raph
ic s
etup
s•
Man
y is
sues
of f
ield
wor
k ar
e re
solv
ed
•A
dapt
EnK
F c
odes
to s
uit t
he
type
of m
easu
rem
ents
•V
ario
us v
aria
nts
of E
nKF
and
da
ta h
andl
ing
(e.g
., w
ith te
mpo
ral
mom
ents
or
full
sign
als)
•C
ompa
rison
to in
vers
ion
usin
g
4D-V
AR
tech
niqu
es (
nonl
inea
r co
njug
ate
grad
ient
met
hods
) at
U
nive
rsity
of H
eide
lber
g
All
we
lls
3”
wit
h2
m o
pe
n in
terv
al
Leg
en
d
Pu
mp
ing
we
lllo
ng
term
test
( 7
” y 1
2,5
” ,
25
m)
3 p
iezo
me
ters
a 3
’’ (
25
, 2
0,
15
m o
25
, 1
5,
10
m)
(te
nie
nd
o e
n c
ue
nta
lo
s 2
m d
e t
ub
erí
a c
iega
fin
al lo
s r
an
ura
do
em
pe
zará
n a
23
, 1
8,
13
m o
23
, 1
2,
8 m
)
Pie
zóm
etr
o a
de
stro
za (
XX
m
de
pth
pie
zóm
etr
o)
15
m
10
m
25
m
25
m
Test
igo
co
nti
nu
o
20
m (
de
stro
za)
Pie
z. n
ido
15
m (
de
stro
za)
Nid
o 1
Nid
o 3
Nid
o 2
Nid
o 4
Am
pli
aci
ón
esq
ue
ma
pie
zóm
etr
os
Nid
o 2
-P
ozo
25
m
De
stro
za
Ub
ica
ció
n c
ua
dro
de
ma
nd
os
Th
eA
rge
nto
na
site
(so
me
40
km
NE
of
BC
N)
Ty
pic
al
coa
sta
lse
dim
en
sg
eo
log
y
Pre
lim
ER
T
Ge
olo
gic
all
y c
on
stra
ine
d j
oin
t in
ve
rsio
n o
f h
yd
rau
lic,
tra
cer
an
d E
RT
da
ta f
or
pro
cess
vis
ua
liza
tio
n
•E
ffe
ctiv
e i
nte
gra
tio
n o
f g
eo
log
ica
l u
nd
ers
tan
din
g in
to m
od
el
inve
rsio
n r
em
ain
s
the
sin
gle
mo
st c
ha
lle
ng
ing
hu
rdle
fo
r re
lia
ble
gro
un
dw
ate
r in
ve
rsio
n.
•In
clu
din
g s
eq
ue
nti
al
stra
tig
rap
hy
co
nce
pts
. In
ve
rsio
n w
ill
be
ba
sed
on
op
tim
izin
g m
od
el
fit
to h
ard
da
ta o
n s
tate
va
ria
ble
s (T
, h
, C
, V
), o
f fi
eld
s
con
dit
ion
ed
to
ca
teg
ori
cal
da
ta (
text
ura
l in
form
ati
on
fro
m b
ore
ho
les)
an
d
seq
ue
nti
al
stra
tig
rap
hy
co
nce
pts
on
co
nti
nu
ity
an
d o
rie
nta
tio
n o
f la
ye
rs.
•T
his
wil
l a
llo
w t
est
ing
th
e v
ali
dit
y o
f g
eo
log
ica
l a
ssu
mp
tio
ns.
Th
e i
nve
rsio
n
sho
uld
pro
vid
e a
de
tail
ed
vis
ua
lisa
tio
n o
f th
e a
ctu
al
pro
cess
es
occ
urr
ing
in
th
e
fie
ld,
wh
ich
wo
uld
all
ow
us
to g
ain
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
on
th
ese
pro
cess
es.
•T
he
me
tho
do
log
y o
f jo
int
inve
rsio
n w
ill
be
de
ve
lop
ed
in
co
lla
bo
rati
on
wit
h E
SR
s
13
an
d 1
5.
•P
oo
l e
t a
l. (
20
16
). A
co
mp
ari
son
of
de
term
inis
tic
an
d s
toch
ast
ic a
pp
roa
che
s fo
r
reg
ion
al sc
ale
in
ve
rse
mo
de
llin
g.
Ap
pli
cati
on
to
th
e M
ar
de
l P
lata
aq
uif
er.
J.
of
Hyd
rol.
