1

Rafał Pawliczak, Bartosz Bielecki and Michael Schumacher

SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATION FOR SCIENTISTS

Prezentacja naukowa dla naukowców

A short text book for Ph. D. students

Medical University of Lodz

UMR 788 INSERM and Universite´ Paris-Sud, France

2014

2

Table of content:

I. Preface

II. Definition and types of presentation

III. Fears and how to overcome them

IV. Making a successful presentation

V. Errors and how to avoid them

VI. The visuals

VII. How to be dressed for a talk?

VIII. Finally – the talk day

IX. Discussion

X. Summary and take home message

APPENDIX

3

The secret of successful speakers? Passion and compassion with a purpose.

Lily Walters

I believe scientists have a duty to share the excitement and pleasure of their work with the general public, and I

enjoy the challenge of presenting difficult ideas in an understandable way.

Antony Hewish

PREFACE

Everybody, everyday gives several presentations. On many occasions, we even do not

think that, we are delivering a talk. So that, after several years of life we should be a very

skillful, professional presenter. Unfortunately, this is not the truth. In most cases we are pretty

poor presenters, making a lot of fuss without any reasonable reflection. Some of our failures

may be attributed to poor soft skills, some not. Anyway, giving an interesting, engaging

scientific talk is difficult. Moreover, this task is well known for delivering one of the greatest

fear and stress in life. This very short text book gave major points and underlines selected

issues related to the presentation process. It is not a replacement for professional training class

or textbook, it is just a summary of ideas and a source of most typical solutions.

I sincerely hope you might find this book useful in fulfilling scientific duties and

giving great talks.

Rafal Pawliczak MD, PhD

4

II. Definition and types of presentation

Types of scientific presentations:

- departmental conference lecture

- congress/scientific meeting lecture

- oral presentation

- poster presentation

- poster discussion

- workshop

- round table discussion

- advisory board meeting

- state of the art lecture

- Nobel Prize lecture

Apart from mentioned above there are several scientific presentation usually done in writing:

- Full research paper (original communication)

- Letter to the editor

- Conference abstract

- Review paper

- Position paper

5

- Guidelines

- Pilot study communication

Mentioned above presentation are detailed described in a textbook “Proper scientific writing”.

What is a scientific presentation?

Scientific presentation definition has been defined by Morrisey and Sechrest (1987):

"A presentation involves the preparation and delivery of critical subject matter in a

logical and condensed form, leading to effective communication".

Types pf presentation related to the effect delivered on the audience:

Persuasive: Convincing your audience to follow a particular course of action.

Instructional: Showing others how to perform a specific task (e.g., laboratory

demonstration).

Informative: Presenting new findings of information.

6

III. Fears and how to overcome them

Figure 1. Presentation can be a serious source of stress (source: public domain)

Giving presentation is one of the most stressful and difficult experience almost for everybody.

There are several reasons making this task so difficult:

- Presentation always seems to the one, unique and absolutely new

- One chance for the audience to hear from you

- The audience cannot look up background information

- The audience is restricted to the speaker’s pace

- Success is dependent upon the speaker’s ability to deliver

- Training on how to give scientific presentations is often not provided

- Rehersal is seldom utilized by the presenter

- Technical equipment is often confusing

7

Typical fears during the presentation are connected to the following issues:

- Losing one’s voice

- Losing the audience’s attention.

- Losing the narrative

- Lacking sufficient material.

- Appearing too simple.

- Presenting work to a mixed audience.

The successful presentation always starts with a confident speaker. So that, the solution for

preparing am efficient, stressless and successful presentation is simple:

- Prepare

- Make a rehersal

- Stay calm and relaxed

- Know your material

- Practice giving your presentation

- You have a valuable message to share

- Practice

- Analyze the outcome [if possible]

- Make corrections

- Present again

- Give a talk

8

The success of your presentation will be judged not by the knowledge you send but by what the listener

receives.

Lily Walters

IV. Making successful presentation

How to make a successful research presentation?

A successful presentation will consist of the following steps:

•Determination of the objectives of the presentation

•Analysis of the audience

•Planning

•Organization of the material for effective results

•Preparation of visual aids

•Delivery

•Practice

In most cases determining the goal of the talk and finding a reasonable and efficient approach

to fulfill it is one of the most important phases of the preparation step. We have to answer the

question: “How and why we want to change the audience behavior?” . This is related to the

analysis of the audience. While delivering a talk we have to fulfill audience needs, whatever

and however they are. Only fulfilling their needs may lead to success in presentation.

Before we start to construct a scientific presentation we need to define the audience:

9

- Age and sex

- Education level

- Audience needs

- What they know about the topic of the presentation, and what they want to know

Moreover, we need the information about the venue, the number of spectators, the seating,

lighting and the presence or absence of all the technical equipment. Seating is one of the most

crucial aspect of presentation.

Figure 2. Examples of audience seating.

Planning phase means that we want to set up the methods and means to reach the goal and lay

out the presentation.

BAD

GOOD

10

The presentation has to have a structure. We all like listening to a story. Make the

presentation a story. Start from a nice invitation, a warming-up, a joke etc. This is often call

an ice-breaker due to the fact that in most cases the audience is at least neutral and sometimes

even not interested in the topic of the talk and do not even wanted to meet the presenter. So

that, an nice and warm invitation might break the barrier between you and the audience and

allows for a stressless start. Then, try to make a short and easy introduction to the main area

of the talk. We often use a phrase: “tell them, what you will be talking about, then tell

them, then tell them what you have told them”. Scientific presentation have to be

structured. The structures may differ depending on the theme of the talk.

Original data presentation structure:

- Introduction

- The aim of the study

- Materials and methods

- Results

- Summary

Congress lecture structure:

- Historical and research background

- Major achievements on the field

- Recent studies data summary

- Presenter’s own experience in the field

- Future directions

- Take home message

11

In most cases we may modify the universal structure of the talk to reach the goal of the

presentation.

Structure always will start from the introduction to the merit of the talk, followed by the data,

and finalized with the summary and/or take home message.

Personal patients’ or business partners’ stories, testimonials, historical facts and important

artifacts are all welcome. Moreover, it is important to make the talk personal not only for the

presenter but especially for the audience. When they identified with the problems we are

talking about and when we are able to engage the audience – then we are close to get the job

done.

Planning phase is also related to the preparing the visual aids.

You always might prepare the talk without visuals. But while you are preparing scientific

presentation, where charts, gels and cells pictures are an important part of the talk, it is

important and very easy to use them for illustratory purpose.

We have many different visual aids:

- Flip chart

- Electronic slides (e.g. Keynote, Power Point)

- Video movies

- Still pictures on a paper

- Overheads

Choice is yours and depends on:

- Technical equipment available

- Your idea of the talk

12

- Formal structure of the presentation and its composition

Please remember, that you can give a great talk without any visual aids and you may fail on a

simple talk by bad visuals. Be aware also that giving a talk without any illustratory materials

may be difficult if you are presenting original communications.

When your talk is ready and you have got all the words you will be using in your head

you have to start practicing. This is the most boring and laboring part of the presentation. It is

advisable to use a cell phone camera to record and review the presentation paying the

attention to both the body language and the voice. You may also record you and the visuals if

you are use some getting an impression how the whole presentation looks like. It is important

to make several recordings and review them carefully. The more practice is done, the better

results are achieve in the presentation venue.

Final step of the preparatory phase is to put the presentation away for a day or two and

get back to it and give a talk again. This allows for getting a little bit of a distance for the

presentation.

V. Errors and how to avoid them

Everybody makes errors every day. When presentation which is well prepared and the

presenter is well trained and knows what presentation is and what presentation is not, the

probability of problems is dramatically decreasing. In this chapter we review several typical

errors which may happen during the talk.

Typical errors committed while preparing presentations:

- Power Point or Keynote are used as a thinking tool

13

- Too much time spent on visuals as compared with actual time spent on analyzing the

problem and the audience needs

- Poor background or/and not clear visuals

- Usage of accidental graphics

- No practice phase

The visuals

Visual aids are graphical approach to illustrate the talk. Sometimes there are important part of

the talk, sometime they are elective.

The presentation consist of:

YOU – your body, and the voice

VISUAL AIDS if needed

Did they deliver great presentations?

14

15

16

Figure 3. The famous presenters

Did they use the Power Point?

This is an important thing to analyze. Power Point is famous for destroying good

presentations and for Power Point poisoning.

You may utilize other visual aids such as:

- A flip chart

- Blackboard or white board

- Series of art images prepared in advance

You may also try to deliver a speech without any visuals. You got great predecessors,

mentioned above.

If you still want to use a Power Point, please take under consideration several points

mentioned below.

How many slides do I need?

17

Enough and no one more – any less. Typically, we use 1 slide per one minute. But in general

is better to have 21 slides per half an hour presentation than 34. You want to show them all.

All are important. So that, do not think that you can have more slides and show them “just for

a moment”. If you want to show a slide for a sec – maybe you do not need to show it at all?

What background I should choose?

Contrasting with the text and not busy:

Examples:

Contrast is important!

Colors in projector usually differs from what you see on the computer screen.

Good examples:

18

Figure 4. How to prepare great slides accompanying a presentation

6 words per Line

6 lines per slide

15-20 words per slide is max

19

Figure 5. Several examples of well organized slides

20

Bad or not very good examples:

21

22

Figure 6. Several examples of poor organized slides

Although we used “Dziękuję za uwagę” slide as an example, we do not use this kind of slides

in the presentation, because they do not illustrate anything. You may just say “ Thank you all” or “Thank you for listening” while finishing the talk.

Slides used for scientific presentation usually have very formal structure. You may apply it or

modify depending on the audience and the aim of the presentation. The most important is to

put bibliographical data on the slide if you are using data from published source.

Typical scientific slide structure:

Erdosteina a zaostrzenia i hospitalizacje

1,38

0,310,94

0,16

1

2

0

Zaostrzenia Hospitalizacje

*

*

Erdosteina

Placebo

Badanie EQUALIFE

Moretti et al. 2004 iesię y le ze ia - POChP

Koszty:

684,7 €881,5 €

Figure 7. Formal slide organizing scheme

Please notice the contrast, simplicity, clarity of the graphics and citation and other

information presence.

Universal rule for Power Point slides:

Main

message

Graphical data

representation

Citation Other important info

23

6X6

6 lines per slide, 6 words per line

36 points font Arial or similar serifless font

KISSS

Keep it – Short, Simple nad Sharp

24

Major points for structuring the presentation

- Tell a story (Tell them what you are going to tell them. Tell them. Then tell them

what you have told them.)

-Make an intro

-Deliver data or presentation body

-Summarize

-Take home message

- Make it personal and vivid

- use examples and comparisons

- testimonials

- characters’ opinion

- personal experience

- shorten the distance (real or psychological)

- Be honest, were prepared and sincere

- Use humor if possible

- Use your voice as musical instrument

- pause

- change the timbre

25

- change the volume

- Present all your mind and body, not only the visuals

- Leave enough time for questions and discussion

- Do not forget to thank everybody for coming and listening

Time to boredom

Every talk might be boring. For unlimited number of reasons. It does not have to be the topic

of the talk, or you, or the visuals. The major reason for being bored is just the time flow. See

the figure for details. It is very easy to notice that the more engaging and entertaining talk is,

the longer time to boredom. Unfortunately, not every presentation is engaging and

entertaining, at least due to the formal or technical reasons. Have in mind, that every 10-15

minutes of a formal presentation we need to re-focus audience attention. You may use several

approaches:

- Tell a joke

- Make a funny comment

- Use a pause and silence

- Change the timbre of the voice

- Ask the audience a question

- Ask them about their personal opinion related to the talk

- Tell them a short story related to the main topic of the talk

This might be very helpful in keeping audience focused and right in track.

26

Figure 8. Mean time to boredom

VII. How to be dressed for a talk?

For most of the talks the dress will be smart casual or informal. Only for evening or

award lectures the dress should be formal. As a general rule, try to be dressed a little more

formal than you suppose the audience will be dressed. This will show your respect and

appreciation that they came. Your outfit should be not in the first place. Try plain skirt and

jacket for ladies and two part suit or coordinate for men. Colors should be in background:

gray, dark blue etc. Avoid black and white. They are not very well displayed in strong light,

especially in video transmission or recordings. Use shirt or the blouse with a collar. The

shirt/blouse color should be much lighter that the jacket. Accessories should be limited and

not blinking. If you want, you may use a strong and sharp color on the scarf or a tie.

Please, avoid big graphics, mixed colors and blinking jewelry. Hair should be put in

ordered, men shaved, make-up discrete.

Please make sure, that you will fill comfortable in the outfit. You have to be yourself

and feel safe and safe assure. Make sure that you will fill comfortable and will be able to

move while walking the stairs to the podium, etc. It is important to accomodate the length of

the skirt allowing for easy moments on stairs while nervous and in a hurry. This is actually

worth testing before the talk. For everybody, a simple but very efficient advise: wear

comfortable shoes on a hard sole. Hard shoes sole allows for steady posture and gives a

support. Test it and you will find that hard soles will increase your voice energy and will help

you to make more confident.

VIII. Finally – the talk day

27

Arrive early, have your talk ready. If you are using computer files as the visuals make sure,

that you have 2 copies of them, preferably on different media sources and that they are

opening and working. Author use an internet cloud drive to store additional copy of the

visuals, but it will work only if you have a computer with internet access with you. Always be

prepared to give a talk without the visuals.

Check the room, where you will be presenting, make sure all the technical equipment

or white board or flip chart are ready, connected and working. Check the temperature and air

condition to make sure that the audience will be comfortable during the talk.

Then, wait for the presentation, greeting coming audience and make a small talk with

them. This allows you for being relaxed and on the other hand make them more familiar with

you and your talk. Allow them to meet and get to know you.

Finally, after the greets and introduction, give the talk.

IX. Discussion; Q&A session

This is the last part of the event and sometimes the major source of fear for the talker.

In real life, we want to be asked only questions, where we know the answers. So, the best

solution to your fear is to have the answers ready before the talk, be prepared for questions,

even try to predict questions and practice the answers. What to do, if you do not know the

answer? Admit it and promise that you will find one and get back to the questioner with the

answer and available literature (by e-mail or by personal meeting) and do it.

Dealing with unrelated or enemy questions might be difficult. First, it is important to

appreciate the question, than rephrase, than find and express the answer. If it does not work,

may may always say, that “the question is important and you appreciate it but due to : lack of

28

time or irrelevance to the major topic of the talk, the answer will be given after the meeting”.

Be polite, serious and fair. And of course you have to give the answer after the talk.

SUMMARY and TAKE HOME MESSAGE

“Ten Commandments” of Scientific Talk

1) Prepare your material carefully and logically

2) Practice your talk.

3) Don't put in too much material.

4) Avoid inadequate graphics and text.

5) Have only few conclusion points.

6) Talk to the audience not to the screen.

7) Avoid making distracting sounds.

8) Be you, not somebody else.

9) Use humor if possible.

10) Take questions and comments

And last, but not least – PREPARE AND PRACTICE!

29

APPENDIX

An examples of good Power Point visuals

30

Slajd 1

Astma a infekcje

Prof. zw. dr hab. Rafał PawliczakKatedra Alergologii, Immunologii i Dermatologii

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 2 Konflikt interesów

• Nie ma

• Wykład nie jest sponsorowany przez przemysł

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 3 Moje dziecko często choruje…

• Immunostymulacja może pomóc

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

31

Slajd 4 Liczba infekcji u dzieci w zależności od wieku

Gruber C, Keil T, Kulig M i wsp. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008: 19: 505–512

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 5 Relacje infekcje a atopia

KOLONIZACJA

LUB

INFEKCJA

ROZWÓJ ATOPIILUB

CHORÓB ATOPOWYCH

CHRONI

ZWIĘKSZA RYZYKO

ZAOSTRZA OBJAWY

Y. J. Juhn J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;134:247-57

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 6 Dzie i urodzo e CC ają większe r z ko zakaże ia RSV

1

1,05

1,1

1,15

1,2

1,25

1,3

Wskazania nagłe Cięcie planowe

Ryzyko hospitalizacji z powodu infekcji RSV

Wskazania nagłeCięcie planowe

399,175 dzieci 10,758 hospitalizacji - RSV

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2014:DOI : 10.1097

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

32

Slajd 7 W zes e zakaże ie rinowirusami zwiększa ryzyko astmy u dzieci

Daniel J. Jackson et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 178. pp 667–672, 2008

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 8

Genes Environment

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 9 Infekcja HRV zwiększa ryzyko astmy

Głównie u pacjentów z formami polimorficznymi: • W regionie GSDMB/ORMDL3 (17q12-q21)

• NFKBI,

• IL1R2,

• LBP,

• IL18RAP

• TLR1

• TLR2

Canadian Asthma Primary Prevention Study (CAPPS)

J Immunol 2013; 190:3949–3958

N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1398–1407.

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

33

Slajd 10 Ludzki rinowirus (HRV)

• HRV-A

• HRV-B

• HRV-C

HRV-C jest odpowiedzialny za największe ryzyko hospitalizacji i rozwój astmy u dzieci

Grupa: Grupa IV ((+)ssRNA)

Rząd: Picornavirales

Rodzina: Picornaviridae

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:1358–1364.

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 11 Indukcja odpowiedzi wrodzonej przez HRV

Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 26(1):135.

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 12

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

34

Slajd 13

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 14 Gern J. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;9:73-78

Rhinovirus and the initiation of asthma

dziecko

ASTMA

infekcja

wirusowa

dróg oddechowych

ie owlęnoworodek

pierwszy epizodświsz zą ego odde hu

uszkodzeniea ło ka odde howego

remodeling

predyspozycjeatopia

wrodzo e za . ukł. oddupośl. odpow. p-wirus.

zdrowy

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 15 Astma – świst – gdzie jesteś ?

6265 dzieci

z epizoda i świsz zą ego odde hu

okres obserwacji

od .ż. do r.ż.

diagnostyka atopii(roztocze, trawy, kot)

o e a fu k ji płui adreaktyw oś i oskrzeli

Częstość świsz zą ego odde huw 7 r.ż.

100%

59%

25%16%

brak okresowy przewlekły

ASTMA

Henderson J Thorax 2008(Nov); 63:974-80

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

35

Slajd 16

Jackson DJ , Johnston SL J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 1178-1187

Hipersekrecja

Chemotaksja

i aktywacja

kom. zapalnych

Aktywacja

Th1 i Th2

Uszkodzenie

a ło ka odde howego

Skurcz

. gładki h

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 17

Zakaże ia wirusowe są prz z ą 8 % epizodów świsz zą ego odde h u dzie i < r.ż

Daniel J. Jackson et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 178. pp 667–672, 2008

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 18

dzieci - hospitalizacje z powodu świstów od 2 mż. do 18 r.ż.

Szczyt występowania zaostrzeń astmy pokrywa się ze szczytem zapadalności na zakażenia wirusowe

kwie maj czer lipie sierp wrze paź listo gru sty lut marzliczba h

ospitaliz

acji

astm

y

3- 18 lat

< 3 r.ż.

Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of

admission among children hospitalized for wheezingHeymann P. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:239-47

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

36

Slajd 19 Simpson A i wsp. .JAJRCCM 2010 ; 181: 1200-1206

Dzieci atopowe częściej trafiaja do szpitala

z powodu infekcji!

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 20

Jaime P. Olenec et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010

Atopowe dzieci chorują częściej i ciężej!

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 21 Niskie wytwarzanie IFN –g -> dużo infekcji

Sumimo et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129:1267-73.)82 dzieci, z ryzykiem astmy

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

37

Slajd 22 Niskie stężenia IFN-g a inne choroby

Sumimo et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129:1267-73.)82 dzieci, z ryzykiem astmy

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 23 Niedobór IFN-b -> astma

Baraldo et al. .J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:1307-14.)

zdrowi

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 24 Chorzy a ast ę wytwarzają mniej cytokin

prozapalnych

Pritchard AL. et al. PLoS ONE 2014;9(9): e106501

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

38

Slajd 25 Weekly monitoring of children with asthma for infections

and illness during common cold season

Olenec J J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:1001-6

25%

18%

57%

stopień ciężkości objawów astmy w trakcie infekcji wirusoweju 6 – 8 letnich dzieci bez alergii vs uczulonych na aeroalergeny

46%

24%

30%

bez objawów astmy

astma łagodna

astma umiarkowana/ciężka

prick (-)prick (+)

astma łagodna

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 26 I fek je o iżają z a zą o ko trolę ast

% p

acje

ntów

z k

ontro

lą a

stm

y

Rodzaj i liczba infekcji

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 27

0 5 10 15 20 25

Uczulenie i ekspozycja na alergen

Jakakolwiek infekcja wirusowa

Zakażenie Rhinowirusem

Infekcja wirusowa i ekspozycja na alergen

2,9

5,4

8,3

23

Ryzyko zaostrzenia astmy u dzieci

Ryzyko względne zaostrzenia

C S Murray et al. Thorax 2006;61:376–382.

84 dzieci 3-17 lat

Rok obserwacji

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

39

Slajd 28 Pro owa ie zakażeń akter j h przez zakaże ie HRV

Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 26(1):135.

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 29 Dzieci chore na astmę maja większe ryzyko zakażeń bakteryjnych

• Dzie i z ast ą – 12,3 raza większe ryzyko zapale ia płu spowodowa ego przez Str.

pneumoniae

• 1,4 raza większe ryzyko i fek ji gór y h dróg odechowych – Str. pyogenes

Thorax 2010

AAP 2009

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 30 Immunostymulacja zmniejsza czas trwania

epizodów świstów u dzieci

40

43,22+/-22,57

30

20

10

20,08+/-13,15

P<0,001

Placebo Immunostymulator

Cza

s trw

ania

św

istó

w /

pacj

enta

Hasan et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:763-9

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

40

Slajd 31 Podsumowanie

• Wczesna diagnostyka astmy w rodzinach z

ryzykiem

• Opt al a terapia zakażeń u pa je tów atopowych

• Szczepienia

• Immunostymulacja [?]

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Slajd 32 … a może czas na ks. S. Kneippa?

S. Kneipp: Dziecko zdrowe i chore : poradnik dla matek i ojców troskliwych

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________