systematic identification and review of the scientific literature (PDF ...
Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.
-
Upload
deja-sellinger -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
1
Transcript of Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.
![Page 1: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Scientific MethodScientific Method
systematic approach toward answering scientific questions
![Page 2: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Steps in the Scientific Steps in the Scientific MethodMethod
• ObservationObservation• Question/Question/
ProblemProblem• HypothesisHypothesis• ExperimentExperiment• Data CollectionData Collection• ConclusionConclusion• RetestRetest
![Page 3: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ObservationsObservations
• Gathered Gathered through your through your
sensessenses• A scientist A scientist
notices notices something in something in their their natural natural
worldworld
![Page 4: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ObservationsObservations
• An An exampleexample of of an observationan observation
might be might be noticing that noticing that
many many salamanders salamanders near a pond near a pond
have curved, not have curved, not straight, tailsstraight, tails
![Page 5: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observation leads to a Observation leads to a Question?Question?
![Page 6: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HypothesisHypothesis
• A suggested A suggested solution to the solution to the question/problemquestion/problem..
• Must be Must be testabletestable• PredictsPredicts an an
outcomeoutcome• Sometimes Sometimes
written as written as If…If…Then…Then… statementsstatements
![Page 7: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ExperimentExperiment
•A A procedure procedure to to testtest the the hypothesishypothesis
..
![Page 8: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ExperimentExperiment
Experimental Experimental VariableVariable – –
factor in the factor in the experiment experiment that is being that is being
testedtested
![Page 9: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ExperimentExperiment
A A controlled controlled experiment experiment (“fair test”) (“fair test”)
will only will only have have ONE ONE
experimentaexperimental variable!l variable!
![Page 10: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Scientific Experiments Scientific Experiments Follow RulesFollow Rules
• An experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.
![Page 11: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•The experimenter makes The experimenter makes a special effort to keep a special effort to keep other factors constantother factors constant so so that they will not effect that they will not effect the outcome.the outcome.
• Those factors are called Those factors are called controlled variables.controlled variables.
![Page 12: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What is a What is a ControlControl??
•used for comparison•controls are NOT being tested•the non-experimental or normal group
Eg. In a fertilizer test, plants treated with no fertilizer or the regular fertilizer are control group
![Page 13: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
RememberRemember, to be a , to be a Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment
(aka “fair test”):(aka “fair test”):•Two groups are required
--- the control & experimental groups
•There should be only one experimental variable tested
![Page 14: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Other Variables
•The factor that is changed is known as the independent variable.
•The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.
![Page 15: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Example of Controls & Example of Controls & VariablesVariables
• For example, suppose you want to figure out the fastest route to walk home from school.
• You will try several different routes and time how long it takes you to get home by each one.
• Since you are only interested in finding a route that is fastest for you, you will do the walking yourself.
![Page 16: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What are the Variables What are the Variables in Your Experiment?in Your Experiment?
• Varying the route is the Varying the route is the independent variableindependent variable
• The time it takes is the The time it takes is the dependent variabledependent variable
• Keeping the same walker Keeping the same walker throughout makes the walker a throughout makes the walker a controlled variable controlled variable
![Page 17: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Worksheet “SCIENTIFIC METHOD: Controls and Variables”
![Page 18: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
One more thing… it is best to make several trials with each independent variable.
![Page 19: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DataData•Results of
the experiment
•May be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative
![Page 20: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DataData
•Must be organized
•Can be organized into charts, tables, or graphs
![Page 21: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ConclusionConclusion
• The answer to the hypothesis based on the data obtained from the experiment
![Page 22: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
RetestRetest
In order to verify the results,
experiments must be retested.
![Page 23: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ReviewReview
![Page 24: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Solving a ProblemSolving a Problem
1)Identify a Problem2) State Observations
about the problem3) Form a Hypothesis
about the problem (if…then…)
4) Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis
5) Collect and analyze Data
6) Form a Conclusion7) Retest
![Page 25: Scientific Method systematic approach toward answering scientific questions.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042615/56649c8f5503460f94947cad/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)